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Négyesi J, Zhang W, Wang Z, Nagatomi R. Changes in standing stability when wearing different colored glasses cannot be determined by participants' subjective preference - A crossover randomized single-blinded pilot study. Gait Posture 2024; 112:108-114. [PMID: 38759589 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of individually preferred colored glasses has gained popularity with the expectation that it may improve balance control and sports performance, however, the results of previous studies remain inconclusive. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present pilot study, we aimed to determine the association between participants' subjective preference and standing balance performance when wearing five different colored glasses. METHODS Thirteen participants stood on one or two legs on a pair of synchronized force platforms for 30 seconds with 60 seconds rest between the five-five randomized stance trials, while wearing red, blue, yellow, green, or transparent colored glasses. In addition to 7 CoP-related variables, we analyzed five features of EMG data from three lower limb muscles on both legs. RESULTS No significant effect of colored glasses was found. Some CoP (velocity: χ²(4, 13) = 10.086; p = 0.039; Kendall's W = 0.194, root mean square [RMS]: χ²(4, 13) = 12.278; p = 0.015; Kendall's W = 0.236) and EMG-related (RMS of biceps femoris: χ²(4, 13) = 13.006; p = 0.011; Kendall's W = 0.250) variables showed differences between the colored glass conditions during dominant-leg stance, however, participants failed to consecutively determine these differences in standing stability. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results may suggest that lens color preference, irrespective of the color itself, may influence dominant leg standing balance most probably due to psychological factors, however, only subjective determination have no potential to determine the color of the glasses that would support the individual's standing balance the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Négyesi
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary; Neurocognitive Research Center, Nyírő Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry, and Addictology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ziheng Wang
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan.
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2
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Monteiro RLM, Dos Santos CCA, Blauberger P, Link D, Russomanno TG, Tahara AK, Chinaglia AG, Santiago PRP. Enhancing soccer goalkeepers penalty dive kinematics with instructional video and laterality insights in field conditions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10225. [PMID: 38702374 PMCID: PMC11068781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effect of laterality and instructional video on the soccer goalkeepers' dive kinematics in penalty. Eight goalkeepers from youth categories (U15, U17, U20) were randomly divided into control (CG) and video instruction groups (VG). The latter performed 20 penalty defense trials on the field with balls launched by a machine, ten before and after watching a video instruction to improve the diving kinematics. The CG only performed the dives. Three cameras recorded the collections. A markerless motion capture technique (OpenPose) was used for identification and tracking of joints and anatomical references on video. The pose data were used for 3D reconstruction. In the post-instruction situation, the VG presented differences in comparison to the CG in the: knee flexion/extension angle, time to reach peak resultant velocity, frontal step distance, and frontal departure angle, which generated greater acceleration during the dive. Non-dominant leg side dives had higher resultant velocity during 88.4 - 100% of the diving cycle, different knee flexion/extension angle, and higher values in the frontal step distance. The instructional video generated an acute change in the diving movement pattern of young goalkeepers when comparing the control and the video instruction group in the post condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Luiz Martins Monteiro
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Patrick Blauberger
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Link
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Tiago Guedes Russomanno
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Ariany Klein Tahara
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Abel Gonçalves Chinaglia
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-907, Brazil
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3
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Veldkamp J, Koning RH. Waiting to score. Conversion probability and the video assistant referee (VAR) in football penalty kicks. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1692-1700. [PMID: 38100560 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2292893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The VAR has introduced a new element to football. Before, a decision to award a penalty kick could not be reversed. The player taking the penalty could take it relatively quickly after the referee called the foul. After the introduction of the VAR, every penalty kick decision is replayed by the VAR and also quite often reviewed on-field. As a consequence, time between the initial decision by the referee and the actual penalty kick has increased substantially. We examined the influence of the time-interval duration between the foul and the actual penalty kick on the conversion probability using a logit model. Also, we assessed the consequences of a VAR intervention, if any. We used data on all 2888 penalties awarded in top leagues in England, Spain, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UEFA Champions League, over the course of five seasons (2015/2016-2019/2020). We found that the duration between the foul and the moment the penalty is taken does not impact the conversion probability. However, whether or not the VAR intervenes with the referee's decision has a negative effect on the conversion probability of penalty kicks. Football teams and coaches should incorporate this element of uncertainty in training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruud H Koning
