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Li S, Setiawan Sanusi E. Entrepreneurial motivations and business performance: A study of female online microbusiness owners. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289946. [PMID: 37566597 PMCID: PMC10420384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine the correlation between various types of entrepreneurial motivations and the corporate performance of self-employed micro-businesses operated by women in China. Through the application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) estimation on a sample of 160 female entrepreneurs, our findings reveal that female entrepreneurs driven by pull motivation prioritize non-financial performance as their primary goal. Conversely, those driven by push motivation exhibit a greater emphasis on financial performance. Furthermore, the cross-group analysis indicates that a high level of motivation among necessity-driven female microbusiness entrepreneurs contributes to achieving a high level of financial performance, whereas a high level of motivation among opportunity-based female microbusiness entrepreneurs does not significantly influence non-financial performance. The implications of these findings for research and policy development pertaining to Chinese female online microbusinesses are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Li
- Department of Management, SolBridge International School of Business, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Management and Economics, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Edwin Setiawan Sanusi
- Department of Management, SolBridge International School of Business, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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2
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Chen YJ, Hsu L. Enhancing EFL Learners' Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Learning English with Emoji Feedbacks in CALL: Why and How. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:227. [PMID: 35877297 PMCID: PMC9312293 DOI: 10.3390/bs12070227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Encouraging feedback positively affects learners' self-efficacy; in language learning, self-efficacy predicts language learner performance and behavior. Our research involved three studies to expand knowledge about why and how we can enhance English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' self-efficacy beliefs in online settings. In Study 1, based on an online survey with 310 participants, we ascertained the extent to which EFL learners with greater self-efficacy tend to challenge themselves by learning content that requires a proficiency level that is higher than their current proficiency. In Study 2, we recruited 120 EFL learners; the results indicate that positive feedback via emojis embedded in online courses could significantly boost EFL learners' self-efficacy beliefs about learning English. Study 3 involved 35 participants and extended the understanding provided by the first two studies, showing that EFL learners not only like to use emojis for computer-mediated communication (CMC), but also prefer to receive them as feedback. This research adds to knowledge on "why" and "how" we can enhance EFL learners' self-efficacy beliefs in online contexts. We systematically provide empirical evidence regarding the aforementioned issues and demonstrate that positive feedback through emojis has great potential to enhance EFL learners' self-efficacy, even when such feedback is subliminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Jung Chen
- Institute of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lianhai Rd., Gushan Dist., Kaohsiung City 804201, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Hospitality Management, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, No. 1, Song-he Rd., Hsiao-Kang District, Kaohsiung City 812301, Taiwan
| | - Liwei Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Hospitality Management, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, No. 1, Song-he Rd., Hsiao-Kang District, Kaohsiung City 812301, Taiwan
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3
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Waggoner M. The focus of virtue: Attention broadening in empirically informed accounts of virtue cultivation. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2021.1959027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Waggoner
- Department of Philosophy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Huang W, Chen X, Jin R, Lau N. Detecting cognitive hacking in visual inspection with physiological measurements. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 84:103022. [PMID: 31987510 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyber threats are targeting vulnerabilities of human workers performing tasks in manufacturing processes, including visual inspection to bias their decision-making, thereby sabotaging product quality. This article examines the use of priming as a form of "cognitive hacking" to adversely affect quality inspection decisions in manufacturing, and investigates physiological measurements as means to detect such intrusion. In a within-subject design experiment, twenty participants inspected surface roughness of a manufactured component with and without exposure to priming on the display of an inspection logging system. The results show that the presence of primes impacted accuracy on surface roughness, cortical activities at parietal lobe P4, and eye gaze for inspecting components. The experiment provides supporting evidence that basic hacking of a worker display can be an effective method to alter decision making in inspection. The findings also illustrate that cortical activities and eye gaze can be useful indicators of cognitive hacking. A major implication of the study results is that physiological indicators can be effective at revealing unconscious cognitive influence in visual inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Huang
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Ran Jin
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Nathan Lau
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
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Liu J, Albright K. Exploring the roles of the unconscious in information search behaviors. JOURNAL OF LIBRARIANSHIP AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0961000618769984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence from psychodynamic research suggests the unconscious influences our daily decisions. For information science, it is important to understand how the unconscious plays roles in information seeking. The current study uses subliminal psychodynamic activation to investigate how information searching may be influenced by textual messages that appear below the threshold of conscious awareness. Twenty-four college students participated in a controlled laboratory experiment, each searching freely on the Internet for needed information and saving useful sources for three search tasks. Each participant was systematically assigned to one of four subliminal psychodynamic activation conditions, with no or one of three different subliminal messages, “People walking”, “Mommy and I are one” and “I am enlightened”, each of which was displayed for 0.02 second every four seconds. Results show that users exposed to “People walking” had a higher effectiveness and higher efficiency in saving useful webpages than those exposed to “Mommy and I are one”. Results also show that search tasks influenced search behaviors regardless of subliminal psychodynamic activation conditions, which can be explained by task types. Our findings shed light on the underexplored area of the unconscious in information search and calls for future research along this line of research.
