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Bélanger JJ, Leander NP, Agostini M, Kreienkamp J, Stroebe W. Passion for guns and beliefs in a dangerous world: An examination of defensive gun ownership. Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22146. [PMID: 38623794 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
This research examines the notion of defensive gun ownership using the Dualistic Model of Passion. We hypothesized that an obsessive (vs. harmonious) passion for guns would be associated with a belief in a dangerous world (BDW). We expected this relationship to intensify in threatening contexts, leading to a more expansive view on defensive gun ownership. We tested this hypothesis across three threat contexts: a gun-control message (Study 1, N = 342), a live shooting simulation (Study 2, N = 398), and the aftermath of the Christchurch mass shootings (Study 3, N = 314). In the experimental Study 1, exposure to a gun-control message increased the intention to purchase guns among those with an obsessive passion (OP) for guns. Study 2 revealed that BDW mediated the relationship between OP and assertive modes of protection, the desire to purchase high-stopping-power guns, and anti-Black racial bias in a shooting task. Study 3 showed that knowledge of the Christchurch attack intensified the link between OP and BDW, leading to increased support for gun access, a willingness to act as a citizen-protector, and prejudice against Muslims. Comprehending these dynamics can assist policymakers in crafting messaging campaigns for firearm regulation and public safety measures that are more effective.
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Stroebe W. The Myth of the Need for Diversity Among Subjects in Theory-Testing Research: Comments on "Racial Inequality in Psychological Research" by Roberts et al. (2020). Perspect Psychol Sci 2024; 19:576-579. [PMID: 38652782 DOI: 10.1177/17456916241236165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Roberts and colleagues focus on two aspects of racial inequality in psychological research, namely an alleged underrepresentation of racial minorities and the effects attributed to this state of affairs. My comment focuses only on one aspect, namely the assumed consequences of the lack of diversity in subject populations. Representativeness of samples is essential in survey research or applied research that examines whether a particular intervention will work for a particular population. Representativeness or diversity is not necessary in theory-testing research, where we attempt to establish laws of causality. Because theories typically apply to all of humanity, all members of humanity (even American undergraduates) are suitable for assessing the validity of theoretical hypotheses. Admittedly, the assumption that a theory applies to all of humanity is also a hypothesis that can be tested. However, to test it, we need theoretical hypotheses about specific moderating variables. Supporting a theory with a racially diverse sample does not make conclusions more valid than support from a nondiverse sample. In fact, cause-effect conclusions based on a diverse sample might not be valid for any member of that sample.
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Westgate EC, Buttrick NR, Lin Y, El Helou G, Agostini M, Bélanger JJ, Gützkow B, Kreienkamp J, Abakoumkin G, Abdul Khaiyom JH, Ahmedi V, Akkas H, Almenara CA, Atta M, Bagci SC, Basel S, Berisha Kida E, Bernardo ABI, Chobthamkit P, Choi HS, Cristea M, Csaba S, Damnjanovic K, Danyliuk I, Dash A, Di Santo D, Douglas KM, Enea V, Faller DG, Fitzsimons G, Gheorghiu A, Gómez Á, Hamaidia A, Han Q, Helmy M, Hudiyana J, Jeronimus BF, Jiang DY, Jovanović V, Kamenov Ž, Kende A, Keng SL, Kieu TTT, Koc Y, Kovyazina K, Kozytska I, Krause J, Kruglanski AW, Kurapov A, Kutlaca M, Lantos NA, Lemay EP, Lesmana CBJ, Louis WR, Lueders A, Maj M, Malik NI, Martinez A, McCabe KO, Mehulić J, Milla MN, Mohammed I, Molinario E, Moyano M, Muhammad H, Mula S, Muluk H, Myroniuk S, Najafi R, Nisa CF, Nyúl B, O'Keefe PA, Olivas Osuna JJ, Osin EN, Park J, Pica G, Pierro A, Rees J, Reitsema AM, Resta E, Rullo M, Ryan MK, Samekin A, Santtila P, Sasin E, Schumpe BM, Selim HA, Stanton MV, Stroebe W, Sutton RM, Tseliou E, Utsugi A, van Breen JA, Van Lissa CJ, Van Veen K, vanDellen MR, Vázquez A, Wollast R, Et Al. Pandemic boredom: Little evidence that lockdown-related boredom affects risky public health behaviors across 116 countries. Emotion 2023; 23:2370-2384. [PMID: 36913277 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Some public officials have expressed concern that policies mandating collective public health behaviors (e.g., national/regional "lockdown") may result in behavioral fatigue that ultimately renders such policies ineffective. Boredom, specifically, has been singled out as one potential risk factor for noncompliance. We examined whether there was empirical evidence to support this concern during the COVID-19 pandemic in a large cross-national sample of 63,336 community respondents from 116 countries. Although boredom was higher in countries with more COVID-19 cases and in countries that instituted more stringent lockdowns, such boredom did not predict longitudinal within-person decreases in social distancing behavior (or vice versa; n = 8,031) in early spring and summer of 2020. Overall, we found little evidence that changes in boredom predict individual public health behaviors (handwashing, staying home, self-quarantining, and avoiding crowds) over time, or that such behaviors had any reliable longitudinal effects on boredom itself. In summary, contrary to concerns, we found little evidence that boredom posed a public health risk during lockdown and quarantine. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yijun Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida
| | | | | | | | - Ben Gützkow
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen
| | | | - Georgios Abakoumkin
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly
| | | | | | - Handan Akkas
- Department of Organizational Behavior, Ankara Science University
| | - Carlos A Almenara
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas
| | - Mohsin Atta
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha
| | | | - Sima Basel
- Department of Social Sciences, New York University, Abu Dhabi
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sára Csaba
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University
| | | | - Ivan Danyliuk
- Department of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
| | - Arobindu Dash
- Institute of Management and Organization, Leuphana University of Luneburg
| | - Daniela Di Santo
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University "La Sapienza"
| | | | - Violeta Enea
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
| | | | | | | | - Ángel Gómez
- Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia
| | - Ali Hamaidia
- Psychology/Research Unit Human Resources Development, Setif 2 University
| | - Qing Han
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol
| | - Mai Helmy
- Department of Psychology, Menoufia University
| | | | | | - Ding-Yu Jiang
- Department of Psychology, National Chung-Cheng University
| | | | - Željka Kamenov
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb
| | - Anna Kende
- Department of Social Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University
| | | | | | - Yasin Koc
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen
| | | | - Inna Kozytska
- Department of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
| | | | | | - Anton Kurapov
- Department of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Lueders
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Universite Clermont-Auvergne
| | - Marta Maj
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University
| | | | | | - Kira O McCabe
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - Jasmina Mehulić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Silvana Mula
- Dipartimento dei Processi di Sviluppo e Socializzazione, University "La Sapienza"
| | - Hamdi Muluk
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia
| | | | - Reza Najafi
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch
| | - Claudia F Nisa
- Department of Psychology, New York University, Abu Dhabi
| | - Boglárka Nyúl
- Department of Social Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University
| | | | - Jose Javier Olivas Osuna
- Department of Political Science and Administration, National Distance Education University (UNED)
| | - Evgeny N Osin
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics
| | - Joonha Park
- Graduate School of Management, NUCB Business School
| | | | - Antonio Pierro
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University "La Sapienza"
| | - Jonas Rees
- Research Institute Social Cohesion, University of Bielefeld
| | | | - Elena Resta
- Dipartimento dei Processi di Sviluppo e Socializzazione, University "La Sapienza"
| | - Marika Rullo
- Department of Educational, Humanities and Intercultural Communication, University of Siena
| | | | - Adil Samekin
- School of Liberal Arts, M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University
| | | | - Edyta Sasin
- Department of Psychology, New York University, Abu Dhabi
| | - Birga M Schumpe
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam
| | | | | | | | | | - Eleftheria Tseliou
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly
| | - Akira Utsugi
- Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robin Wollast
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Universite Clermont-Auvergne
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Han Q, Zheng B, Abakoumkin G, Leander NP, Stroebe W. Why some people do not get vaccinated against COVID-19: Social-cognitive determinants of vaccination behavior. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:825-845. [PMID: 36345695 PMCID: PMC9877847 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is puzzling that a sizeable percentage of people refuse to get vaccinated against COVID-19. This study aimed to examine social psychological factors influencing their vaccine hesitancy. This longitudinal study traced a cohort of 2663 individuals in 25 countries from the time before COVID-19 vaccines became available (March 2020) to July 2021, when vaccination was widely available. Multilevel logistic regressions were used to examine determinants of actual COVID-19 vaccination behavior by July 2021, with country-level intercept as random effect. Of the 2663 participants, 2186 (82.1%) had been vaccinated by July 2021. Participants' attitude toward COVID-19 vaccines was the strongest predictor of both vaccination intention and subsequent vaccination behavior (p < .001). Perceived risk of getting infected and perceived personal disturbance of infection were also associated with higher likelihood of getting vaccinated (p < .001). However, religiosity, right-wing political orientation, conspiracy beliefs, and low trust in government regarding COVID-19 were negative predictors of vaccination intention and behavior (p < .05). Our findings highlight the importance of attitude toward COVID-19 vaccines and also suggest that certain life-long held convictions that predate the pandemic make people distrustful of their government and likely to accept conspiracy beliefs and therefore less likely to adopt the vaccination behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Bang Zheng
- Department of Non‐communicable Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Georgios Abakoumkin
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood EducationUniversity of ThessalyVolosGreece
| | - N. Pontus Leander
- Department of Social and Organizational PsychologyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Social and Organizational PsychologyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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5
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Stroebe W. Is the energy balance explanation of the obesity epidemic wrong? Appetite 2023:106614. [PMID: 37271254 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a striking discrepancy in both U.S and the U.K data between obesity rates, which are increasing, and self-reported food consumption rates, which are decreasing. There are two possible explanations for this discrepancy, namely that the widely accepted energy balance interpretation of obesity is wrong or that food consumption data are somehow biased. In a comment entitled "Obesity-an unexplained epidemic", Mozzafarian (2022) challenged the Energy Balance Model (EBM) and argued for a need to replace it with a novel biological theory. This challenge is premature, because there are psychological explanations for this discrepancy, namely that individuals with overweight and obesity underreport their food consumption and that this tendency has increased in recent years. To support these hypotheses, U.S and U.K data are reviewed that used the Doubly Labeled Water method (DLW), which is the gold standard for estimating energy expenditure. Such studies find not only consistent evidence of underreporting, but also that the discrepancy between measured energy expenditure and reported calorie consumption increased over time. Two psychological explanations for this pattern are discussed.
