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Vukašinović M, Savić S, Cekić N, Ilić T, Pantelić I, Savić SD. Efficient Development of Green Emulsifier/Emollient-Based Emulsion Vehicles: From RSM Optimal Experimental Design to Abridged In Vivo Assessment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020486. [PMID: 36839806 PMCID: PMC9961351 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since natural-origin, sustainable ingredients are preferred by modern consumers, novel emulsifiers and emollients keep entering the market. This study hypothesizes that a combination of in silico, instrumental tools and simplified sensory studies could be used to efficiently characterize emulsions in a shorter timeframe. A total of 22 rather simple o/w emulsions were prepared by a time/energy-saving emulsification process. A natural mixed emulsifier (Lauryl Glucoside/Myristyl Glucoside/Polyglyceryl-6 Laurate) and two emollients (both with INCI name C15-19 Alkane) were used. The performed D-optimal experimental design within the response surface method (RSM) significantly narrowed down the number of samples about to enter the stage of texture, friction and sensory studies to the samples comprising 30% of a respective Emogreen emollient and 2% or 3% of the emulsifier. The sample comprising 2% emulsifier/30% Emogreen® L15 showed significantly higher firmness (42.12 mN) when compared to the one with 2% emulsifier/30% Emogreen® L19 (33.62 mN), which was somewhat unexpected considering the emollients' inherent viscosity values (4.5 mPa·s for L15 and 9 mPa·s for L19). The sample with 2% emulsifier/30% Emogreen® L19 managed to maintain the lowest friction, while the one with 3% emulsifier/30% Emogreen® L19 released its full lubricating potential in the second part of the measurement (30-60 s). The obtained results revealed the strengths and weaknesses of each formulation, narrowing down their possible applications in the early development stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Vukašinović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanela Savić
- DCP Hemigal, R&D Sector, Tekstilna 97, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Cekić
- DCP Hemigal, R&D Sector, Tekstilna 97, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
| | - Tanja Ilić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Pantelić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-113951369
| | - Snežana D. Savić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
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Development and Optimization of Nanoemulsion from Ethanolic Extract of Centella asiatica (NanoSECA) Using D-Optimal Mixture Design to Improve Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3483511. [PMID: 35295926 PMCID: PMC8920630 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3483511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The evidence on the neuroprotective impact of Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) has been greatly documented in recent years. However, a major obstacle that remains to be overcome is the capacity of the active molecules in C. asiatica to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we explored the possibilities of using a D-optimal mixture design to fabricate nanoemulsion of C. asiatica (NanoSECA) for better brain bioavailability. The parameters for optimization were the percentage of water (10–80% w/v) and virgin coconut oil (VCO) (10–80% w/v). Nanoemulsions were formulated using a high-pressure homogenization approach and were characterized for their physicochemical properties. The optimal VCO-based nanoemulsion (VBN: F2) conditions were found at 80% (w/v) of water and 10% (w/v) of VCO. Subsequently, viability tests were conducted on neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines. NanoSECA was distinguished for its antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), anti-inflammatory, and parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) activities in vitro. The NanoSECA has a particle size of 127.833 ± 8.280 nm, zeta potential (ZP) of −24.9 ± 0.011 mV, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.493 ± 4.681, percentage prediction error (PPE) of −12.02%, and pH of 6.0 ± 0.006 and is also stable under different storage conditions. Cell viability was improved in a dose-dependent manner on SH-SY5Y and RAW 264.7 cell lines. In addition, NanoSECA significantly reduced the AChE activity, suppressing the level of proinflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. Moreover, NanoSECA showed high BBB permeation with a high value of experimental permeability to cross the BBB. Thus, NanoSECA could efficiently potentiate the central nervous system (CNS) therapeutic activities through enhanced penetration of BBB. These nano-delivery systems are crucial to unlock the full potential of C. asiatica for treating numerous CNS disorders.
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Romes NB, Abdul Wahab R, Abdul Hamid M, Oyewusi HA, Huda N, Kobun R. Thermodynamic stability, in-vitro permeability, and in-silico molecular modeling of the optimal Elaeis guineensis leaves extract water-in-oil nanoemulsion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20851. [PMID: 34675286 PMCID: PMC8531315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsion is a delivery system used to enhance bioavailability of plant-based compounds across the stratum corneum. Elaeis guineensis leaves are rich source of polyphenolic antioxidants, viz. gallic acid and catechin. The optimal E. guineensis leaves extract water-in-oil nanoemulsion was stable against coalescence, but it was under significant influence of Ostwald ripening over 90 days at 25 °C. The in-vitro permeability revealed a controlled and sustained release of the total phenolic compounds (TPC) of EgLE with a cumulative amount of 1935.0 ± 45.7 µgcm-2 after 8 h. The steady-state flux and permeation coefficient values were 241.9 ± 5.7 µgcm-2 h-1 and 1.15 ± 0.03 cm.h-1, respectively. The kinetic release mechanism for TPC of EgLE was best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model due to the highest linearity of R2 = 0.9961, indicating super case II transport mechanism. The in-silico molecular modelling predicted that the aquaporin-3 protein in the stratum corneum bonded preferably to catechin over gallic acid through hydrogen bonds due to the lowest binding energies of - 57.514 kcal/mol and - 8.553 kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, the in-silico study further verified that catechin could improve skin hydration. Therefore, the optimal nanoemulsion could be used topically as moisturizer to enhance skin hydration based on the in-silico prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissha Bharrathi Romes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia.
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Mariani Abdul Hamid
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Habeebat Adekilekun Oyewusi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Rovina Kobun
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
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Development of ketorolac tromethamine loaded microemulsion for topical delivery using D-optimal experimental approach: Characterization and evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ho TM, Abik F, Mikkonen KS. An overview of nanoemulsion characterization via atomic force microscopy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4908-4928. [PMID: 33543990 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1879727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsion-based systems are widely applied in food industries for protecting active ingredients against oxidation and degradation and controlling the release rate of active core ingredients under particular conditions. Visualizing the interface morphology and measuring the interfacial interaction forces of nanoemulsion droplets are essential to tailor and design intelligent nanoemulsion-based systems. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is being established as an important technique for interface characterization, due to its unique advantages over traditional imaging and surface force-determining approaches. However, there is a gap in knowledge about the applicability of AFM in characterizing the droplet interface properties of nanoemulsions. This review aims to describe the fundamentals of the AFM technique and nanoemulsions, mainly focusing on the recent use of AFM to investigate nanoemulsion properties. In addition, by reviewing interfacial studies on emulsions in general, perspectives for the further development of AFM to study nanoemulsions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Minh Ho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Felix Abik
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi S Mikkonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland
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