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Versluis A, Verkuil B, Brosschot JF. Converging evidence that subliminal evaluative conditioning does not affect self-esteem or cardiovascular activity. Stress Health 2018; 34:235-246. [PMID: 28795525 PMCID: PMC5901042 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Self-esteem moderates the relationship between stress and (cardiovascular) health, with low self-esteem potentially exacerbating the impact of stressors. Boosting self-esteem may therefore help to buffer against stress. Subliminal evaluative conditioning (SEC), which subliminally couples self-words with positive words, has previously been successfully used to boost self-esteem, but the existing studies are in need of replication. In this article, we aimed to replicate and extend previous SEC studies. The first 2 experiments simultaneously examined whether SEC increased self-esteem (Experiment 1, n = 84) and reduced cardiovascular reactivity to a stressor in high worriers (Experiment 2, n = 77). On the basis of these results, the 3rd experiment was set up to examine whether an adjusted personalized SEC task increased self-esteem and reduced cardiac activity in high worriers (n = 81). Across the 3 experiments, no effects were found of SEC on implicit or explicit self-esteem or affect or on cardiovascular (re)activity compared to a control condition in which the self was coupled with neutral words. The results do not support the use of the subliminal intervention in its current format. As stress is highly prevalent, future studies should focus on developing other cost-effective and evidence-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Versluis
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Bart Verkuil
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jos F. Brosschot
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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Mohan DM, Kumar P, Mahmood F, Wong KF, Agrawal A, Elgendi M, Shukla R, Ang N, Ching A, Dauwels J, Chan AHD. Effect of Subliminal Lexical Priming on the Subjective Perception of Images: A Machine Learning Approach. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148332. [PMID: 26866807 PMCID: PMC4750911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of subliminal priming in terms of the perception of images influenced by words with positive, negative, and neutral emotional content, through electroencephalograms (EEGs). Participants were instructed to rate how much they like the stimuli images, on a 7-point Likert scale, after being subliminally exposed to masked lexical prime words that exhibit positive, negative, and neutral connotations with respect to the images. Simultaneously, the EEGs were recorded. Statistical tests such as repeated measures ANOVAs and two-tailed paired-samples t-tests were performed to measure significant differences in the likability ratings among the three prime affect types; the results showed a strong shift in the likeness judgment for the images in the positively primed condition compared to the other two. The acquired EEGs were examined to assess the difference in brain activity associated with the three different conditions. The consistent results obtained confirmed the overall priming effect on participants' explicit ratings. In addition, machine learning algorithms such as support vector machines (SVMs), and AdaBoost classifiers were applied to infer the prime affect type from the ERPs. The highest classification rates of 95.0% and 70.0% obtained respectively for average-trial binary classifier and average-trial multi-class further emphasize that the ERPs encode information about the different kinds of primes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Menoth Mohan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Parmod Kumar
- INRIA Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Faisal Mahmood
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kian Foong Wong
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Agrawal
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Rohit Shukla
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States of America
| | - Natania Ang
- Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - April Ching
- Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Dauwels
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alice H. D. Chan
- Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Adams AT, Costa J, Jung MF, Choudhury T. Mindless Computing: Designing Technologies to Subtly Influence Behavior. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ... ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING . UBICOMP (CONFERENCE) 2015; 2015:719-730. [PMID: 30294729 PMCID: PMC6169779 DOI: 10.1145/2750858.2805843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Persuasive technologies aim to influence user's behaviors. In order to be effective, many of the persuasive technologies de-veloped so far relies on user's motivation and ability, which is highly variable and often the reason behind the failure of such technology. In this paper, we present the concept of Mindless Computing, which is a new approach to persuasive technology design. Mindless Computing leverages theories and concepts from psychology and behavioral economics into the design of technologies for behavior change. We show through a systematic review that most of the current persuasive technologies do not utilize the fast and automatic mental processes for behavioral change and there is an opportunity for persuasive technology designers to develop systems that are less reliant on user's motivation and ability. We describe two examples of mindless technologies and present pilot studies with encouraging results. Finally, we discuss design guidelines and considerations for developing this type of persuasive technology.
