Resveratrol in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Antioxidants for improved skin appearance: Intracellular mechanism, challenges and future strategies

Recent advances in molecular and biochemical processes relevant to the skincare field have led to the development of novel ingredients based on antioxidants that can improve skin health and youthfulness. Considering the plethora of such antioxidants and the many implications for the skin's appearance, this review focuses on describing the critical aspects of antioxidants, including cosmetic functions, intracellular mechanisms and challenges. In particular, specialized substances are suggested for the treatment of each skin condition, such as skin ageing, skin dehydration and skin hyperpigmentation, which treatments can maximize effectiveness and avoid side effects during skin care processes. In addition, this review proposes advanced strategies that either already exists in the cosmetic market or should be developed to improve and optimize cosmetic' beneficial effects.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles vs. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A Comparative Review

Solid-lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers are delivery systems for the delivery of drugs and other bioactives used in diagnosis, therapy, and treatment procedures. These nanocarriers may enhance the solubility and permeability of drugs, increase their bioavailability, and extend the residence time in the body, combining low toxicity with a targeted delivery. Nanostructured lipid carriers are the second generation of lipid nanoparticles differing from solid lipid nanoparticles in their composition matrix. The use of a liquid lipid together with a solid lipid in nanostructured lipid carrier allows it to load a higher amount of drug, enhance drug release properties, and increase its stability. Therefore, a direct comparison between solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers is needed. This review aims to describe solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers as drug delivery systems, comparing both, while systematically elucidating their production methodologies, physicochemical characterization, and in vitro and in vivo performance. In addition, the toxicity concerns of these systems are focused on.

Nanoparticles loaded with pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: Biomedical applications and toxicity

Pharmacologically active natural products have played a significant role in the history of drug development. They have acted as sources of therapeutic drugs for various diseases such as cancer and infectious diseases. However, most natural products suffer from poor water solubility and low bioavailability, limiting their clinical applications. The rapid development of nanotechnology has opened up new directions for applying natural products and numerous studies have explored the biomedical applications of nanomaterials loaded with natural products. This review covers the recent research on applying plant-derived natural products (PDNPs) nanomaterials, including nanomedicines loaded with flavonoids, non-flavonoid polyphenols, alkaloids, and quinones, especially their use in treating various diseases. Furthermore, some drugs derived from natural products can be toxic to the body, so the toxicity of them is discussed. This comprehensive review includes fundamental discoveries and exploratory advances in natural product-loaded nanomaterials that may be helpful for future clinical development.

Nanodelivery of Dietary Polyphenols for Therapeutic Applications

Advancement in nanotechnology has unleashed the therapeutic potentials of dietary polyphenols by enhancing bioavailability, improving biological half-life, and allowing site-specific drug delivery. In this review, through citation of relevant literature reports, we discuss the application of nano-pharmaceutical formulations, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, nano-crystals, nano-polymersomes, liposomes, ethosomes, phytosomes, and invasomes for dietary polyphenols. Following this, we highlight important studies concerning different combinations of nano formulations with dietary polyphenols (also known as nanophytopolyphenols). We also provide nano-formulation paradigms for enhancing the physicochemical properties of dietary polyphenols. Finally, we highlight the latest patents that were granted on nano-formulations of dietary polyphenols. Based on our review, we observe that nanosized delivery of herbal constituents, spices, and dietary supplements have the ability to improve biological processes and address issues connected with herbal treatments.

Contribution of Nanoscience Research in Antioxidants Delivery Used in Nutricosmetic Sector

Nanoscience applications in the food and cosmetic industry offer many potential benefits for consumers and society. Nanotechnologies permit the manipulation of matter at the nanoscale level, resulting in new properties and characteristics useful in food and cosmetic production, processing, packaging, and storage. Nanotechnology protects sensitive bioactive compounds, improves their bioavailability and water solubility, guarantees their release at a site of action, avoids contact with other constituents, and masks unpleasant taste. Biopolymeric nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, and colloids are delivery systems used to produce food supplements and cosmetics. There are no barriers to nanoscience applications in food supplements and cosmetic industries, although the toxicity of nano-sized delivery systems is not clear. The physicochemical and toxicological characterization of nanoscale delivery systems used by the nutricosmeceutic industry is reviewed in this work.