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6
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Stroebe W. Suicide in Switzerland: why gun ownership can be deadly. Swiss Med Wkly 2023; 153:40026. [PMID: 36652694 DOI: 10.57187/smw.2023.40026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a great deal of empirical evidence that owning a firearm increases the risk of dying from suicide. Most suicides are impulsive. Nearly 50% of survivors of suicide attempts report that they took less than 10 minutes between the decision to die and their suicide attempt. The great majority of these suicide survivors never make another attempt and die of natural causes. Because nearly 90% of firearm suicide attempts have a deadly outcome, gun owners are unlikely to have such a second chance. These impulsive suicide attempts are typically carried out with the means at hand. Swiss men have much higher firearm suicide rates than men in other European countries and this excess is likely to be due to their easy access to guns, because army conscripts have to keep their guns at home. When the number of conscripts was nearly halved in 2003/4 as a result of the Swiss Army Reform XXI, the number of army-issued firearms was reduced by an estimated 20%. An analysis of suicide rates before and after the reform indicated that male (but not female) suicide rates decreased by 8%, with no evidence of substitution with other means of suicide. If the army would require that the remaining half of conscripts had to keep their weapons at their barracks rather than at home, a further decrease in male suicide rates could be expected.
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Han Q, Zheng B, Leander NP, Agostini M, Gützkow B, Kreienkamp J, Kutlaca M, Lemay EP, Stroebe W, vanDellen MR, Bélanger JJ. Impact of National Pandemic Lockdowns on Perceived Threat of Immigrants: A Natural Quasi-Experiment Across 23 Countries. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221127487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Xenophobia and anti-immigrant attacks rose during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet this may not be solely due to the disease threat. According to theories of frustration and scapegoating, situational obstructions and deprivation can motivate prejudice against outgroups. Using a global natural quasi-experimental design, this study tests whether the restrictiveness of national lockdowns can explain higher individual-level perceptions of immigrant threat. Data of 45,894 participants from 23 countries were analyzed. Both lockdown duration and lockdown severity were positively associated with individuals’ perceived threat of immigrants. The lockdown effects were independent of objective and subjective measures of disease threat, and there was no evidence that disease threat drives people’s prejudice toward immigrants. Subgroup analysis suggested the lockdown effects were reliable in Europe and the Americas, but not in Asia. These findings suggest a need to mitigate frustration and scapegoating when implementing lockdowns, and to distinguish the influence of societal restrictions from disease threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- University of Oxford, UK
- University of Bristol, UK
| | - Bang Zheng
- Imperial College London, UK
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
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8
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Keng SL, Stanton MV, Haskins LB, Almenara CA, Ickovics J, Jones A, Grigsby-Toussaint D, Agostini M, Bélanger JJ, Gützkow B, Kreienkamp J, Lemay EP, vanDellen MR, Abakoumkin G, Abdul Khaiyom JH, Ahmedi V, Akkas H, Atta M, Bagci SC, Basel S, Berisha Kida E, Bernardo AB, Buttrick NR, Chobthamkit P, Choi H, Cristea M, Csaba S, Damnjanovic K, Danyliuk I, Dash A, Di Santo D, Douglas KM, Enea V, Faller DG, Fitzsimons G, Gheorghiu A, Gómez Á, Hamaidia A, Han Q, Helmy M, Hudiyana J, Jeronimus BF, Jiang D, Jovanović V, Kamenov Ž, Kende A, Kieu TTT, Koc Y, Kovyazina K, Kozytska I, Krause J, Kruglanski AW, Kurapov A, Kutlaca M, Lantos NA, Lesmana CBJ, Louis WR, Lueders A, Maj M, Malik NI, Martinez A, McCabe KO, Mehulić J, Milla MN, Mohammed I, Molinario E, Moyano M, Muhammad H, Mula S, Muluk H, Myroniuk S, Najafi R, Nisa CF, Nyúl B, O'Keefe PA, Osuna JJO, Osin EN, Park J, Pica G, Pierro A, Rees J, Reitsema AM, Resta E, Rullo M, Ryan MK, Samekin A, Santtila P, Sasin EM, Schumpe BM, Selim HA, Stroebe W, Sultana S, Sutton RM, Tseliou E, Utsugi A, van Breen JA, Van Lissa CJ, Van Veen K, Vázquez A, Wollast R, Yeung VW, Zand S, Žeželj IL, Zheng B, Zick A, Zúñiga C, Leander NP. COVID-19 stressors and health behaviors: A multilevel longitudinal study across 86 countries. Prev Med Rep 2022; 27:101764. [PMID: 35313454 PMCID: PMC8928741 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 economic burden was associated with reduced diet quality and sleep quality. COVID-19 economic burden was linked with increased cigarette smoking. Those with high infection risk and high economic burden reported worse diet quality. High perceived infection risk and high economic burden predicted low sleep quality. Neither infection risk nor economic burden predicted exercise or binge drinking.
Anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and home confinement has been associated with adverse health behaviors, such as unhealthy eating, smoking, and drinking. However, most studies have been limited by regional sampling, which precludes the examination of behavioral consequences associated with the pandemic at a global level. Further, few studies operationalized pandemic-related stressors to enable the investigation of the impact of different types of stressors on health outcomes. This study examined the association between perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and economic burden of COVID-19 with health-promoting and health-damaging behaviors using data from the PsyCorona Study: an international, longitudinal online study of psychological and behavioral correlates of COVID-19. Analyses utilized data from 7,402 participants from 86 countries across three waves of assessment between May 16 and June 13, 2020. Participants completed self-report measures of COVID-19 infection risk, COVID-19-related economic burden, physical exercise, diet quality, cigarette smoking, sleep quality, and binge drinking. Multilevel structural equation modeling analyses showed that across three time points, perceived economic burden was associated with reduced diet quality and sleep quality, as well as increased smoking. Diet quality and sleep quality were lowest among respondents who perceived high COVID-19 infection risk combined with high economic burden. Neither binge drinking nor exercise were associated with perceived COVID-19 infection risk, economic burden, or their interaction. Findings point to the value of developing interventions to address COVID-related stressors, which have an impact on health behaviors that, in turn, may influence vulnerability to COVID-19 and other health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shian-Ling Keng
- Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
- Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
- Corresponding author at: Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sima Basel
- New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sára Csaba
- Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ivan Danyliuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kiev, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | - Violeta Enea
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Ángel Gómez
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Qing Han
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mai Helmy
- Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
- Sultan Qaboos University, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Kende
- Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Yasin Koc
- University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Inna Kozytska
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kiev, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Anton Kurapov
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kiev, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Maj
- Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Evgeny N. Osin
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Jonas Rees
- University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Michelle K. Ryan
- University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Adil Samekin
- School of Liberal Arts, M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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9
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Van Lissa CJ, Stroebe W, vanDellen MR, Leander NP, Agostini M, Draws T, Grygoryshyn A, Gützgow B, Kreienkamp J, Vetter CS, Abakoumkin G, Abdul Khaiyom JH, Ahmedi V, Akkas H, Almenara CA, Atta M, Bagci SC, Basel S, Kida EB, Bernardo ABI, Buttrick NR, Chobthamkit P, Choi HS, Cristea M, Csaba S, Damnjanović K, Danyliuk I, Dash A, Di Santo D, Douglas KM, Enea V, Faller DG, Fitzsimons GJ, Gheorghiu A, Gómez Á, Hamaidia A, Han Q, Helmy M, Hudiyana J, Jeronimus BF, Jiang DY, Jovanović V, Kamenov Ž, Kende A, Keng SL, Thanh Kieu TT, Koc Y, Kovyazina K, Kozytska I, Krause J, Kruglanksi AW, Kurapov A, Kutlaca M, Lantos NA, Lemay EP, Jaya Lesmana CB, Louis WR, Lueders A, Malik NI, Martinez AP, McCabe KO, Mehulić J, Milla MN, Mohammed I, Molinario E, Moyano M, Muhammad H, Mula S, Muluk H, Myroniuk S, Najafi R, Nisa CF, Nyúl B, O'Keefe PA, Olivas Osuna JJ, Osin EN, Park J, Pica G, Pierro A, Rees JH, Reitsema AM, Resta E, Rullo M, Ryan MK, Samekin A, Santtila P, Sasin EM, Schumpe BM, Selim HA, Stanton MV, Sultana S, Sutton RM, Tseliou E, Utsugi A, Anne van Breen J, Van Veen K, Vázquez A, Wollast R, Wai-Lan Yeung V, Zand S, Žeželj IL, Zheng B, Zick A, Zúñiga C, Bélanger JJ. Using machine learning to identify important predictors of COVID-19 infection prevention behaviors during the early phase of the pandemic. Patterns (N Y) 2022; 3:100482. [PMID: 35282654 PMCID: PMC8904175 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Before vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became available, a set of infection-prevention behaviors constituted the primary means to mitigate the virus spread. Our study aimed to identify important predictors of this set of behaviors. Whereas social and health psychological theories suggest a limited set of predictors, machine-learning analyses can identify correlates from a larger pool of candidate predictors. We used random forests to rank 115 candidate correlates of infection-prevention behavior in 56,072 participants across 28 countries, administered in March to May 2020. The machine-learning model predicted 52% of the variance in infection-prevention behavior in a separate test sample—exceeding the performance of psychological models of health behavior. Results indicated the two most important predictors related to individual-level injunctive norms. Illustrating how data-driven methods can complement theory, some of the most important predictors were not derived from theories of health behavior—and some theoretically derived predictors were relatively unimportant. We studied predictors of COVID-19 prevention behaviors in a cross-national study The strongest predictors related to injunctive norms
In the absence of a vaccine or cure, virus containment depended on individual-level compliance with behaviors recommended by the World Health Organization. We used machine learning to identify the most important indicators of compliance, based on a large international psychological survey and on country-level secondary data. The most important indicators were not the “usual suspects,” such as personal threat of virus infection, but rather injunctive norms—namely, the belief that one’s community should engage in such behavior and that society should take restrictive virus-containment measures. People who tend to engage in infection-prevention behaviors also tend to believe that general compliance is necessary to defeat the pandemic, which extends to endorsement of “ought” norms and support for behavioral mandates. These results highlight the potential to intervene by shaping social norms and expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar J Van Lissa
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Open Science Community Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - N Pontus Leander
- University of Groningen, Gronigen, the Netherlands.,Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Tim Draws
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ben Gützgow
- University of Groningen, Gronigen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sima Basel
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sára Csaba
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ivan Danyliuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ángel Gómez
- Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Qing Han
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mai Helmy
- Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Kende
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Yasin Koc
- University of Groningen, Gronigen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Inna Kozytska
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hamdi Muluk
- Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
| | | | | | - Claudia F Nisa
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marika Rullo
- University of Siena - Arezzo Campus, Siena, Italy
| | - Michelle K Ryan
- University of Groningen, Gronigen, the Netherlands.,University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Adil Samekin
- M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Edyta M Sasin
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Somayeh Zand
- Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL, USA
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10
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Stroebe W, vanDellen MR, Abakoumkin G, Lemay EP, Schiavone WM, Agostini M, Bélanger JJ, Gützkow B, Kreienkamp J, Reitsema AM, Khaiyom JHA, Ahmedi V, Akkas H, Almenara CA, Atta M, Bagci SC, Basel S, Kida EB, Bernardo ABI, Buttrick NR, Chobthamkit P, Choi HS, Cristea M, Csaba S, Damnjanović K, Danyliuk I, Dash A, Santo DD, Douglas KM, Enea V, Faller DG, Fitzsimons G, Gheorghiu A, Gómez Á, Hamaidia A, Han Q, Helmy M, Hudiyana J, Jeronimus BF, Jiang DY, Jovanović V, Kamenov Ž, Kende A, Keng SL, Kieu TTT, Koc Y, Kovyazina K, Kozytska I, Krause J, Kruglanksi AW, Kurapov A, Kutlaca M, Lantos NA, Lemsmana CBJ, Louis WR, Lueders A, Malik NI, Martinez A, McCabe KO, Mehulić J, Milla MN, Mohammed I, Molinario E, Moyano M, Muhammad H, Mula S, Muluk H, Myroniuk S, Najafi R, Nisa CF, Nyú B, O'Keefe PA, Osuna JJO, Osin EN, Park J, Pica G, Pierro A, Rees J, Resta E, Rullo M, Ryan MK, Samekin A, Santtila P, Sasin E, Schumpe BM, Selim HA, Stanton MV, Sultana S, Sutton RM, Tseliou E, Utsugi A, van Breen JA, Van Lissa CJ, Van Veen K, Vázquez A, Wollast R, Yeung VWL, Zand S, Žeželj IL, Zheng B, Zick A, Zúñiga C, Leander NP. Correction: Politicization of COVID-19 health-protective behaviors in the United States: Longitudinal and cross-national evidence. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263100. [PMID: 35061850 PMCID: PMC8782351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256740.].