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Stroebe W, Strack F. The Alleged Crisis and the Illusion of Exact Replication. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 9:59-71. [PMID: 26173241 DOI: 10.1177/1745691613514450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing criticism of the way psychologists conduct and analyze studies. These critiques as well as failures to replicate several high-profile studies have been used as justification to proclaim a "replication crisis" in psychology. Psychologists are encouraged to conduct more "exact" replications of published studies to assess the reproducibility of psychological research. This article argues that the alleged "crisis of replicability" is primarily due to an epistemological misunderstanding that emphasizes the phenomenon instead of its underlying mechanisms. As a consequence, a replicated phenomenon may not serve as a rigorous test of a theoretical hypothesis because identical operationalizations of variables in studies conducted at different times and with different subject populations might test different theoretical constructs. Therefore, we propose that for meaningful replications, attempts at reinstating the original circumstances are not sufficient. Instead, replicators must ascertain that conditions are realized that reflect the theoretical variable(s) manipulated (and/or measured) in the original study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fritz Strack
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Aisenberg D, Cohen N, Pick H, Tressman I, Rappaport M, Shenberg T, Henik A. Social priming improves cognitive control in elderly adults--evidence from the Simon task. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117151. [PMID: 25635946 PMCID: PMC4311990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether social priming of cognitive states affects the inhibitory process in elderly adults, as aging is related to deficits in inhibitory control. Forty-eight elderly adults and 45 young adults were assigned to three groups and performed a cognitive control task (Simon task), which was followed by 3 different manipulations of social priming (i.e., thinking about an 82 year-old person): 1) negative--characterized by poor cognitive abilities, 2) neutral--characterized by acts irrelevant to cognitive abilities, and 3) positive--excellent cognitive abilities. After the manipulation, the Simon task was performed again. Results showed improvement in cognitive control effects in seniors after the positive manipulation, indicated by a significant decrease in the magnitude of the Simon and interference effects, but not after the neutral and negative manipulations. Furthermore, a healthy pattern of sequential effect (Gratton) that was absent before the manipulation in all 3 groups appeared after the positive manipulation. Namely, the Simon effect was only present after congruent but not after incongruent trials for the positive manipulation group. No influence of manipulations was found in young adults. These meaningful results were replicated in a second experiment and suggest a decrease in conflict interference resulting from positive cognitive state priming. Our study provides evidence that an implicit social concept of a positive cognitive condition in old age can affect the control process of the elderly and improve cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Aisenberg
- Department of Psychology, and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Noga Cohen
- Department of Psychology, and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Hadas Pick
- Department of Psychology, and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Iris Tressman
- Department of Psychology, and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michal Rappaport
- Department of Psychology, and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tal Shenberg
- Department of Psychology, and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Avishai Henik
- Department of Psychology, and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Dijksterhuis A, van Knippenberg A, Holland RW. Evaluating Behavior Priming Research: Three Observations and a Recommendation. SOCIAL COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2014.32.supp.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Priming as a way of understanding children’s mental representations of the social world. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shanks DR, Newell BR, Lee EH, Balakrishnan D, Ekelund L, Cenac Z, Kavvadia F, Moore C. Priming intelligent behavior: an elusive phenomenon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56515. [PMID: 23637732 PMCID: PMC3634790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Can behavior be unconsciously primed via the activation of attitudes, stereotypes, or other concepts? A number of studies have suggested that such priming effects can occur, and a prominent illustration is the claim that individuals' accuracy in answering general knowledge questions can be influenced by activating intelligence-related concepts such as professor or soccer hooligan. In 9 experiments with 475 participants we employed the procedures used in these studies, as well as a number of variants of those procedures, in an attempt to obtain this intelligence priming effect. None of the experiments obtained the effect, although financial incentives did boost performance. A Bayesian analysis reveals considerable evidential support for the null hypothesis. The results conform to the pattern typically obtained in word priming experiments in which priming is very narrow in its generalization and unconscious (subliminal) influences, if they occur at all, are extremely short-lived. We encourage others to explore the circumstances in which this phenomenon might be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Shanks