- Department of Economics, Econometrics & Finance, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Jekauc D, Fritsch J, Latinjak AT. Toward a Theory of Emotions in Competitive Sports. Front Psychol 2021; 12:790423. [PMID: 34975686 PMCID: PMC8716387 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we introduce a theory on the dynamic development of affective processes, affect regulation, and the relationship between emotions and sport performance. The theory focusses on how affective processes emerge and develop during competitive sport involvement. Based on Scherer's component process model, we postulate six components of emotion that interact with each other in a circular fashion: (I) triggering processes, (II) physiological reactions, (III) action tendencies, (IV) expressive behaviors, (V) subjective experience, and (VI) higher cognitive processes. The theory stresses the dynamics of affective processes and describes the consequences for performance in competitive sports. It assumes that the peculiarities of different sports must be taken into account in order to understand the affective processes, and offers starting points on which strategies can be used to effectively regulate affective states. Consequences for research and practice are derived and discussed. To study the development of affective processes, future research should test the assumptions in ecologically valid contexts, such as real competitions or competition-like situations, using multi-component measures of emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Jekauc
- Department for Health Education and Sport Psychology, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julian Fritsch
- Department for Health Education and Sport Psychology, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander T. Latinjak
- Department for Psychology and Education, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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5
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Effectiveness of Insole Colour on Impact Loading and Lower-Limb Kinematics When Running at Preferred and Nonpreferred Speeds. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:8947433. [PMID: 34900206 PMCID: PMC8654554 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8947433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While colour of red can play a significant role in altering human perception and performances, little is known about its perceptual-motor effect on running mechanics. This study examined the effects of variations in insole colours on impact forces, ankle kinematics, and trial-to-trial reliability at various running speeds. Sixteen male recreational runners ran on instrumented treadmill at slow (90%), preferred (100%), and fast (110%) running speeds when wearing insoles in red, blue, and white colours. We used synchronized force platform and motion capturing system to measure ground reaction force, ankle sagittal and frontal kinematics, and movement variability. A two-way (colour x speed) ANOVA with repeated measures was performed with Bonferroni adjusted post hoc comparisons, with alpha set at 0.05. Data analyses indicated that participants demonstrated higher impact and maximum loading rate of ground reaction force, longer stride length, shorter contact time, and smaller touchdown ankle inversion as well as larger ankle sagittal range of motion (RoM), but smaller frontal RoM in fast speed as compared with preferred (P < 0.05) and slow speeds (P < 0.001). Although insole colour had minimal effect on mean values of any tested variables (P > 0.05), participants wearing red-coloured orthoses showed higher coefficient of variation values for maximum loading rate than wearing blue insoles (P=0.009). These results suggest that running at faster speed would lead to higher impact loading and altered lower-limb mechanics and that colour used on the tops of insoles influences the wearers' movement repeatability, with implications for use of foot insole in running.
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6
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Mentzel SV, Krenn B, Dreiskaemper D, Strauss B. The Impact of Wearing and Perceiving Colors on Hormonal, Physiological, and Psychological Parameters in Cycling. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 43:298-309. [PMID: 34006666 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the influence of wearing and perceiving colors in a cycling setting while also examining cortisol, heart rate, estimated maximum oxygen consumption, and subjective performance ratings. A total of 99 individuals completed the study, consisting of cortisol measurements, which compared baseline values to those after changing into a red or blue outfit, and a maximum cycling task performed wearing the same outfit while competing against a video opponent in red or blue. Each participant completed the protocol twice on separate days. Wearing a colored outfit showed no influence on cortisol levels. Regarding the cycling task, the participants wearing red had higher maximum heart rate values than when wearing blue. In addition, the results revealed increased maximum heart rate and maximum oxygen consumption values when perceiving an opponent in blue, especially when the participant also wore blue. No differences were found for the median heart rate or performance ratings.
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7
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Furley P, Roth A. Coding Body Language in Sports: The Nonverbal Behavior Coding System for Soccer Penalties. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 43:140-154. [PMID: 33730693 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonverbal behavior (NVB) plays an important role in sports. However, it has been difficult to measure, as no coding schemes exist to objectively measure NVB in sports. Therefore, the authors adapted the Body Action and Posture Coding System to the context of soccer penalties, validated it, and initially used this system (Nonverbal Behavior Coding System for Soccer Penalties [NBCSP]) to explore NVB in penalties. Study 1 demonstrated that the NBCSP had good to excellent intercoder reliability regarding the occurrence and temporal precision of NVBs. It also showed that the coding system could differentiate certain postures and behaviors as a function of emotional valence (i.e., positive vs. negative emotional states). Study 2 identified differences in NVB for successful and missed shots in a sample of penalties (time spent looking toward the goal, toward the ground, right arm movement, and how upright the body posture was). The authors discuss the utility of the coding system for different sport contexts.
