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A Meta-Analysis of Sampled Maximal Aerobic Capacity Data for Boys Aged 11 Years Old or Less Obtained by Cycle Ergometry. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020276. [PMID: 36836634 PMCID: PMC9967809 DOI: 10.3390/life13020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop distributions of VO2max based on measured values that exist in the literature in prepubertal boys using cycle ergometry. PRISMA guidelines were followed in conducting this research. One database was searched for peak and maximal VO2 values in healthy boys with mean age under 11 years old. Data were split into articles reporting absolute and relative VO2max values and analyzed accordingly. Multilevel models grounded in Bayesian principles were used. We investigated associations between VO2max and body mass, year of the study, and country of origin. Differences in "peak" and "maximal" VO2 were assessed. Absolute VO2max (Lmin-1) increases with age (P ~100%) but mean relative VO2max does not change (P ~100%). Absolute VO2max is higher in more recent studies (P = 95.7 ± 0.3%) and mean relative VO2max is lower (P = 99.6 ± 0.1%). Relative VO2max in the USA is lower compared with boys from other countries (P = 98.8 ± 0.2%), but there are no differences in absolute values. Mean aerobic capacity estimates presented as "peak" values are higher than "maximal" values on an absolute basis (P = 97.5 ± 0.3%) but not on a relative basis (P = 99.6 ± 0.1%). Heavier boys have lower cardiorespiratory fitness (P ≈ 100%), and body mass seems to be increasing faster with age in the USA compared with other countries (P = 92.3 ± 0.3%). New reference values for cardiorespiratory fitness are presented for prepubertal boys obtained with cycle ergometry. This is new, as no reference values have been determined so far based on actual measured values in prepubertal boys. Aerobic capacity normalized to body weight does not change with age. Cardiorespiratory fitness in prepubertal boys is declining, which is associated with increasing body mass over the last few decades. Lastly, this study did not find any statistically significant difference in the sample's mean aerobic capacity estimates using the "peak" and "maximum" distinctions identified in the literature.
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Bar-Yoseph R, Porszasz J, Radom-Aizik S, Stehli A, Law P, Cooper DM. The effect of test modality on dynamic exercise biomarkers in children, adolescents, and young adults. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14178. [PMID: 31353834 PMCID: PMC6796805 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) modalities, treadmill (TM), and cycle ergometer (CE), influence maximal gas exchange and heart rate (HR) responses. Little is known regarding CPET modality effect on submaximal biomarkers during childhood and adolescence. Ninety‐four healthy participants (7–34 y.o., 53% female) performed TM and CE CPET to address two major gaps: (1) the effect of modality on submaximal CPET biomarkers, and (2) estimation of work rate in TM CPET. Breath‐by‐breath gas exchange enabled calculation of linear regression slopes such as V˙O2/ΔHR and ΔV˙E/ΔV˙CO2. Lean body mass (LBM) was measured with dual X‐ray absorptiometry. We tested a novel TM CPET estimate of work rate based on TM velocity2, incline, and body mass (VIM). Like the linear relationship between V˙O2 and work rate in CE CPET, V˙O2 increased linearly with TM VIM. TM ΔV˙O2/ΔHR was highly correlated with CE (r = 0.92), and each increased substantially with LBM (P < 0.0001 for TM and CE). ΔV˙O2/ΔHR was to a small (~8.7%) but significant extent larger in TM (1.6 mL/min/beat, P = 0.04). In contrast, TM and CE ΔV˙E/ΔV˙CO2 decreased significantly with LBM, supporting earlier observations from CE CPET. For both CE and TM, males had significantly higher ΔV˙O2/ΔHR but lower ΔV˙E/ΔV˙CO2 than females. Novel TM CPET biomarkers such as ΔVIM/ΔHR and ∆V˙O2/ΔVIM paralleled effects of LBM observed in CE CPET. TM and CE CPET submaximal biomarkers are not interchangeable, but similarly reflect maturation during critical periods. CPET analysis that utilizes data actually measured (rather than estimated) may improve the clinical value of TM and CE CPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Bar-Yoseph
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Janos Porszasz
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Annamarie Stehli
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Pearl Law
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Dan M Cooper
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,University of California Irvine Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Irvine, California