On the Development of a Cutaneous Flavonoid Delivery System: Advances and Limitations

Flavonoids are one of the vital classes of natural polyphenolic compounds abundantly found in plants. Due to their wide range of therapeutic properties, which include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective, and depigmentation effects, flavonoids have been demonstrated to be promising agents in the treatment of several skin disorders. However, their lipophilic nature and poor water solubility invariably lead to limited oral bioavailability. In addition, they are rapidly degraded and metabolized in the human body, hindering their potential contribution to the prevention and treatment of many disorders. Thus, to overcome these challenges, several cutaneous delivery systems have been extensively studied. Topical drug delivery besides offering an alternative administration route also ensures a sustained release of the active compound at the desired site of action. Incorporation into lipid or polymer-based nanoparticles appears to be a highly effective approach for cutaneous delivery of flavonoids with good encapsulation potential and reduced toxicity. This review focuses on currently available formulations used to administer either topically or systemically different classes of flavonoids in the skin, highlighting their potential application as therapeutic and preventive agents.

Formulation and Evaluation of Resveratrol Loaded Cubosomal Nanoformulation for Topical Delivery

AIM

The aim of the study was to formulate, characterize, and evaluate the Resveratrol- loaded Cubosomes (RC) for topical application.

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol (RV) is a nutraceutical compound with exciting pharmacological potential in different diseases, including cancers. Many studies on resveratrol have been reported for anti- melanoma activity. Due to its low bioavailability, the therapeutic activities of resveratrol are strongly limited. Hence, an approach with nanotechnology has been made to increase its activity through transdermal drug delivery.

OBJECTIVE

To formulate, characterize, and evaluate the resveratrol-loaded cubosomes (RC). To evaluate Resveratrol-loaded Cubosomal Gel (RC-Gel) for its topical application.

METHODS

RC was formulated by homogenization technique and optimized using a 2-factor 3-level factorial design. Formulated RCs were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Optimized RC was evaluated for in vitro release and stability study. Optimized RC was further formulated into cubosomal gel (RC-Gel) using carbopol and evaluated for drug permeation and deposition. Furthermore, developed RC-Gel was evaluated for its topical application using skin irritancy, toxicity, and in vivo local bioavailability studies.

RESULTS

The optimized RC indicated cubic-shaped structure with mean particle size, entrapment efficiency, and zeta potential were 113±2.36 nm, 85.07 ± 0.91%, and -27.40 ± 1.40 mV, respectively. In vitro drug release of optimized RC demonstrated biphasic drug release with the diffusion-controlled release of resveratrol (RV) (87.20 ± 3.91%). The RC-Gel demonstrated better drug permeation and deposition in mice skin layers. The composition of RC-Gel has been proved non-irritant to mice skin. In vivo local bioavailability study depicted the good potential of RC-Gel for skin localization.

CONCLUSION

The RC nanoformulation proposes a promising drug delivery system for melanoma treatment simply through topical application.

An Overview on Topical Administration of Carotenoids and Coenzyme Q10 Loaded in Lipid Nanoparticles

Carotenoids and coenzyme Q10 are naturally occurring antioxidant compounds that are also found in human skin. These bioactive compounds have been the focus of considerable research due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and photoprotective properties. In this review, the current state of the art in the encapsulation of carotenoids and coenzyme Q10 in lipid nanoparticles to improve their bioavailability, chemical stability, and skin absorption is discussed. Additionally, the main findings are highlighted on the cytotoxic and photoprotective effects of these systems in the skin.