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8
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Sweating the uniform colors and success in sport connection: Time to put the effect to rest? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Effect of Red Arch-Support Insoles on Subjective Comfort and Movement Biomechanics in Various Landing Heights. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072476. [PMID: 32260475 PMCID: PMC7177313 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Red is perceived as a "winning color", which may influence actual and perceived performances in sports, but little effort has been done to assess the added value on colored foot insoles in basketball movements. This study examined if colored foot insole would influence perceived comfort and lower extremity biomechanics during drop landing. Nineteen male basketball players performed drop landing trials with different insoles (red arch-support, white arch-support, and white-flat) and landing heights (0.45 and 0.61 m). Two-way (Insole x Height) ANOVAs with repeated measures were performed on each of the knee and ankle angles and moments variables. Wearing red arch-support insoles induced better perception of forefoot and rearfoot cushioning and overall comfort but smaller plantarflexion moment than the white-flat insoles (p < 0.05). Increased landing height was related to higher ground reaction loading, sagittal flexion angles, range of motion, and joint moments but smaller ankle eversion (p < 0.05). Findings indicate that foot insoles might have influenced comfort perception and joint kinetics, but not joint kinematics. The use of red color in foot insoles could potentially maximize the effectiveness of foot insoles in a way that alters comfort perception and motor control during landing, with implications for risk of injury.
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10
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Hüttermann S, Smeeton NJ, Ford PR, Williams AM. Color Perception and Attentional Load in Dynamic, Time-Constrained Environments. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2614. [PMID: 30670996 PMCID: PMC6331534 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to perceive color in the peripheral field has attracted research interest for more than a decade. There is evidence that sensitivity to red-green color variations is lower than for yellow-blue in peripheral vision. Whether, and to what extent, color vision affects the visual focus of attention, which is normally much smaller than the visual field, has not yet been examined. We used a sport-specific decision-making task to assess whether the color of the jersey worn by players appearing in the periphery influences decision making by affecting the attentional and perceptual capabilities. Pairs of players wearing chromatic (blue, yellow, red, and green) and achromatic (black, white) colored jerseys were briefly presented across a range of visual angles on a 6 m concave immersive screen. Participants were required to decide to whom to pass and recall relevant information. Findings indicate that color perception changes vary with increasing visual angle, but that the focus of attention is too small to be influenced by jersey color sensitivity. Decision-making performance decreases with increasing visual angle, but is not influenced by color. The implications for decision-making processes in sport and other professional domains are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hüttermann
- Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Smeeton
- Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Ford
- Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - A Mark Williams
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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11
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Londe AM, Marocolo M, Marocolo IC, Fisher J, Neto OB, Souza MVC, da Mota GR. Wearing Colored Glasses can Influence Exercise Performance and Testosterone concentration? Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E46-E51. [PMID: 30539117 PMCID: PMC6225961 DOI: 10.1055/a-0601-7250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of red color is associated with higher testosterone concentration and better human performance. Thus, we evaluated the acute effects of wearing colored-lens glasses on the YoYo intermittent endurance exercise test 2 (YoYoIE2) performance indicators and testosterone concentration. Ten soccer players performed three YoYoIE2 (counterbalanced crossover) wearing colorless (control), blue- or red-lensed glasses (2-4 days of rest in between). YoYoIE2 performance did not differ among the trials ( p >0.05), but blood testosterone increased post-exercise in red compared to red baseline (red=14%, effect size=0.75). Analysis showed faster heart rate recovery ( p <0.05) at 1 min post-test for blue compared to red lenses. Rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration did not differ ( p >0.05) among the trials. Wearing red-colored lenses during high-intensity intermittent exercise increased testosterone concentration, but do not influence performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M. Londe
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Isabela Coelho Marocolo
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - James Fisher
- Centre for Health, Exercise & Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Octavio Barbosa Neto
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Markus Vinicius Campos Souza
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Science/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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12
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Rowland HM, Burriss RP. Human colour in mate choice and competition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0350. [PMID: 28533465 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The colour of our skin and clothing affects how others perceive us and how we behave. Human skin colour varies conspicuously with genetic ancestry, but even subtle changes in skin colour due to diet, blood oxygenation and hormone levels influence social perceptions. In this review, we describe the theoretical and empirical frameworks in which human colour is researched. We explore how subtle skin colour differences relate to judgements of health and attractiveness. Also, because humans are one of the few organisms able to manipulate their apparent colour, we review how cosmetics and clothing are implicated in courtship and competition, both inside the laboratory and in the real world. Research on human colour is in its infancy compared with human psychophysics and colour research in non-human animals, and hence we present best-practice guidelines for methods and reporting, which we hope will improve the validity and reproducibility of studies on human coloration.This article is part of the themed issue 'Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Rowland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK .,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Robert P Burriss