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11
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Mula S, Di Santo D, Resta E, Bakhtiari F, Baldner C, Molinario E, Pierro A, Gelfand MJ, Denison E, Agostini M, Bélanger JJ, Gützkow B, Kreienkamp J, Abakoumkin G, Abdul Khaiyom JH, Ahmedi V, Akkas H, Almenara CA, Atta M, Bagci SC, Basel S, Kida EB, Bernardo ABI, Buttrick NR, Chobthamkit P, Choi HS, Cristea M, Csaba S, Damnjanovic K, Danyliuk I, Dash A, Douglas KM, Enea V, Faller DG, Fitzsimons GJ, Gheorghiu A, Gómez Á, Hamaidia A, Han Q, Helmy M, Hudiyana J, Jeronimus BF, Jiang DY, Jovanović V, Kamenov Ž, Kende A, Keng SL, Kieu TTT, Koc Y, Kovyazina K, Kozytska I, Krause J, Kruglanski AW, Kurapov A, Kutlaca M, Lantos NA, Lemay EP, Lesmana CBJ, Louis WR, Lueders A, Malik NI, Martinez A, McCabe KO, Mehulić J, Milla MN, Mohammed I, Moyano M, Muhammad H, Muluk H, Myroniuk S, Najafi R, Nisa CF, Nyúl B, O'Keefe PA, Olivas Osuna JJ, Osin EN, Park J, Pica G, Rees JH, Reitsema AM, Rullo M, Ryan MK, Samekin A, Santtila P, Sasin E, Schumpe BM, Selim HA, Stanton MV, Stroebe W, Sultana S, Sutton RM, Tseliou E, Utsugi A, van Breen JA, van Lissa CJ, Van Veen K, vanDellen MR, Vázquez A, Wollast R, Yeung VWL, Zand S, Žeželj IL, Zheng B, Zick A, Zúñiga C, Leander NP. Concern with COVID-19 pandemic threat and attitudes towards immigrants: The mediating effect of the desire for tightness. Curr Res Ecol Soc Psychol 2021; 3:100028. [PMID: 35098189 PMCID: PMC8691133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cresp.2021.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tightening social norms is thought to be adaptive for dealing with collective threat yet it may have negative consequences for increasing prejudice. The present research investigated the role of desire for cultural tightness, triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, in increasing negative attitudes towards immigrants. We used participant-level data from 41 countries (N = 55,015) collected as part of the PsyCorona project, a cross-national longitudinal study on responses to COVID-19. Our predictions were tested through multilevel and SEM models, treating participants as nested within countries. Results showed that people's concern with COVID-19 threat was related to greater desire for tightness which, in turn, was linked to more negative attitudes towards immigrants. These findings were followed up with a longitudinal model (N = 2,349) which also showed that people's heightened concern with COVID-19 in an earlier stage of the pandemic was associated with an increase in their desire for tightness and negative attitudes towards immigrants later in time. Our findings offer insight into the trade-offs that tightening social norms under collective threat has for human groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michele J Gelfand
- University of Maryland, College Park, USA
- Stanford Graduate School of Business
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ángel Gómez
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
| | | | | | - Mai Helmy
- Menoufia University
- Sultan Qaboos University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Evgeny N Osin
- National Research University Higher School of Economics
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michelle K Ryan
- University of Groningen
- University of Exeter
- University of Groningen
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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12
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Stroebe W, vanDellen MR, Abakoumkin G, Lemay EP, Schiavone WM, Agostini M, Bélanger JJ, Gützkow B, Kreienkamp J, Reitsema AM, Abdul Khaiyom JH, Ahmedi V, Akkas H, Almenara CA, Atta M, Bagci SC, Basel S, Berisha Kida E, Bernardo ABI, Buttrick NR, Chobthamkit P, Choi HS, Cristea M, Csaba S, Damnjanović K, Danyliuk I, Dash A, Di Santo D, Douglas KM, Enea V, Faller DG, Fitzsimons G, Gheorghiu A, Gómez Á, Hamaidia A, Han Q, Helmy M, Hudiyana J, Jeronimus BF, Jiang DY, Jovanović V, Kamenov Ž, Kende A, Keng SL, Kieu TTT, Koc Y, Kovyazina K, Kozytska I, Krause J, Kruglanksi AW, Kurapov A, Kutlaca M, Lantos NA, Lemsmana CBJ, Louis WR, Lueders A, Malik NI, Martinez A, McCabe KO, Mehulić J, Milla MN, Mohammed I, Molinario E, Moyano M, Muhammad H, Mula S, Muluk H, Myroniuk S, Najafi R, Nisa CF, Nyúl B, O’Keefe PA, Olivas Osuna JJ, Osin EN, Park J, Pica G, Pierro A, Rees J, Resta E, Rullo M, Ryan MK, Samekin A, Santtila P, Sasin E, Schumpe BM, Selim HA, Stanton MV, Sultana S, Sutton RM, Tseliou E, Utsugi A, van Breen JA, Van Lissa CJ, Van Veen K, Vázquez A, Wollast R, Wai-Lan Yeung V, Zand S, Žeželj IL, Zheng B, Zick A, Zúñiga C, Leander NP. Politicization of COVID-19 health-protective behaviors in the United States: Longitudinal and cross-national evidence. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256740. [PMID: 34669724 PMCID: PMC8528320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. conservative politicians and the media downplayed the risk of both contracting COVID-19 and the effectiveness of recommended health behaviors. Health behavior theories suggest perceived vulnerability to a health threat and perceived effectiveness of recommended health-protective behaviors determine motivation to follow recommendations. Accordingly, we predicted that-as a result of politicization of the pandemic-politically conservative Americans would be less likely to enact recommended health-protective behaviors. In two longitudinal studies of U.S. residents, political conservatism was inversely associated with perceived health risk and adoption of health-protective behaviors over time. The effects of political orientation on health-protective behaviors were mediated by perceived risk of infection, perceived severity of infection, and perceived effectiveness of the health-protective behaviors. In a global cross-national analysis, effects were stronger in the U.S. (N = 10,923) than in an international sample (total N = 51,986), highlighting the increased and overt politicization of health behaviors in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michelle R. vanDellen
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Georgios Abakoumkin
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Edward P. Lemay
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William M. Schiavone
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Jocelyn J. Bélanger
- Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ben Gützkow
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jannis Kreienkamp
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Vjolica Ahmedi
- Faculty of Education, Pristine University, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Handan Akkas
- Organizational Behavior, Ankara Science University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Carlos A. Almenara
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Mohsin Atta
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Sima Basel
- Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Nicholas R. Buttrick
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Hoon-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mioara Cristea
- Department of Psychology, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Sára Csaba
- Department of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kaja Damnjanović
- Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Danyliuk
- Department of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Arobindu Dash
- Department of Social Sciences, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Daniela Di Santo
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Violeta Enea
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania
| | - Daiane Gracieli Faller
- Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gavan Fitzsimons
- Departments of Marketing and Psychology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Ángel Gómez
- Center for European Studies, Faculty of Law, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ali Hamaidia
- Department of Psychology and Human Resources Development, Setif 2 University, Setif, Algeria
| | - Qing Han
- The School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mai Helmy
- Department of Psychology, Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ding-Yu Jiang
- Department of Psychology, National Chung-Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan
| | - Veljko Jovanović
- Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Željka Kamenov
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anna Kende
- Department of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shian-Ling Keng
- Division of Social Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tra Thi Thanh Kieu
- Department of Psychology, HCMC University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yasin Koc
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Inna Kozytska
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Joshua Krause
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Arie W. Kruglanksi
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anton Kurapov
- Department of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maja Kutlaca
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Nóra Anna Lantos
- Department of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Adrian Lueders
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Najma Iqbal Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Anton Martinez
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kira O. McCabe
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jasmina Mehulić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirra Noor Milla
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Idris Mohammed
- Mass Communication, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Erica Molinario
- Department of Psychology, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida, United States of America
| | - Manuel Moyano
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Andalusia, Spain
| | - Hayat Muhammad
- Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Silvana Mula
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Hamdi Muluk
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Solomiia Myroniuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Reza Najafi
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Claudia F. Nisa
- Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Boglárka Nyúl
- Department of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paul A. O’Keefe
- Division of Social Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jose Javier Olivas Osuna
- Department of Political Science and Administration, National Distance Education University (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Evgeny N. Osin
- Department of Psychology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Joonha Park
- Graduate School of Management, NUCB Business School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gennaro Pica
- School of Law, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Antonio Pierro
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Jonas Rees
- Research Institute Social Cohesion, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, and Department of Social Psychology Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Elena Resta
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Rullo
- Department of Educational, Humanities and Intercultural Communication, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Michelle K. Ryan
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Adil Samekin
- School of Liberal Arts, M. Narikbayec KAZGUU University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Pekka Santtila
- Department of Psychology, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Edyta Sasin
- Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Birga M. Schumpe
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heyla A. Selim
- Department of Psychology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Vicente Stanton
- Department of Public Health, California State University East Bay, Hayward, California, United States of America
| | - Samiah Sultana
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Eleftheria Tseliou
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Akira Utsugi
- Department of Psychology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Caspar J. Van Lissa
- Department of Methodology & Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kees Van Veen
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Vázquez
- Center for European Studies, Faculty of Law, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin Wollast
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Somayeh Zand
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Iris Lav Žeželj
- Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bang Zheng
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Zick
- Research Institute Social Cohesion, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, and Department of Social Psychology Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Claudia Zúñiga
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - N. Pontus Leander
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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13
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Resta E, Mula S, Baldner C, Di Santo D, Agostini M, Bélanger JJ, Gützkow B, Kreienkamp J, Abakoumkin G, Khaiyom JHA, Ahmedi V, Akkas H, Almenara CA, Atta M, Bagci SC, Basel S, Kida EB, Bernardo ABI, Buttrick NR, Chobthamkit P, Choi HS, Cristea M, Csaba S, Damnjanović K, Danyliuk I, Dash A, Douglas KM, Enea V, Faller DG, Fitzsimons GJ, Gheorghiu A, Gómez Á, Hamaidia A, Han Q, Helmy M, Hudiyana J, Jeronimus BF, Jiang DY, Jovanović V, Kamenov Z, Kende A, Keng SL, Kieu TTT, Koc Y, Kovyazina K, Kozytska I, Krause J, Kruglanski AW, Kurapov A, Kutlaca M, Lantos NA, Lemay EP, Lesmana CBJ, Louis WR, Lueders A, Malik NI, Martinez AP, McCabe KO, Mehulić J, Milla MN, Mohammed I, Molinario E, Moyano M, Muhammad H, Muluk H, Myroniuk S, Najafi R, Nisa CF, Nyúl B, O'Keefe PA, Osuna JJO, Osin EN, Park J, Pica G, Pierro A, Rees JH, Reitsema AM, Rullo M, Ryan MK, Samekin A, Santtila P, Sasin E, Schumpe BM, Selim HA, Stanton MV, Stroebe W, Sultana S, Sutton RM, Tseliou E, Utsugi A, van Breen JA, van Lissa CJ, van Veen K, van Dellen MR, Vázquez A, Wollast R, Yeung VWL, Zand S, Žeželj IL, Zheng B, Zick A, Zúñiga C, Leander NP. 'We are all in the same boat': How societal discontent affects intention to help during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Community Appl Soc Psychol 2021; 32:332-347. [PMID: 34898961 PMCID: PMC8653108 DOI: 10.1002/casp.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has caused a global health crisis. Consequently, many countries have adopted restrictive measures that caused a substantial change in society. Within this framework, it is reasonable to suppose that a sentiment of societal discontent, defined as generalized concern about the precarious state of society, has arisen. Literature shows that collectively experienced situations can motivate people to help each other. Since societal discontent is conceptualized as a collective phenomenon, we argue that it could influence intention to help others, particularly those who suffer from coronavirus. Thus, in the present study, we aimed (a) to explore the relationship between societal discontent and intention to help at the individual level and (b) to investigate a possible moderating effect of societal discontent at the country level on this relationship. To fulfil our purposes, we used data collected in 42 countries (N = 61,734) from the PsyCorona Survey, a cross‐national longitudinal study. Results of multilevel analysis showed that, when societal discontent is experienced by the entire community, individuals dissatisfied with society are more prone to help others. Testing the model with longitudinal data (N = 3,817) confirmed our results. Implications for those findings are discussed in relation to crisis management. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Resta