Encapsulation and Enhanced Release of Resveratrol from Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Melanoma Therapy

Chemotherapy has limited success in the treatment of malignant melanoma due to fast development of drug resistance and the low bioavailability of chemotherapeutic drugs. Resveratrol (RES) is a natural polyphenol with recognized preventive and therapeutic anti-cancer properties. However, poor RES solubility hampers its bioactivity, thus creating a demand for suitable drug delivery systems to improve it. This work aimed to assess the potential of RES-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for human melanoma treatment. RES was efficiently loaded (efficiency > 93%) onto spheroidal (size~60 nm) MSNs. The encapsulation promoted the amorphization of RES and enhanced the release in vitro compared to non-encapsulated RES. The RES release was pH-dependent and markedly faster at pH 5.2 (acid environment in some tumorous tissues) than at pH 7.4 in both encapsulated and bulk forms. The RES release from loaded MSNs was gradual with time, without a burst effect, and well-described by the Weibull model. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on human A375 and MNT-1 melanoma cellular cultures showed a decrease in the cell viability with increasing concentration of RES-loaded MSNs, indicating the potent action of the released RES in both cell lines. The amelanotic cell line A375 was more sensitive to RES concentration than the melanotic MNT-1 cells.

Phyto-drug conjugated nanomaterials enhance apoptotic activity in cancer

Cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is a major obstacle to increased life expectancy. However, survival has not improved significantly with average cancer standard treatment strategies over the past few decades; survival rates have remained low, with tumor metastasis, adverse drug reactions, and drug resistance. Therefore, substitute therapies are essential to treat this dreadful disease. Recently, research has shown that natural compounds in plants, such as phytochemicals, are extensively exploited for their anticarcinogenic potential. Phytochemicals may show their anticancer activity different cancer cell markers may alter molecular pathways, which promote in cellular events such as cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, regulate antioxidant status, cell proliferation, migration, invasion and toxicity. Although their outstanding anticancer activity, however, their pharmacological budding is hindered by their low aqueous solubility, poor bioavailability, and poor penetration into cells, hepatic disposition, narrow therapeutic index, and rapid uptake by normal tissues. In this situation, nanotechnology has developed novel inventions to increase the potential use of phytochemicals in anticancer therapy. Nanoparticles can improve the solubility and stability of phytochemicals, specific tumor cell/tissue targeting, enhanced cellular uptake, reduction of phytochemicals. Therapeutic doses of phytochemicals for a long time. Additional benefits include better blood stability, multifunctional design of nanocarriers and improvement in countermeasures. This review summarizes the advances in the use of nanoparticles for the treatment of cancer, as well as various nano-drug deliveries of phytochemicals against cancer. In particular, we are introducing several applications of nanoparticles in combination with phyto-drug for the treatment of cancer.

Resveratrol: nanocarrier-based delivery systems to enhance its therapeutic potential

Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenolic compound existing in trees, peanuts and grapes and exhibits a broad spectrum of promising therapeutic activities, but it is unclear whether this entity targets the sites of action after oral administration. In vivo applicability of resveratrol has limited success so far, mainly due to its incompetent systemic delivery resulting from its low water solubility, poor bioavailability and short biological half-life. First-pass metabolism and presence of enterohepatic recirculation create doubt on the biological application of high doses typically used for in vitro trials. To augment bioavailability, absorption and uptake of resveratrol by cellular internalization, countless approaches have been implemented which involve the use of nanocarriers. Nanocarriers are a well-known delivery system used to reduce first-pass hepatic metabolism, overcome enterohepatic recirculation and accelerate the absorption of drugs via lymphatic pathways.