- Faculty of Psychology, Basel University, Basel 4055, Switzerland
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13
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Kurz J, Hegele M, Munzert J. Gaze Behavior in a Natural Environment with a Task-Relevant Distractor: How the Presence of a Goalkeeper Distracts the Penalty Taker. Front Psychol 2018; 9:19. [PMID: 29434560 PMCID: PMC5790805 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaze behavior in natural scenes has been shown to be influenced not only by top-down factors such as task demands and action goals but also by bottom-up factors such as stimulus salience and scene context. Whereas gaze behavior in the context of static pictures emphasizes spatial accuracy, gazing in natural scenes seems to rely more on where to direct the gaze involving both anticipative components and an evaluation of ongoing actions. Not much is known about gaze behavior in far-aiming tasks in which multiple task-relevant targets and distractors compete for the allocation of visual attention via gaze. In the present study, we examined gaze behavior in the far-aiming task of taking a soccer penalty. This task contains a proximal target, the ball; a distal target, an empty location within the goal; and a salient distractor, the goalkeeper. Our aim was to investigate where participants direct their gaze in a natural environment with multiple potential fixation targets that differ in task relevance and salience. Results showed that the early phase of the run-up seems to be driven by both the salience of the stimulus setting and the need to perform a spatial calibration of the environment. The late run-up, in contrast, seems to be controlled by attentional demands of the task with penalty takers having habitualized a visual routine that is not disrupted by external influences (e.g., the goalkeeper). In addition, when trying to shoot a ball as accurately as possible, penalty takers directed their gaze toward the ball in order to achieve optimal foot-ball contact. These results indicate that whether gaze is driven by salience of the stimulus setting or by attentional demands depends on the phase of the actual task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kurz
- Neuromotor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University, Germany
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14
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Abad CCC, Terra BP, Ananias MDDT, Silva RAD, Diniz MA. Second-leg home advantage in the Copa Libertadores da América (2005-2015). MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201700030008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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15
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Lam WK, Kam K, Qu Y, Capio CM. Influence of shoe colour on perceived and actual jumping performance. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2017.1313889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kai Lam
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Karina Kam
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Qu
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Catherine M. Capio
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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16
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Lopez MJ, Schuckers M. Predicting coin flips: using resampling and hierarchical models to help untangle the NHL's shoot-out. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:888-897. [PMID: 27373723 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1198046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Roughly 14% of regular season National Hockey League games since the 2005-06 season have been decided by a shoot-out, and the resulting allocation of points has impacted play-off races each season. But despite interest from fans, players and league officials, there is little in the way of published research on team or individual shoot-out performance. This manuscript attempts to fill that void. We present both generalised linear mixed model and Bayesian hierarchical model frameworks to model shoot-out outcomes, with results suggesting that there are (i) small but statistically significant talent gaps between shooters, (ii) marginal differences in performance among netminders and (iii) few, if any, predictors of player success after accounting for individual talent. We also provide a resampling strategy to highlight a selection bias with respect to shooter assignment, in which coaches choose their most skilled offensive players early in shoot-out rounds and are less likely to select players with poor past performances. Finally, given that per-shot data for shoot-outs do not currently exist in a single location for public use, we provide both our data and source code for other researchers interested in studying shoot-out outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lopez
- a Department of Mathematics , Skidmore College , Saratoga Springs , NY , USA
| | - Michael Schuckers
- b Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Statistics , St. Lawrence University , Canton , NY , USA
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17
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Furley P, Noël B, Memmert D. Attention towards the goalkeeper and distraction during penalty shootouts in association football: a retrospective analysis of penalty shootouts from 1984 to 2012. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:873-879. [PMID: 27292083 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1195912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the consequences of attention towards goalkeepers in association football penalty shootouts that have exclusively been derived from laboratory experiments. We conducted a retrospective analysis of all penalty shootouts during FIFA World Cups (1986-2010) and UEFA European Football Championships (1984-2012). We linked key variables of previous laboratory research to observable behaviour in the field that was coded by two independent coders. The following hypotheses were tested: first, attention towards goalkeepers results in more saves/better goalkeeper performance; second, goalkeepers can deliberately distract penalty takers by drawing attention towards themselves which results in less accurate penalty kicks/better goalkeeper performance. Results were in line with previous laboratory analyses as they showed that attention towards goalkeepers resulted in more saves/better goalkeeping performance. Further, if goalkeepers distracted penalty takers this also resulted in better goalkeeping performance. The applied implications of these findings are discussed for both goalkeepers and penalty takers in association football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Furley