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Gibson B, Zielaskowski K. Subliminal priming of winning images prompts increased betting in slot machine play. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The Effect of Subliminal Evaluative Conditioning of Cognitive Self-schema and Illness Schema on Pain Tolerance. Int J Behav Med 2012; 20:627-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-012-9270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Meerman EE, Brosschot JF, Verkuil B. The effect of priming illness memory on pain tolerance: a failed replication. J Psychosom Res 2012; 72:408-9. [PMID: 22469286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Brown MA. The power of generosity to change views on social power. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Meerman EE, Verkuil B, Brosschot JF. Decreasing pain tolerance outside of awareness. J Psychosom Res 2011; 70:250-7. [PMID: 21334496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medically unexplained symptoms (MUSs) are a humanitarian and economic burden. Among them, pain complaints without organic pathology are the most prevalent. Theoretically, activated illness-related memory may cause reporting of symptoms by changing perception and interpretation of bodily signals to the extent that they are not tolerated and become complaints. We tested whether activating illness-related memory without conscious awareness leads to decreased pain tolerance (PT). METHODS Activation of illness-related memory without conscious awareness was manipulated by a subliminal priming technique. Eighty participants were randomly assigned to four conditions, with prime words describing either (a) health complaints (HCs), to activate an illness-related memory, or three control categories: (b) neutral content, (c) general bodily sensations, and (d) negative valence. The latter two conditions were added to test the alternative hypotheses that reduced PT could be observed with the semantic activation of these two components of HCs. We measured PT using a cold pressor task. RESULTS Participants who were subliminally primed with HC words reported lower PT compared with participants who were primed with neutral words. Priming with the other words did not lead to significantly different effects relative to priming with neutral words. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that PT can be involuntarily decreased by activating illness-related memory. This implies partial evidence for a crucial element of a cognitive model of medically unexplained symptoms, which holds that chronically activated illness-related memory causes the development of somatic complaints without observable bodily pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther E Meerman
- Clinical, Health, and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Subliminal Cues While Teaching: HCI Technique for Enhanced Learning. ADVANCES IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 2011. [DOI: 10.1155/2011/968753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents results from an empirical study conducted with a subliminal teaching technique aimed at enhancing learner's performance in Intelligent Systems through the use of physiological sensors. This technique uses carefully designed subliminal cues (positive) and miscues (negative) and projects them under the learner's perceptual visual threshold. A positive cue, called answer cue, is a hint aiming to enhance the learner's inductive reasoning abilities and projected in a way to help them figure out the solution faster but more importantly better. A negative cue, called miscue, is also used and aims at obviously at the opposite (distract the learner or lead them to the wrong conclusion). The latest obtained results showed that only subliminal cues, not miscues, could significantly increase learner performance and intuition in a logic-based problem-solving task. Nonintrusive physiological sensors (EEG for recording brainwaves, blood volume pressure to compute heart rate and skin response to record skin conductivity) were used to record affective and cerebral responses throughout the experiment. The descriptive analysis, combined with the physiological data, provides compelling evidence for the positive impact of answer cues on reasoning and intuitive decision making in a logic-based problem-solving paradigm.
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Baldwin MW, Dandeneau SD. Putting Social Psychology into Serious Games. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wheeler SC, DeMarree KG, Petty RE. A match made in the laboratory: Persuasion and matches to primed traits and stereotypes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Gillath O, Selcuk E, Shaver PR. Moving Toward a Secure Attachment Style: Can Repeated Security Priming Help? SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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