Switching from Conventional to Nano-natural Phytochemicals to Prevent and Treat Cancers: Special Emphasis on Resveratrol

BACKGROUND

Natural phytochemicals and their derivatives have been used in medicine since prehistoric times. Natural phytochemicals have potential uses against various disorders, including cancers. However, due to low bioavailability, their success in clinical trials has not been reproduced. Nanotechnology has played a vital role in providing new directions for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of different disorders, and of cancer in particular. Nanotechnology has demonstrated the capability to deliver conventional natural products with poor solubility or a short half-life to target specific sites in the body and regulate the release of drugs. Among the natural products, the phytoalexin resveratrol has demonstrated therapeutic effects, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-proliferative effects, as well as the potential to inhibit the initiation and promotion of cancer. However, low water solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism lead to poor bioavailability of resveratrol, hindering its potential. Conventional dosage forms of resveratrol, such as tablets, capsules, dry powder, and injections, have met with limited success. Nanoformulations are now being investigated to improve the pharmacokinetic characteristics, as well as to enhance the bioavailability and targetability of resveratrol.

OBJECTIVES

This review details the therapeutic effectiveness, mode of action, and pharmacokinetic limitations of resveratrol, as well as discusses the successes and challenges of resveratrol nanoformulations. Modern nanotechnology techniques to enhance the encapsulation of resveratrol within nanoparticles and thereby enhance its therapeutic effects are emphasized.

CONCLUSION

To date, no resveratrol-based nanosystems are in clinical use, and this review would provide a new direction for further investigations on innovative nanodevices that could consolidate the anticancer potential of resveratrol.

Advantages of the combined use of cyclodextrins and nanocarriers in drug delivery: A review

Complexation with cyclodextrins (CDs) has been widely and successfully used in pharmaceutical field, mainly for enhancing solubility, stability and bioavailability of a variety of drugs. However, some important drawbacks, including rapid removal from the bloodstream after in vivo administration, or possible replacement, in biological media, of the entrapped drug moieties by other molecules with higher affinity for the CD cavity, can limit the CDs effectiveness as drug carriers. This review is focused on combined strategies simultaneously exploiting CD complexation, and loading of the complexed drug into various colloidal carriers (liposomes, niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, micelles) which have been investigated as a possible means for circumventing the problems associated with both such carriers, when used separately, and join their relative benefits in a unique delivery system. Several examples of applications have been reported, to illustrate the possible advantages achievable by such a dual strategy, depending on the CD-nanocarrier combination, and mainly resulting in enhanced performance of the delivery system and improved biopharmaceutical properties and therapeutic efficacy of drugs. The major problems and/or drawbacks found in the development of such systems, as well as the (rare) case of failures in achieving the expected improvements have also been highlighted.

Skin Ageing: Pathophysiology and Current Market Treatment Approaches

Ageing is a natural phenomenon which is a fold, ridge and crease in the skin that occurs due to loss of body mass, poor hydration, disintegration of dermis and epidermis junction. The Skin ageing process involves many changes that occur due to the combination of both endogenous factors (gene mutation, cellular metabolism, and hormonal factor) and exogenous factors (U.V, pollutants, chemical, and toxins). In 1950, the number of older people were found to be almost 205 million across the globe. But this number almost got 4 times by the year 2012 and the number of older persons increased to a massive amount of 810 million. The ageing of the skin occurs due to various mechanisms like glycation, free radical, cell cycle, and cellular and molecular mechanism of skin ageing. In this review article, we have discussed the treatment, worldwide newer therapies and marketed formulation that are currently available for the reduction of skin ageing. The most promising and revolutionizing field of nanotechnology is mostly applied in the field of dermatology, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. Nanotechnology also plays a vital role in increasing the efficacy of the product.

Oat protein-shellac nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for resveratrol to improve bioavailability in vitro and in vivo

Aim: Oat protein-shellac nanoparticles (NPs) were developed as a delivery system for resveratrol to improve bioavailability. Materials & methods: The NPs were prepared from w/w emulsion followed by cold-gelation. In vitro release and cell uptake mechanism of NPs were estimated by HPLC and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In vivo bioavailability and hepatoprotective activity of encapsulated resveratrol were studied using rat models. Results & conclusion: NPs (90-300 nm) protected resveratrol in gastric fluid, while allowing controlled release into small intestine in vitro. The optimized NPs showed improvement in resveratrol cell uptake and transport when compared with free resveratrol. NP-100S increased resveratrol bioavailability up to 72.4%, and the absorbed resveratrol effectively prevented CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress.