- a Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, Deutsche Sporthochschule , Köln , Germany
| | - Benjamin Noël
- a Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, Deutsche Sporthochschule , Köln , Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- a Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, Deutsche Sporthochschule , Köln , Germany
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18
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Furley P, Moll T, Memmert D. "Put your Hands up in the Air"? The interpersonal effects of pride and shame expressions on opponents and teammates. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1361. [PMID: 26441737 PMCID: PMC4562262 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to investigate the interpersonal effects of pride and shame expressions amongst opponents and teammates in a soccer penalty scenario. Across a series of experiments using the point-light method, pride and shame expressions exerted strong effects upon observers' anticipated emotions, associated cognitions, and performance expectations. Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) in two pilot studies we demonstrated that the created pride and shame point-light stimuli were implicitly associated with status and performance related attributes. In Experiment 1, observing pride expressions caused opponents to anticipate more negative emotions, cognitions, and lower performance expectancies toward their next performance in comparison with neutral expressions. In contrast, pride expressions led teammates to anticipate more positive emotions (i.e., pride and happiness), cognitions, and performance expectations toward their next performance than neutral expressions (Experiments 2–4). The results are discussed within the emotions as social information (EASI, Van Kleef, 2009) framework by arguing that the social context has to be taken into account when investigating the interpersonal effects of emotion expressions. In conclusion, the present research highlights the potential interpersonal influence of the nonverbal expressions of pride and shame in soccer penalty shootouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Furley
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Tjerk Moll
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University Cardiff, UK
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne Cologne, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Abstract. Research has shown that subtle stimuli and action can elicit approach and avoidance motivational states. In separate literatures, both the color red and enacting avoidance behavior have been hypothesized to evoke avoidance motivation. The purpose of the present research was to both replicate and empirically integrate prior work on red and enacted avoidance behavior. This was done by testing them together within the same paradigms in two experiments, one on anagram performance and the other on local-relative-to-global processing. Both experiments replicated prior research in each literature, with red and enacted avoidance behavior producing comparable effects across both experiments. Implications of the findings for the two literatures are discussed.
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20
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Olde Rikkert J, Haes VD, Barsingerhorn AD, Theelen T, Olde Rikkert MGM. The colour of a football outfit affects visibility and team success. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:2166-72. [PMID: 26140538 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1064156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of the colour of football outfits on localising football players and on the results of football matches. Two studies were conducted: an experimental study examining the effects of outfit colour on the assessment of the positions of computer-animated football players in a video set-up (study 1) and a retrospective study on professional football clubs' performances dependent on their outfit colours (study 2). The studies were conducted with 18 human volunteers aged 15-18 years (study 1) and league results from 10 professional European football teams over 17 years (1995-2013) (study 2). We analysed the number of correct assessments of the positions of virtual football players with different outfit colours (study 1) and analysed the relationship between match results and outfits' colours (study 2). Study 1 showed that the position of players wearing white outfits was better assessed in 5.2% of the trials compared to players wearing green outfits (P = 0.007). Study 2 showed that Manchester City conceded less goals against in away games in highly visible kits (r = 0.62; P = 0.024), while Newcastle United conceded less goals and won more points while playing in kits associated with low visibility (r = 0.63; P = 0.007; r = 0.50; P = 0.040, respectively). We conclude that the colour of football outfits affects evaluations of football players' positions on the field, with white tricots resulting in the best location assessment. The outfit colour may indirectly influence football match results, warranting more attention to the home and away shirts by team managers and football scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annemiek D Barsingerhorn
- c Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Section Biophysics , 126 Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Theelen
- d Department of Ophthalmology , 400 Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Marcel G M Olde Rikkert
- e Department of Geriatric Medicine , 925 Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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21
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Elliot AJ. Color and psychological functioning: a review of theoretical and empirical work. Front Psychol 2015; 6:368. [PMID: 25883578 PMCID: PMC4383146 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade there has been increased interest in research on color and psychological functioning. Important advances have been made in theoretical work and empirical work, but there are also important weaknesses in both areas that must be addressed for the literature to continue to develop apace. In this article, I provide brief theoretical and empirical reviews of research in this area, in each instance beginning with a historical background and recent advancements, and proceeding to an evaluation focused on weaknesses that provide guidelines for future research. I conclude by reiterating that the literature on color and psychological functioning is at a nascent stage of development, and by recommending patience and prudence regarding conclusions about theory, findings, and real-world application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