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Silvana Mula
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Conrad Baldner
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Daniela Di Santo
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | | | | | - Ben Gützkow
- Department of Psychology University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands
| | - Jannis Kreienkamp
- Department of Psychology University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands
| | - Georgios Abakoumkin
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education University of Thessaly Volos Greece
| | | | | | - Handan Akkas
- Business Administration Department Ankara Science University Ankara Turkey
| | - Carlos A Almenara
- Faculty of Health Science Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas Santiago de Surco Peru
| | - Mohsin Atta
- Department of Psychology University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan
| | | | - Sima Basel
- Department of Social Sciences New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi UAE
| | | | | | - Nicholas R Buttrick
- Department of Psychology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | | | - Hoon-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychology Sungkyunkwan University Seoul South Korea
| | - Mioara Cristea
- Department of Psychology Heriot Watt University Edinburgh Scotland
| | - Sara Csaba
- Doctoral School of Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | | | - Ivan Danyliuk
- Department of Psychology Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Arobindu Dash
- Department of Social Sciences International University of Business Agriculture and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh
| | | | - Violeta Enea
- Department of Psychology Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Iași Romania
| | | | | | - Alexandra Gheorghiu
- Center for European Studies, Faculty of Law Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Iași Romania
| | - Ángel Gómez
- Social and Organizational Psychology Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia Madrid Spain
| | - Ali Hamaidia
- Psychology/ Research Unit Human Resources Development Setif 2 University Sétif Algeria
| | - Qing Han
- The School of Psychological Science University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Mai Helmy
- Psychology Department, College of Education Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman.,Psychology Department Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University Shebin El-Kom Egypt
| | | | | | - Ding-Yu Jiang
- Department of Psychology National Chung-Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan
| | | | - Zeljka Kamenov
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
| | - Anna Kende
- Department of Social Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Shian-Ling Keng
- Division of Social Science Yale-NUS College Singapore Singapore
| | - Tra Thi Thanh Kieu
- Department of Psychology HCMC University of Education Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Yasin Koc
- Department of Psychology University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands
| | | | - Inna Kozytska
- Department of Psychology Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Joshua Krause
- Department of Psychology University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands
| | - Arie W Kruglanski
- Department of Psychology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - Anton Kurapov
- Department of Psychology Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Maja Kutlaca
- Department of Psychology Durham University Durham UK
| | - Nóra Anna Lantos
- Department of Social Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Edward P Lemay
- Department of Psychology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | | | | | - Adrian Lueders
- Department of Psychology University of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | | | | | - Kira O McCabe
- Department of Psychology Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Jasmina Mehulić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
| | - Mirra Noor Milla
- Department of Psychology Universitas Indonesia Kota Depok Indonesia
| | - Idris Mohammed
- Mass Communication Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto Sokoto Nigeria
| | - Erica Molinario
- Department of Psychology Florida Gulf Coast University Fort Myers Florida USA
| | - Manuel Moyano
- Department of Psychology University of Cordoba Córdoba Spain
| | - Hayat Muhammad
- Department of Psychology University of Peshawar Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Hamdi Muluk
- Department of Psychology Universitas Indonesia Kota Depok Indonesia
| | - Solomiia Myroniuk
- Department of Psychology University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands
| | - Reza Najafi
- Department of Psychology Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch Rasht Iran
| | - Claudia F Nisa
- Department of Psychology New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Boglárka Nyúl
- Department of Social Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Paul A O'Keefe
- Division of Social Science Yale-NUS College Singapore Singapore.,Department of Management and Organisation National University of Singapore Business School Singapore Singapore
| | - Jose Javier Olivas Osuna
- Department of Political Science and Administration National Distance Education University (UNED) Madrid Spain
| | - Evgeny N Osin
- Department of Psychology HSE University Moscow Russia
| | - Joonha Park
- Graduate School of Management NUCB Business School Nagoya Japan
| | - Gennaro Pica
- School of Law University of Camerino Camerino Italy
| | - Antonio Pierro
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Jonas H Rees
- Research Institute Social Cohesion, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, Department of Social Psychology University of Bielefeld Bielefeld Germany
| | - Anne Margit Reitsema
- Department of Developmental Psychology University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands
| | - Marika Rullo
- Department of Educational, Humanities and Intercultural Communication University of Siena Siena Italy
| | - Michelle K Ryan
- Psychology University of Exeter Exeter UK.,Faculty of Economics and Business University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands
| | - Adil Samekin
- School of Liberal Arts M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University Nur-Sultan Kazakhstan
| | - Pekka Santtila
- Department of Psychology New York University Shanghai Shanghai China
| | - Edyta Sasin
- Department of Psychology New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Birga M Schumpe
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Heyla A Selim
- Department of Psychology King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Psychology University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands
| | - Samiah Sultana
- Department of Psychology University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands
| | | | - Eleftheria Tseliou
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education University of Thessaly Volos Greece
| | - Akira Utsugi
- Graduate School of Humanities Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Jolien A van Breen
- Institute of Governance and Global Affairs Leiden University Leiden Netherlands
| | - Caspar J van Lissa
- Department of Methodology & Statistics Utrecht University Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Kees van Veen
- Sustainable Society University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands
| | | | - Alexandra Vázquez
- Social and Organizational Psychology Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia Madrid Spain
| | - Robin Wollast
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive Université Clermont-Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand France
| | | | - Somayeh Zand
- Department of Psychology Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch Rasht Iran
| | - Iris Lav Žeželj
- Department of Psychology University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Bang Zheng
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK
| | - Andreas Zick
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (IKG) Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
| | - Claudia Zúñiga
- Department of Psychology Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - N Pontus Leander
- Department of Psychology University of Groningen Groningen Netherlands
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14
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Stroebe W, Kreienkamp J, Leander NP, Agostini M. Do Canadian and U.S. American handgun owners differ? Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 2021. [DOI: 10.1037/cbs0000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Stroebe W. Student Evaluations of Teaching Encourages Poor Teaching and Contributes to Grade Inflation: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2020.1756817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Leander NP, Agostini M, Stroebe W, Kreienkamp J, Spears R, Kuppens T, Van Zomeren M, Otten S, Kruglanski AW. Frustration-affirmation? Thwarted goals motivate compliance with social norms for violence and nonviolence. J Pers Soc Psychol 2020; 119:249-271. [PMID: 32324007 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When thwarted goals increase endorsement of violence, it may not always reflect antisocial tendencies or some breakdown of self-regulation per se; such responses can also reflect an active process of self-regulation, whose purpose is to comply with the norms of one's social environment. In the present experiments (total N = 2,145), the causal link between thwarted goals and endorsement of violent means (guns and war) was found to be contingent on perceptions that violence is normatively valued. Experiments 1-3 establish that thwarted goals increase endorsement of violence primarily among U.S. adults of a lower educational background and/or men who endorse a masculine honor culture. Experiment 4 manipulates the perceived normative consensus of college educated Americans, and demonstrates that thwarted goals increase college educated Americans' endorsement of whatever norm is salient: prowar or antiwar. Generalizing the model beyond violent means, Experiment 5 demonstrates that goal-thwarted Europeans report increased willingness to volunteer for refugee support activities if they perceive strong social norms to volunteer. Altogether, these findings support a frustration-affirmation model rather than frustration-aggression, whereby thwarted goals increase compliance with perceived norms for behavior, which can increase endorsement of violent means such as guns and war, but also nonviolent charitable actions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pontus Leander
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen
| | | | - Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen
| | - Jannis Kreienkamp
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen
| | - Russell Spears
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen
| | - Toon Kuppens
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen
| | | | - Sabine Otten
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen
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17
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Leander NP, Stroebe W, Kreienkamp J, Agostini M, Gordijn E, Kruglanski AW. Mass shootings and the salience of guns as means of compensation for thwarted goals. J Pers Soc Psychol 2019; 116:704-723. [DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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19
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20
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Abstract
Doliński (2018, this issue) deplores the decline of behavior observation in social psychology since the 1960’s and asks whether (social-) psychology is still a behavioral science. I question both, that there was a decline and that direct behavior observations are essential for a science of behavior. After all, behavior can also be inferred from outcomes and other traces of behavior. During the alleged heydays of behavioral observation, social psychology was threatened by a crisis partly precipitated by Wicker’s (1969) demonstration that verbal attitude measures were often unrelated to behavioral responses towards attitude objects. His critique was devastating, because social psychology at that time relied heavily on rating scales as dependent measure. The advance of the social cognition movement in the 1970’s was to provide social psychology with new techniques (e.g., priming, cognitive load, reaction time techniques) that eased the reliance on rating scales. At the same time, it became insufficient to merely show a relationship between an external event and a behavioral response and to rely on speculations about the internal processes that might have been responsible for this relationship. Instead, studies had to assess the cognitive and motivational processes assumed to link those external events, typically – but not always – using social cognition techniques. This required additional studies leading to a decline in the proportion of studies reporting behavioral observations. I illustrate this development with one of my own research programs and also suggest that in this example an outcome may be a more valid measure of behavior than behavioral observations.