Lipid Nanoparticles and Active Natural Compounds: A Perfect Combination for Pharmaceutical Applications

Phytochemicals represent an important class of bioactive compounds characterized by significant health benefits. Notwithstanding these important features, their potential therapeutic properties suffer from poor water solubility and membrane permeability limiting their approach to nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Lipid nanoparticles are well known carrier systems endowed with high biodegradation and an extraordinary biocompatible chemical nature, successfully used as platform for advanced delivery of many active compounds, including the oral, topical and systemic routes. This article is aimed at reviewing the last ten years of studies about the application of lipid nanoparticles in active natural compounds reporting examples and advantages of these colloidal carrier systems.

Strategies to Improve Resveratrol Systemic and Topical Bioavailability: An Update

In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to natural compounds due to their many biological effects. Polyphenols are a class of plant derivatives that have been widely investigated for preventing and treating many oxidative stress-related pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus and inflammation. Among these polyphenols, resveratrol (RSV) has attracted considerable interest owing to its high antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. However, the poor water solubility and rapid metabolism of RSV lead to low bioavailability, thus limiting its clinical efficacy. After discussing the main biochemical mechanisms involved in RSV biological activities, this review will focus on the strategies attempted to improve RSV effectiveness, both for systemic and for topical administration. In particular, technological approaches involving RSV incorporation into different delivery systems such as liposomes, polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, microemulsions and cyclodextrins will be illustrated, highlighting their potential clinical applications. In addition, chemical modifications of this antioxidant aimed at improving its physicochemical properties will be described along with the results of in vitro and in vivo studies.

SULFATION PATHWAYS: Potential benefits of a sulfated resveratrol derivative for topical application

Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties partly associated with sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-activation in the skin. However, poor water solubility may limit RSV efficacy. This work aimed to clarify the interest of a new synthetic water-soluble RSV derivative (resveratrol glucoside sulfate, RSV-GS) for topical application. Resveratrol glucoside sulfate was synthesized using microwave-assisted sulfation. Cytotoxicity assays were performed with the keratinocyte HaCaT cell line, using MTT reduction, neutral red uptake, Alamar Blue/resazurin reduction, trypan blue exclusion and measurement of ATP concentration. Western blotting was used to evaluate SIRT1 protein content. Regarding SIRT1 binding, an in silico docking study was performed, using AutoDock Vina. Our results showed that the synthetic derivative RSV-GS was 1000 times more soluble in water than RSV and its non-sulfated glucoside. No relevant decrease in HaCaT cell viability was observed for concentrations up to 5 mM for RSV-GS, and up to 500 μM for resveratrol glucoside, while a significant decrease in HaCaT viability occurred from 100 μM for RSV. RSV-GS and RSV showed a similar behavior regarding protective effect against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity. SIRT1 protein content increased after treatment with 500 μM of RSV-GS and 100 μM of RSV. Moreover, in silico studies predicted that RSV-GS binds more stably to SIRT1 with a lower binding free energy than RSV. Although these results support the possible use of RSV-GS in topical formulations, in vivo safety and efficacy studies are needed before considering the use of RSV-GS in commercial products.

Brain-targeted delivery of resveratrol using solid lipid nanoparticles functionalized with apolipoprotein E

Background

The present study takes advantage of the beneficial effects of resveratrol as a neuroprotective compound. Resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were functionalized with apolipoprotein E which can be recognized by the LDL receptors overexpressed on the blood–brain barrier.

Results

Transmission electron microscopy images revealed spherical nanoparticles, dynamic light scattering gave a Z-average lower than 200 nm, and a zeta potential of around −13 mV and very high resveratrol entrapment efficiency (ca. 90 %). In vitro cytotoxic effects were assessed by MTT and LDH assays in hCMEC/D3 cell line and revealed no toxicity up to 50 μM over 4 h of incubation. The permeability through hCMEC/D3 monolayers showed a significant increase (1.8-fold higher) for resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles functionalized with apolipoprotein E when compared to non-functionalized ones.