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Albesa-Albiol L, Serra-Payá N, Garnacho-Castaño MA, Guirao Cano L, Pleguezuelos Cobo E, Maté-Muñoz JL, Garnacho-Castaño MV. Ventilatory efficiency during constant-load test at lactate threshold intensity: Endurance versus resistance exercises. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216824. [PMID: 31112561 PMCID: PMC6528988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of evidence about the ventilatory efficiency in resistance exercises despite the key role played in endurance exercises. This study aimed to compare the cardiorespiratory, metabolic responses and ventilatory efficiency between half-squat (HS) and cycle ergometer exercises during a constant-load test at the lactate threshold (LT) intensity. Eighteen healthy male participants were randomly assigned in a crossover design to carry out HS or cycle ergometer tests. For the three HS tests, a one repetition maximum (1RM) test was performed first to determine the load (kg) corresponding to the 1RM percentages. In the second test, the incremental HS exercise was carried out to establish the load (kg) at the LT intensity. Finally, a constant-load HS test was performed at the LT intensity. The first cycle ergometer test was incremental loading to determine the intensity in watts corresponding to the LT, followed by a constant-load test at the LT intensity. A recovery time of 48 hours between each test was established. During both constant-load test, cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses were monitored. A significant exercise mode x time interaction effect was only detected in oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate, and blood lactate (p < 0.001). No differences were found between the two types of exercise in ventilatory efficiency (p >0.05). Ventilation (VE) and carbon dioxide were highly correlated (p <0.001) in the cycle ergometer (r = 0.892) and HS (r = 0.915) exercises. In the VO2 efficiency slope (OUES), similarly significant and high correlations (p <0.001) were found between VO2 and log10 VE in the cycle ergometer (r = 0.875) and in the HS (r = 0.853) exercise. Although the cardioventilatory responses were greater in the cycle ergometer test as compared to HS exercise, ventilatory efficiency was very similar between the two exercise modalities in a predominantly aerobic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Albesa-Albiol
- GRI-AFIRS, School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Serra-Payá
- GRI-AFIRS, School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lluis Guirao Cano
- GRI-AFIRS, School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hospital Asepeyo, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eulogio Pleguezuelos Cobo
- GRI-AFIRS, School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hospital de Mataró, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel V. Garnacho-Castaño
- GRI-AFIRS, School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Ventilatory efficiency response is unaffected by fitness level, ergometer type, age or body mass index in male athletes. Biol Sport 2018; 35:393-398. [PMID: 30765925 PMCID: PMC6358533 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.78060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) and the respiratory control (Vt/Ti slope) in a wide range of athletes and describe the influence of fitness level, age, ergometer type or BMI on these parameters. Ninety-one males (30.4±10.53 years; 175.52±7.45 cm; 71.99±9.35 kg) were analysed retrospectively for the study. Ventilatory efficiency reacted similarly in athletes independently of the fitness level, age, BMI or the ergometer used for testing. No significant differences were found in VE/VCO2 slope and the Vt/Ti slope between variables analyzed (P>0.05). The slope of the predictive equations was similar in all cases studied in VE/VCO2 slope and the Vt/Ti slope. Moreover, the central control impulse of respiration was not affected by the variables studied. These observations suggest that ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) could be a variable fixed by the respiratory system which tends to respond similarly in athletes.
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Salazar-Martínez E, Terrados N, Burtscher M, Santalla A, Naranjo Orellana J. Ventilatory efficiency and breathing pattern in world-class cyclists: A three-year observational study. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 229:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ventilatory Efficiency in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:546891. [PMID: 26063959 PMCID: PMC4434182 DOI: 10.1155/2015/546891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The index of ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2) obtained by the progressive exercise test has been considered the gold standard in the prognosis of adults with heart failure, but few studies have evaluated this approach in children. Objective. To verify the scientific evidence about the VE/VCO2 in pediatric and adolescents patients. Methods. A systematic literature review was carried out using the key words VE/VCO2, children, and adolescents using the PEDro and PubMed/MedLine databases. Clinical trials published from 1987 to 2014, including children, adolescents, and young adults up to 25 years, addressing the VE/VCO2 index as a method of evaluation, monitoring, and prognosis were considered. Results. Initially, 95 articles were found; 12 were excluded as the title/abstract did not contain the VE/VCO2 index or because they included patients greater than 25 years of age. From the remaining 83, 58 were repeated between the databases. The final sample consisted of 32 studies including healthy children and children with respiratory and other diseases. Conclusion. There are few studies involving cardiorespiratory assessment by ventilatory efficiency. The studies highlight the fact that high VE/VCO2 values are associated with a worse prognosis of patients due to the relationship with the decrease in pulmonary perfusion and cardiac output.
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