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21
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Stroebe W. Why Good Teaching Evaluations May Reward Bad Teaching: On Grade Inflation and Other Unintended Consequences of Student Evaluations. Perspect Psychol Sci 2017; 11:800-816. [PMID: 27899725 DOI: 10.1177/1745691616650284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, I address the paradox that university grade point averages have increased for decades, whereas the time students invest in their studies has decreased. I argue that one major contributor to this paradox is grading leniency, encouraged by the practice of university administrators to base important personnel decisions on student evaluations of teaching. Grading leniency creates strong incentives for instructors to teach in ways that would result in good student evaluations. Because many instructors believe that the average student prefers courses that are entertaining, require little work, and result in high grades, they feel under pressure to conform to those expectations. Evidence is presented that the positive association between student grades and their evaluation of teaching reflects a bias rather than teaching effectiveness. If good teaching evaluations reflected improved student learning due to effective teaching, they should be positively related to the grades received in subsequent courses that build on knowledge gained in the previous course. Findings that teaching evaluations of concurrent courses, though positively correlated with concurrent grades, are negatively related to student performance in subsequent courses are more consistent with the assumption that concurrent evaluations are the result of lenient grading rather than effective teaching. Policy implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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22
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Stroebe W, Leander NP, Kruglanski AW. The impact of the Orlando mass shooting on fear of victimization and gun-purchasing intentions: Not what one might expect. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182408. [PMID: 28800365 PMCID: PMC5553639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass public shootings are typically followed by a spike in gun sales as well as calls for stricter gun control laws. What remains unclear is whether the spike in gun sales is motivated by increased threat perceptions or by concerns about gun control, or whether the sales are mainly driven by non-owners purchasing guns or gun owners adding to their collection. Two surveys of gun owners and non-owners, conducted immediately before and after the Orlando shooting, allowed us to assess its impact on threat perceptions and on gun-purchasing intentions. Although there was a minor impact on threat perceptions of non-owners, neither group reported any increased gun-purchasing intentions or an increased need of a gun for protection and self-defense. We suggest that these responses are representative for the majority of Americans and, therefore, people who are influenced by mass shootings to buy guns are probably an atypical minority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - N. Pontus Leander
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Arie W. Kruglanski
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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23
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Abstract
Americans are the world’s best armed citizens and public polling suggests protection/self-defense is their main reason for gun ownership. However, there is virtually no psychological research on gun ownership. The present article develops the first psychological process model of defensive gun ownership—specifically, a two-component model that considers both the antecedents and consequences of owning a gun for protection/self-defense. We demonstrate that different levels of threat construal—the specific perceived threat of assault and a diffuse threat of a dangerous world—independently predict handgun ownership; we also show how utility judgments can explain the motivated reasoning that drives beliefs about gun rights. We tested our model in two independent samples of gun owners (total N = 899), from just before and after the Orlando mass shooting. This study illustrates how social-cognitive theories can help explain what motivates Americans to own handguns and advocate for broad rights to carry and use them.
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24
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Buyukcan-Tetik A, Finkenauer C, Schut H, Stroebe M, Stroebe W. The impact of bereaved parents' perceived grief similarity on relationship satisfaction. J Fam Psychol 2017; 31:409-419. [PMID: 27732005 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present research focused on bereaved parents' perceived grief similarity, and aimed to investigate the concurrent and longitudinal effects of the perceptions that the partner has less, equal, or more grief intensity than oneself on relationship satisfaction. Participants of our longitudinal study were 229 heterosexual bereaved Dutch couples who completed questionnaires 6, 13, and 20 months after the loss of their child. Average age of participants was 40.7 (SD = 9.5). Across 3 study waves, participants' perceived grief similarity and relationship satisfaction were assessed. To control for their effects, own grief level, child's gender, expectedness of loss, parent's age, parent's gender, and time were also included in the analyses. Consistent with the hypotheses, cross-sectional results revealed that bereaved parents who perceived dissimilar levels of grief (less or more grief) had lower relationship satisfaction than bereaved parents who perceived similar levels of grief. This effect remained significant controlling for the effects of possible confounding variables and actual similarity in grief between partners. We also found that perceived grief similarity at the first study wave was related to the highest level of relationship satisfaction at the second study wave. Moreover, results showed that perceived grief similarity was associated with a higher level in partner's relationship satisfaction. Results are discussed considering the comparison and similarity in grief across bereaved partners after child loss. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henk Schut
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University
| | - Margaret Stroebe
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University
| | - Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University
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25
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Stroebe M, Stroebe W, Schut H, Boerner K. Grief is not a disease but bereavement merits medical awareness. Lancet 2017; 389:347-349. [PMID: 28137681 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Stroebe
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508TC, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk Schut
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508TC, Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Boerner
- Department of Gerontology, McCormack Graduate School, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Abstract
A model called search for ideas in associative memory (SIAM) is proposed to account for various research findings in the area of group idea generation. The model assumes that idea generation is a repeated search for ideas in associative memory, which proceeds in 2 stages (knowledge activation and idea production), and is controlled through negative feedback loops and cognitive failures (trials in which no idea is generated). We show that (a) turn taking (production blocking) interferes with both stages of the process; (b) ideas suggested by others aid the activation of problem-relevant knowledge; and (c) cognitive failures are important determinants of brainstorming persistence, satisfaction, and enjoyment. Implications for group decision making and group recall are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A Nijstad
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Nistad BA, van Vianen AEM, Stroebe W, Lodewijkx HFM. Persistence in Brainstorming: Exploring Stop Rules in Same-Sex Groups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430204046107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a laboratory experiment, three-person interactive and three-person nominal groups of college students brainstormed without externally imposed time constraints. All groups were homogeneous with regard to gender. Half of the participants were instructed to continue brainstorming until they ran out of ideas (expectancy stop rule), whereas the other half were instructed to continue until they were satisfied with their performance (satisfaction stop rule). We found that interactive groups were more persistent than nominal groups in both of the stop rule conditions and thereby compensated for their usual productivity loss. We also found, as predicted, that women were more persistent in the satisfaction stop rule condition, whereas men were more persistent in the expectancy stop rule condition. This effect may be due to gender differences in self-evaluations.
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29
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Abstract
The illusion of group effectivity refers to the belief, persistent despite contradictory empirical evidence, that groups can stimulate creativity. This article uses unpublished data from the authors' research on brainstorming to illustrate the illusion of group effectivity and then presents a theoretical interpretation of this illusion based on two assumptions: (a) People are motivated to view their own performance in a positive light. (b) People who generate ideas in groups have difficulty in differentiating between own and others' ideas. They are therefore more prone to this self-serving bias than persons who work individually. In an experiment conducted to test these hypotheses, subjects who had brainstormed either in groups or individually were presented with the set of ideas produced by their nominal or real groups and asked to identify the ideas they had suggested and those that had occurred to them. Results were generally consistent with the hypotheses.