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22
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The Correlation Between Blood Oxygenation Effects and Human Emotion Towards Facial Skin Colour of Virtual Human. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13319-015-0044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Noël B, Furley P, Hüttermann S, Nopp S, Vogelbein M, Memmert D. Einflussfaktoren auf Erfolg und Misserfolg beim Elfmeterschießen. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPORTPSYCHOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Elfmeterforschung kann dazu dienen, grundlagenwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse und Theorien in einem realitätsnäheren Umfeld zu überprüfen oder anwendungsorientierte Erkenntnisse zu gewinnen. Bei vielen Studienergebnissen stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit diese Erkenntnisse auch bei Elfmeterschießen bei Europa- und Weltmeisterschaften von Relevanz sind. Sechs mögliche Einflussfaktoren (Trikotfarbe „Rot“, Schussbein, Erfahrung, Nationalität, Schussreihenfolge, Schussrichtung) werden anhand einer retrospektiven Analyse aller vergangener Elfmeterschießen bei WM- und EM-Turnieren seit 1982 überprüft. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass drei Faktoren – Nationalität, Schussreihenfolge und Schussrichtung – einen tatsächlichen Einfluss auf die Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit bei Elfmeterschießen der beiden größten Fußballturniere haben. Die anwendungsbezogene Relevanz von experimentell gewonnenen Ergebnissen in Elfmetersituationen wird abschließend kritisch diskutiert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Noël
- Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Institut für Kognitions- und Sportspielforschung
| | - Philip Furley
- Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Institut für Kognitions- und Sportspielforschung
| | - Stefanie Hüttermann
- Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Institut für Kognitions- und Sportspielforschung
| | - Stephan Nopp
- Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Institut für Kognitions- und Sportspielforschung
| | - Martin Vogelbein
- Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Institut für Kognitions- und Sportspielforschung
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Institut für Kognitions- und Sportspielforschung
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24
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Greenlees IA, Eynon M, Thelwell RC. Color of soccer goalkeepers' uniforms influences the outcome of penalty kicks. Percept Mot Skills 2014; 117:1043-52. [PMID: 24422335 DOI: 10.2466/30.24.pms.117x14z6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the proposition that competing against red-clad opponents hinders the performance of soccer (football) athletes. 40 experienced players took 10 penalty kicks against a goalkeeper wearing a black jersey and, 1 week later, took 10 penalty kicks against a goalkeeper wearing either a red, green, blue, or yellow jersey. Prior to each set of kicks, participants reported their expectancy of success. Players facing red-clad goalkeepers scored on fewer penalty kicks than those facing either blue- or green-clad goalkeepers, but no differences in expectancy of success emerged. The findings indicate that athletes wearing red may have an advantage over their opponents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain A Greenlees
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, College Lane, University of Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 6PE, UK.
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25
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Farrelly D, Slater R, Elliott HR, Walden HR, Wetherell MA. Competitors who choose to be red have higher testosterone levels. Psychol Sci 2013; 24:2122-4. [PMID: 23917700 DOI: 10.1177/0956797613482945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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26
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Greenlees IA, Eynon M, Thelwell RC. COLOR OF SOCCER GOALKEEPERS' UNIFORMS INFLUENCES THE OUTCOME OF PENALTY KICKS 1. Percept Mot Skills 2013. [DOI: 10.2466/30.24.pms.116.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Elliot AJ, Maier MA. Color psychology: effects of perceiving color on psychological functioning in humans. Annu Rev Psychol 2013; 65:95-120. [PMID: 23808916 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Color is a ubiquitous perceptual stimulus that is often considered in terms of aesthetics. Here we review theoretical and empirical work that looks beyond color aesthetics to the link between color and psychological functioning in humans. We begin by setting a historical context for research in this area, particularly highlighting methodological issues that hampered earlier empirical work. We proceed to overview theoretical and methodological advances during the past decade and conduct a review of emerging empirical findings. Our empirical review focuses especially on color in achievement and affiliation/attraction contexts, but it also covers work on consumer behavior as well as food and beverage evaluation and consumption. The review clearly shows that color can carry important meaning and can have an important impact on people's affect, cognition, and behavior. The literature remains at a nascent stage of development, however, and we note that considerable work on boundary conditions, moderators, and real-world generalizability is needed before strong conceptual statements and recommendations for application are warranted. We provide suggestions for future research and conclude by emphasizing the broad promise of research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627;
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28
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Burkitt E, Watling D. The impact of audience age and familiarity on children’s drawings of themselves in contrasting affective states. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025413478257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the impact of familiarity and audience age on children’s self-presentation in self-drawings of happy, sad and neutral figures. Two hundred children (100 girls and 100 boys) with the average age of 8 years 2 months, ranging from 6 years 3 months to 10 years 1 month, formed two age groups and five conditions ( n = 20). All children completed two counterbalanced sessions. Session 1 consisted of drawing a neutral figure followed by a sad and happy figure in counterbalanced order. The drawing instructions specified the age of the audience (adult vs. child) and familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar) differently for each condition. Measures of colour preference were taken in session 2. Certain drawing strategies, such as waving and smiling, varied as a function of audience age and familiarity whilst others, such as colour use, did not. The results are discussed in terms of cue dependency and framework theories of children’s drawings and the need to be aware of specific characteristics of who children are drawing for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Burkitt