Conclusions

In conclusion, these nanosystems might be a promising strategy for resveratrol delivery into the brain, while protecting it from degradation in the blood stream.Graphical abstract

Resveratrol nanoformulations: challenges and opportunities

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol and phytoalexin, has received significant attention in recent years due to its vast therapeutic effects including anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, poor pharmacokinetic properties such as low aqueous solubility, low photostability and extensive first pass metabolism result in poor bioavailability, hindering its immense potential. Conventional dosage forms such as dry powder capsules and injections have met with limited success, demonstrating challenges faced in developing an effective formulation. Recently, nanotechnology-based formulations (nanoformulations) are being looked upon as a novel method for improving the pharmacokinetic properties, as well as enhancing targetability and bioavailability of resveratrol. This review outlines the therapeutic potential of resveratrol, explores its mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic limitations, and discusses the success and challenges of resveratrol-encapsulated nanoparticles in the last decade. Potential techniques to improve encapsulation of the drug within nanoparticles, thereby enhancing its clinical potential are highlighted.

Improved oral delivery of resveratrol using proliposomal formulation: investigation of various factors contributing to prolonged absorption of unmetabolized resveratrol

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to design lipid-based formulation to enhance the absorption of unmetabolized resveratrol (RSV) over adequate time and investigate various factors that contribute to prolonged absorption of RSV.

METHODS

Proliposomal formulations containing distearoyl phosphatidyl choline (DSPC) with or without cholesterol were prepared and evaluated. The liposomes obtained from hydration of proliposomal mixture were evaluated for size, zeta, physical appearance and entrapment. The integrity of liposomes in bile salt solution and solubility of RSV in sodium taurocholate solution in the presence of various concentrations of DSPC were evaluated to assess the stability and in varied gastrointestinal conditions. Finally, oral pharmacokinetic studies of liposomal dispersions in comparison with RSV solution were evaluated.

RESULTS

Results revealed that spontaneous formation of liposomes did not occur upon hydration of RSV: DSPC proliposomes rather showed tendency to form loose cotton-like aggregates. Cholesterol aided in the formation of stable liposomes with large negative zeta potential. Release of RSV from liposomes in the presence of taurocholate was dependent on the amount and type of total lipid. Liposomes without cholesterol showed faster release, and release increased as the amount of DSPC in the formulation increased. Solubility studies indicated that DSPC increases the solubility of RSV in the presence of sodium taurocholate, and corroborates that bilayer assembly is disrupted because of interaction between RSV and DSPC. Mixture of RSV:DSPC:Chol at 1:0.25:0.25 formed stable colloidal dispersion with zeta potential -22 and released only 20 - 23% of entrapped RSV when incubated with 20 mM sodium taurocholate. Pharmacokinetic profile revealed that AUC and Cmax were twofold higher than plain RSV.

CONCLUSION

The proliposomal formulation optimized by considering various physicochemical factors and simulated in vitro testing result in significant improvement rate and extent of absorption of unmetabolized RSV.

Nano- and micro-encapsulated systems for enhancing the delivery of resveratrol

There has been interest in the use of trans-resveratrol as a natural preventative agent for improving health and alleviating a range of diseases. However, resveratrol has low bioavailability, and this has been associated with its poor water solubility, its low stability against environmental stress, and its inability to reach a target site in the body to exert the desired health effect. Encapsulation offers a potential approach for enhancing the solubility of resveratrol, stabilizing it against trans-to-cis isomerization, and improving its bioavailability. A range of encapsulant materials, formulations, and technologies have been examined for enhancing the delivery of resveratrol. Research on the efficacy of encapsulated resveratrol formulations and relevant doses for specific applications is required before recommendations may be made for the use of these formulations for human health outcomes.