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Abstract
Recent developments in West-German Marxist Psychology are described. The "Kritische Psychologie" claims to have developed with its "functional-historical" analysis a method which allows the assessment of the relevance of existing theories and the derivation of relevant new theories. While it does not quite live up to these claims, the `functional-historical" analysis, With its emphasis on social-structural variables and functional analysis, may offer an interesting counterbalance to the individualistic orientation prevalent in present day social psychology.
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31
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Abstract
A stage model of processing of fear-arousing communications was tested in an experiment that examined the impact of vulnerability to a severe health risk, the quality of the arguments supporting a protective action recommendation, and the source to which the recommendation was attributed, on processing and acceptance of the recommendation. Argument quality influenced attitudes toward the recommendation (but not intention to act), and this effect was mediated by negative thoughts about the recommendation. Vulnerability influenced intention to act (but not attitudes), and this effect was mediated by perceived threat and positive thoughts about the recommendation. The pattern of findings suggests that although vulnerability to a severe health risk induces biased processing of the recommendation, biased processing is restricted to intentions and does not compromise the evaluation of the recommendation. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha de Hoog
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.140, 3508 TC Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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32
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Abstract
An extension of the motivational assumptions of the heuristic model and the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change to counter attitudinal advocacy was tested. In a series of studies on the role of social support in attitude change following counter attitudinal advocacy, Stroebe and Diehl (1981) demonstrated that social support reduced attitude change only under conditions favorable to the arousal of dissonance. Under low choice or minimal consequences, social support was associated with an increase in attitude change. The present article suggests an interpretation of these findings in terms of motivational influences on levels of processing: Subjects engage in the cognitive effort of self-justification only when motivated to do so because of responsibility for a negative act. In the absence of such responsibility, subjects use the behavior of others (i.e., social support) merely as a cue for their opinion judgment. This was tested in an experiment that manipulated attitude similarity between subject and confederate in addition to social support and severity of consequences. A three-factor interaction on attitude change was obtained that was consistent with the differential processing hypothesis. Whereas under severe consequences attitude change was in line with dissonance predictions, a pattern of change consistent with balance theory was observed under minimal consequences. Implications of these findings for dissonance and conformity research are discussed.
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33
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Abstract
Lower socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with higher rates of HIV infection as well as higher rates of unsafe sex. The behavioral determinants that might mediate the effect of SES on risky sex have not been studied thus far. We investigated the involvement of social cognitions in the link between educational status and unprotected anal sex in 292 participants of the Amsterdam Young Gay Men Study. We found that poorly educated men had poorer knowledge about HIV and preventive behavior, perceived social norms to be less favorable towards condom usage with casual partners, and had lower perceived control over that behavior than the better educated men. Poorly educated men were also more likely to have engaged in unprotected anal sex with casual partners in the six-month period that followed the assessment of the social cognitions. However, the education-related behavioral difference could not be explained by social cognitions. We concluded that cognitive models of behavior might not explain all of the risk behavior in gay men with lower SES. These men's risk-taking behavior might result from specific psychological characteristics of men with lower SES that interfere with traditional cognition–behavior correlations as posited in prevailing models of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John De Wit
- Division of Public Health, Amsterdam Municipal Health Service, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Frits Griensven
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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34
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Eisma MC, Boelen PA, van den Bout J, Stroebe W, Schut HAW, Lancee J, Stroebe MS. Internet-Based Exposure and Behavioral Activation for Complicated Grief and Rumination: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Behav Ther 2015; 46:729-48. [PMID: 26520217 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness and feasibility of therapist-guided Internet-delivered exposure (EX) and behavioral activation (BA) for complicated grief and rumination. Forty-seven bereaved individuals with elevated levels of complicated grief and grief rumination were randomly assigned to three conditions: EX (N=18), BA (N=17), or a waiting-list (N=12). Treatment groups received 6 homework assignments over 6 to 8weeks. Intention-to-treat analyses showed that EX reduced complicated grief, posttraumatic stress, depression, grief rumination, and brooding levels relative to the control group at posttreatment (d=0.7-1.2). BA lowered complicated grief, posttraumatic stress, and grief rumination levels at posttreatment (d=0.8-0.9). At 3-month follow-up, effects of EX were maintained on complicated grief and grief rumination (d=0.6-1.2), and for BA on complicated grief, posttraumatic stress, and grief rumination (d=0.8-0.9). EX reduced depression more strongly than BA (d=0.6). Completers analyses corroborated results for EX, and partially those for BA, but no group differences were detected. BA suffered from high dropout (59%), relative to EX (33%) and the waiting-list (17%). Feasibility appeared higher for EX than BA. Results supported potential applicability of online exposure but not behavioral activation to decrease complicated grief and rumination.
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35
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Abstract
There has been increasing criticism of the way psychologists conduct and analyze studies. These critiques as well as failures to replicate several high-profile studies have been used as justification to proclaim a "replication crisis" in psychology. Psychologists are encouraged to conduct more "exact" replications of published studies to assess the reproducibility of psychological research. This article argues that the alleged "crisis of replicability" is primarily due to an epistemological misunderstanding that emphasizes the phenomenon instead of its underlying mechanisms. As a consequence, a replicated phenomenon may not serve as a rigorous test of a theoretical hypothesis because identical operationalizations of variables in studies conducted at different times and with different subject populations might test different theoretical constructs. Therefore, we propose that for meaningful replications, attempts at reinstating the original circumstances are not sufficient. Instead, replicators must ascertain that conditions are realized that reflect the theoretical variable(s) manipulated (and/or measured) in the original study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fritz Strack
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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36
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Abstract
The recent Stapel fraud case came as a shattering blow to the scientific community of psychologists and damaged both their image in the media and their collective self-esteem. The field responded with suggestions of how fraud could be prevented. However, the Stapel fraud is only one among many cases. Before basing recommendations on one case, it would be informative to study other cases to assess how these frauds were discovered. The authors analyze a convenience sample of fraud cases to see whether (social) psychology is more susceptible to fraud than other disciplines. They also evaluate whether the peer review process and replications work well in practice to detect fraud. There is no evidence that psychology is more vulnerable to fraud than the biomedical sciences, and most frauds are detected through information from whistleblowers with inside information. On the basis of this analysis, the authors suggest a number of strategies that might reduce the risk of scientific fraud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stroebe
- Utrecht University, The Netherlands University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Eisma MC, Rinck M, Stroebe MS, Schut HAW, Boelen PA, Stroebe W, van den Bout J. Rumination and implicit avoidance following bereavement: an approach avoidance task investigation. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2015; 47:84-91. [PMID: 25499772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Rumination, a risk factor in adjustment to bereavement, has often been considered a confrontation process. However, building on research on worry in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and rumination in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), researchers recently developed the Rumination as Avoidance Hypothesis (RAH), which states that rumination after bereavement serves to avoid the reality of the loss. In the present study, RAH was tested by investigating if rumination is associated with implicit loss avoidance. METHODS An Approach Avoidance Task (AAT) was used to assess automatic behavior tendencies. Using a joystick, 71 persons who recently lost a first-degree relative (90.1% women), pulled stimuli toward themselves or pushed them away from themselves. Stimuli represented the loss (picture deceased + loss word), were loss-related but ambiguous (picture deceased + neutral word; picture stranger + loss word), or were non-loss-related (picture stranger + neutral word; puzzle picture + X's). RESULTS Participants who ruminated more were relatively faster in pushing loss stimuli away from themselves and slower in pulling loss stimuli towards themselves, implying more rumination was associated with stronger implicit loss avoidance. Effects were maintained after controlling for depressive or post-traumatic stress symptom levels, but not when controlling for prolonged grief symptom levels. LIMITATIONS Conjugally bereaved women were overrepresented in the sample, which limits generalizability of results. The study was correlational, precluding causal inferences. CONCLUSIONS In line with RAH, rumination was positively associated with loss avoidance. This may indicate that the application of exposure-based techniques can reduce rumination and loss-related psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten C Eisma
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Netherlands.