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Chichester, UK
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29
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Pepping GJ, Timmermans EJ. Oxytocin and the biopsychology of performance in team sports. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:567363. [PMID: 22997498 PMCID: PMC3444846 DOI: 10.1100/2012/567363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the biopsychological underpinnings of expert performance in team sports. In this paper we show that there is a vast support for oxytocin as a neuropeptide involved in the encouragement of important processes linked to greater team performance in sport. We argue that oxytocin is related to biopsychological processes aimed at convergence of emotions and moods between people, and in doing so it is a critical neuropeptide involved in the shaping of important team processes in sport such as trust, generosity, altruism, cohesion, cooperation, and social motivation, and also envy and gloating. Future research should examine the role of oxytocin in these essential components of sport performance. In particular, the link between oxytocin, emotional contagion and the cultivation of experiences of positive emotions is a worthwhile line of investigation for sport participation and development as well as high performance in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert-Jan Pepping
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Stephen ID, Oldham FH, Perrett DI, Barton RA. Redness enhances perceived aggression, dominance and attractiveness in men's faces. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 10:562-572. [PMID: 22947678 PMCID: PMC10426935 DOI: 10.1177/147470491201000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In a range of non-human primate, bird and fish species, the intensity of red coloration in males is associated with social dominance, testosterone levels and mate selection. In humans too, skin redness is associated with health, but it is not known whether--as in non-human species--it is also associated with dominance and links to attractiveness have not been thoroughly investigated. Here we allow female participants to manipulate the CIELab a* value (red-green axis) of skin to maximize the perceived aggression, dominance and attractiveness of photographs of men's faces, and make two findings. First, participants increased a* (increasing redness) to enhance each attribute, suggesting that facial redness is perceived as conveying similar information about a male's qualities in humans as it does in non-human species. Second, there were significant differences between trial types: the highest levels of red were associated with aggression, an intermediate level with dominance, and the least with attractiveness. These differences may reflect a trade-off between the benefits of selecting a healthy, dominant partner and the negative consequences of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Stephen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia.
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31
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STEPHEN IAND. New directions in colour studies edited by C. P. Biggam, C. A. Hough, C. J. Kay and D. R.Simmons. Br J Psychol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Moll T, Jordet G, Pepping GJ. Emotional contagion in soccer penalty shootouts: celebration of individual success is associated with ultimate team success. J Sports Sci 2011; 28:983-92. [PMID: 20544488 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.484068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between celebratory responses after successful soccer penalty kicks and the outcome of a penalty shootout. Individually displayed post-shot behaviours in penalty shootouts held in World Cups and European Championships (N = 151) were rated on the presence of universally distinct and recognizable behaviours associated with positive emotions. Using chi-square analyses we investigated which behaviours were associated with winning the shootout, when the relative standing between the teams was equal. Players who engaged in certain celebratory post-shot behaviours were more likely to be in the team that ultimately won the penalty shootout. In particular, celebrations including both arms were associated with winning the shootout. It was more likely that the next kick taken by an opponent was missed after a player displayed these behaviours after a goal than when he did not. The findings are interpreted in terms of emotional contagion - that is, the transference of emotions from individuals onto teammates and opponents. It is suggested that the individual expression of post-performance emotions serves a direct purpose in enhancing future team performance and that emotional contagion is an important process in the context of elite sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjerk Moll
- Centre for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Re DE, Whitehead RD, Xiao D, Perrett DI. Oxygenated-blood colour change thresholds for perceived facial redness, health, and attractiveness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17859. [PMID: 21448270 PMCID: PMC3063159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood oxygenation level is associated with cardiovascular fitness, and raising oxygenated blood colouration in human faces increases perceived health. The current study used a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) psychophysics design to quantify the oxygenated blood colour (redness) change threshold required to affect perception of facial colour, health and attractiveness. Detection thresholds for colour judgments were lower than those for health and attractiveness, which did not differ. The results suggest redness preferences do not reflect a sensory bias, rather preferences may be based on accurate indications of health status. Furthermore, results suggest perceived health and attractiveness may be perceptually equivalent when they are assessed based on facial redness. Appearance-based motivation for lifestyle change can be effective; thus future studies could assess the degree to which cardiovascular fitness increases face redness and could quantify changes in aerobic exercise needed to increase facial attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Re
- School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.