| | - Mike Rinck
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Margaret S Stroebe
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk A W Schut
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Paul A Boelen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Netherlands; Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan van den Bout
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Netherlands
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Eisma MC, Schut HAW, Stroebe MS, Voerman K, van den Bout J, Stroebe W, Boelen PA. Psychopathology Symptoms, Rumination and Autobiographical Memory Specificity: Do Associations Hold After Bereavement? Appl Cognit Psychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten C. Eisma
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; Netherlands
| | - Henk A. W. Schut
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; Netherlands
| | - Margaret S. Stroebe
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology; University of Groningen; Netherlands
| | - Kim Voerman
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; Netherlands
| | - Jan van den Bout
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology; Utrecht University; Netherlands
- Department of Social Psychology; University of Groningen; Netherlands
| | - Paul A. Boelen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; Netherlands
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Eisma MC, Schut HAW, Stroebe MS, Boelen PA, van den Bout J, Stroebe W. Adaptive and maladaptive rumination after loss: A three-wave longitudinal study. Br J Clin Psychol 2014; 54:163-80. [DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten C. Eisma
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - Henk A. W. Schut
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - Maggie S. Stroebe
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology; University of Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. Boelen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - Jan van den Bout
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Social and Organisational Psychology; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
- Department of Social Psychology; University of Groningen; The Netherlands
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Eisma MC, Stroebe MS, Schut HAW, Stroebe W, Boelen PA, van den Bout J. Avoidance processes mediate the relationship between rumination and symptoms of complicated grief and depression following loss. J Abnorm Psychol 2014; 122:961-70. [PMID: 24364599 DOI: 10.1037/a0034051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ruminative coping has been associated with negative outcomes in bereavement. Rather than assuming it to be a problematic confrontation process, researchers have recently suggested rumination to be maladaptive through its links with avoidance processes. The main aim of this study was to examine, for the first time, whether the relationship between ruminative coping and symptoms of complicated grief and depression is mediated by avoidance processes (suppression, memory/experiential avoidance, behavioral avoidance, loss-reality avoidance). A sample of 282 adults (88% female, 12% male), bereaved on average 18 months previously, filled out three questionnaires at 6-month intervals. We assessed symptom levels, grief rumination, and trait rumination at baseline; avoidance processes after 6 months; and symptom levels after 12 months. When controlling for initial symptom levels, experiential avoidance mediated the link between grief rumination and complicated grief, and experiential avoidance and behavioral avoidance mediated the link between grief rumination and depression. Post hoc analyses showed suppression may also mediate the link between grief rumination and symptoms of complicated grief, but not depression. Loss-reality avoidance was no significant mediator of these relationships. This study provides initial evidence that rumination during bereavement increases and perpetuates symptoms of psychopathology, because it is linked with specific avoidance processes. Bereaved individuals with problematic grief and (chronic) rumination may benefit from therapy focused on countering avoidance tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten C Eisma
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University
| | | | - Henk A W Schut
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University
| | - Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University
| | - Paul A Boelen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University
| | - Jan van den Bout
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University
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Veling H, van Koningsbruggen GM, Aarts H, Stroebe W. Targeting impulsive processes of eating behavior via the internet. Effects on body weight. Appetite 2014; 78:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Stroebe M, Stroebe W, van de Schoot R, Schut H, Abakoumkin G, Li J. Guilt in bereavement: the role of self-blame and regret in coping with loss. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96606. [PMID: 24819238 PMCID: PMC4018291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the apparent centrality of guilt in complicating reactions following bereavement, scientific investigation has been limited. Establishing the impact of specific components associated with guilt could enhance understanding. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between two guilt-related manifestations, namely self-blame and regret, with grief and depression. A longitudinal investigation was conducted 4–7 months, 14 months and 2 years post-loss. Participants were bereaved spouses (30 widows; 30 widowers); their mean age was 53.05 years. Results showed that self-blame was associated with grief at the initial time-point and with its decline over time. Such associations were not found for depression. Initial levels of regret were neither associated with initial levels of grief and depression, nor were they related to the decline over time in either outcome variable. These results demonstrate the importance of examining guilt-related manifestations independently, over time, and with respect to both generic and grief-specific outcome variables. A main conclusion is that self-blame (but not regret) is a powerful determinant of grief-specific difficulties following the loss of a loved one. Implications for intervention are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Stroebe
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rens van de Schoot
- Department of Methods and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Optentia Research Program, Faculty of Humanities, North-West University, Mahikeng, South Africa
| | - Henk Schut
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Abakoumkin
- Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Jacob Max Rabbie, an internationally renowned social psychologist and a founding member of the European Association of Social Psychology (EASP), died on June 29, 2013. Jaap was born in Haarlem, the Netherlands, on October 4, 1927. Jaap studied social psychology at the University of Amsterdam and became the face of Dutch social psychology. His later research focused on aggression between individuals and groups, his early work attempted to isolate the minimal conditions that suffice to generate discriminatory ingroup-outgroup attitudes. Jaap was a dedicated and passionate scientist, oriented to getting things right even when this meant going against the current stream.
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Abstract
There has been increasing criticism of the way psychologists conduct and analyze studies. These critiques as well as failures to replicate several high-profile studies have been used as justification to proclaim a "replication crisis" in psychology. Psychologists are encouraged to conduct more "exact" replications of published studies to assess the reproducibility of psychological research. This article argues that the alleged "crisis of replicability" is primarily due to an epistemological misunderstanding that emphasizes the phenomenon instead of its underlying mechanisms. As a consequence, a replicated phenomenon may not serve as a rigorous test of a theoretical hypothesis because identical operationalizations of variables in studies conducted at different times and with different subject populations might test different theoretical constructs. Therefore, we propose that for meaningful replications, attempts at reinstating the original circumstances are not sufficient. Instead, replicators must ascertain that conditions are realized that reflect the theoretical variable(s) manipulated (and/or measured) in the original study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fritz Strack
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Veling H, Aarts H, Stroebe W. Stop signals decrease choices for palatable foods through decreased food evaluation. Front Psychol 2013; 4:875. [PMID: 24324451 PMCID: PMC3840792 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explores whether presenting specific palatable foods in close temporal proximity of stop signals in a go/no-go task decreases subsequent evaluations of such foods among participants with a relatively high appetite. Furthermore, we tested whether any decreased evaluations could mediate subsequent food choice. Participants first received a go/no-go task in which palatable foods were consistently linked to go cues or no-go cues within participants. Next, evaluation of the palatable foods was measured as well as food choice. Replicating previous work, results show that among participants with a relatively high appetite palatable foods associated with no-go cues are less often chosen as snacks compared to when these foods are associated with go cues, whereas this manipulation did not affect participants with a relatively low appetite. Moreover, this effect was completely mediated by decreased evaluation of the palatable foods that had been associated with the no-go cues, whereas evaluation of the foods associated with go cues did not mediate this effect. Results further showed that the devaluation effect of foods associated with no-go cues was independent of the amount of pairings (4 vs. 12 vs. 24) with the no-go cues. The current findings suggest that decreased food evaluation is a mechanism that explains effects of stop signals on food choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm Veling
- Department of Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
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van Koningsbruggen GM, Veling H, Stroebe W, Aarts H. Comparing two psychological interventions in reducing impulsive processes of eating behaviour: Effects on self-selected portion size. Br J Health Psychol 2013; 19:767-82. [DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harm Veling
- Department of Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Social and Cultural Psychology; Radboud University Nijmegen; The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Social Psychology; University of Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Henk Aarts
- Department of Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Eisma MC, Stroebe MS, Schut HAW, van den Bout J, Boelen PA, Stroebe W. Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-013-9377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Stroebe M, Finkenauer C, Wijngaards-de Meij L, Schut H, van den Bout J, Stroebe W. Partner-Oriented Self-Regulation Among Bereaved Parents. Psychol Sci 2013; 24:395-402. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797612457383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bereavement research has focused on individual rather than interdependent processes in coping with loss. Yet bereavement takes place in a social context, and relationship partners are likely to influence each other’s grieving process. We examined the impact of a dynamic, interpersonal phenomenon, partner-oriented self-regulation (POSR): the avoidance of talking about loss and remaining strong in the partner’s presence to protect the partner. Two hundred nineteen couples who had lost a child participated 6, 13, and 20 months after their loss. Consistent with predictions, results showed that one partner’s POSR was associated not only with an increase in his or her own grief, but also with an increase in the other partner’s grief. These relationships persisted over time: Self-reported and partner-reported POSR predicted later grief. These results are paradoxical: Although parents try to protect their partners through POSR, this effort has the opposite of the desired outcome. These findings underline the importance of further investigating interpersonal dynamics of coping with bereavement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Stroebe
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen
| | | | | | - Henk Schut
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University
| | - Jan van den Bout
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University
| | - Wolfgang Stroebe
- Department of Social Psychology, Utrecht University
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen
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Stroebe W, van Koningsbruggen GM, Papies EK, Aarts H. Why most dieters fail but some succeed: A goal conflict model of eating behavior. Psychol Rev 2013; 120:110-38. [DOI: 10.1037/a0030849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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van Koningsbruggen GM, Stroebe W, Aarts H. Successful restrained eating and trait impulsiveness. Appetite 2013; 60:81-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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