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34
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Castillo JM, Oña A, Raya A, Bilbao A, Serra E. Tactical skills and ball speed during a field simulation of penalty kick strategies in soccer. Percept Mot Skills 2011; 111:947-62. [PMID: 21319631 DOI: 10.2466/05.23.24.27.pms.111.6.947-962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the efficacy of intermediate penalty kickers by comparing the effect of applying an automated WiFi system on the field of play to simulate a strategy that takes account of goalkeeper action (dependent) with another for which goalkeeper strategy is irrelevant (independent). Intermediate penalty kickers (n=12) took a pretreatment test of 32 kicks in a "real-play" situation with intermediate goalkeepers (n=3). Two groups of kickers underwent 11 treatment sessions using different strategies and then were administered a posttreatment test. The variables measured were the number of goals scored, whether the direction of the shot was the same or different from the direction of the goalkeeper's move (DDG), ball speed, and the duration of the kicking movement. Data suggested the goalkeepers had a greater capacity to identify advance cues when faced with independent strategy kickers and that dependent strategy kickers achieved lower ball speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Castillo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Spain.
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35
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The Influence of the "Red Win" Effect in Sports: A Hypothesis of Erroneous Perception of Opponents Dressed in Red - Preliminary Test. HUMAN MOVEMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10038-011-0043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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36
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Morris PH, Lewis D. Tackling Diving: The Perception of Deceptive Intentions in Association Football (Soccer). JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-009-0075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Jordet G. Why do English players fail in soccer penalty shootouts? A study of team status, self-regulation, and choking under pressure. J Sports Sci 2009; 27:97-106. [PMID: 19058088 DOI: 10.1080/02640410802509144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
I examine why players from some nations appear always to choke in major international soccer penalty shootouts. Based on a model on choking under pressure as a type of self-defeating behaviour (Baumeister, 1997), I hypothesized that highly favourable public appraisals of a team would be linked to displays of escapist self-regulation strategies and inferior performance. I selected the eight most merited European nations, obtained videos from penalty shootouts in two major international tournaments (World Cup and European Championships), and analysed all 200 shots taken by players representing these teams. The results showed significant relationships between team status, self-regulation strategies, and performance. Players from countries that, at the time of the penalty shootout, either had many international club titles or featured many internationally decorated players, spent less time preparing their shots and were less successful from the penalty spot than players from countries with lower public status. England and Spain are used to illustrate these effects, as the data suggest that players from these two countries may have underperformed in previous international soccer tournaments because of high public status and misguided self-regulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Jordet
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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38
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Stephen ID, Coetzee V, Law Smith M, Perrett DI. Skin blood perfusion and oxygenation colour affect perceived human health. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5083. [PMID: 19337378 PMCID: PMC2659803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin blood perfusion and oxygenation depends upon cardiovascular, hormonal and circulatory health in humans and provides socio-sexual signals of underlying physiology, dominance and reproductive status in some primates. We allowed participants to manipulate colour calibrated facial photographs along empirically-measured oxygenated and deoxygenated blood colour axes both separately and simultaneously, to optimise healthy appearance. Participants increased skin blood colour, particularly oxygenated, above basal levels to optimise healthy appearance. We show, therefore, that skin blood perfusion and oxygenation influence perceived health in a way that may be important to mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Stephen
- Perception Lab, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (IDS); (DIP)
| | - Vinet Coetzee
- Perception Lab, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Law Smith
- Perception Lab, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Perrett
- Perception Lab, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (IDS); (DIP)
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