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Ryman Augustsson S, Olsson MC, Haglund E. Changes in Physical Fitness in Youth Padel Players during One Season: A Cohort Study. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:193. [PMID: 39058084 PMCID: PMC11280565 DOI: 10.3390/sports12070193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how physical fitness performance, which is related to the strength and power of the lower extremities and core, as well as lateral agility, changes across 20 weeks of in-season training in youth female and male padel players. This study was conducted using a prospective cohort design on 16 Swedish high school padel players aged between 15 and 18 years old. The players were assessed at baseline with five tests of their physical fitness and followed prospectively, with the registration of their training load for 20 weeks, and then assessed at a follow-up, approximately five months later. The players increased their performance in all tests (p ≤ 0.02). The mean improvement in their Isometric squat test performance was 20% for peak force, 18% for relative strength value and 69% for average rate of force development. Their improvement in the squat jump test performance was 9%, whereas the improvement in their countermovement jump test was 6%. For the 30 second sit-up test, an improvement of 14% was observed. Improvements were also noted for the 30 second side hop test performance on both the right (9%) and left leg (11%). The effect size ranged from 0.31 to 1, respectively, for the tests, representing a small to large effect. The data from this study suggest that an improvement in physical fitness performance can be obtained during 20 weeks of padel training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ryman Augustsson
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-392 31 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - M. Charlotte Olsson
- Department of Environmental and Bioscience, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, SE-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden; (M.C.O.); (E.H.)
| | - Emma Haglund
- Department of Environmental and Bioscience, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, SE-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden; (M.C.O.); (E.H.)
- Spenshult Research and Development Centre, Bäckagårdsvägen 47, SE-302 74 Halmstad, Sweden
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White MS, Graham MC, Janatova T, Hawk GS, Thompson KL, Noehren B. Effect of Sampling Rate, Filtering, and Torque Onset Detection on Quadriceps Rate of Torque Development and Torque Steadiness. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4250. [PMID: 39001029 PMCID: PMC11243863 DOI: 10.3390/s24134250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Quadriceps rate of torque development (RTD) and torque steadiness are valuable metrics for assessing explosive strength and the ability to control force over a sustained period of time, which can inform clinical assessments of knee function. Despite their widespread use, there is a significant gap in standardized methodology for measuring these metrics, which limits their utility in comparing outcomes across different studies and populations. To address these gaps, we evaluated the influence of sampling rates, signal filtering, and torque onset detection on RTD and torque steadiness. Twenty-seven participants with a history of a primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (N = 27 (11 male/16 female), age = 23 ± 8 years, body mass index = 26 ± 4 kg/m2) and thirty-two control participants (N = 32 (13 male/19 female), age = 23 ± 7 years, body mass index = 23 ± 3 kg/m2) underwent isometric quadriceps strength testing, with data collected at 2222 Hz on an isokinetic dynamometer. The torque-time signal was downsampled to approximately 100 and 1000 Hz and processed using a low-pass, zero-lag Butterworth filter with a range of cutoff frequencies spanning 10-200 Hz. The thresholds used to detect torque onset were defined as 0.1 Nm, 1 Nm, and 5 Nm. RTD between 0 and 100 ms, 0 and 200 ms, and 40-160 ms was computed, as well as absolute and relative torque steadiness. Relative differences were computed by comparing all outcomes to the "gold standard" values computed, with a sampling rate of 2222 Hz, a cutoff frequency in the low-pass filter of 150 Hz, and torque onset of 1 Nm, and compared utilizing linear mixed models. While all combinations of signal collection and processing parameters reached statistical significance (p < 0.05), these differences were consistent between injured and control limbs. Additionally, clinically relevant differences (+/-10%) were primarily observed through torque onset detection methods and primarily affected RTD between 0 and 100 ms. Although measurements of RTD and torque steadiness were generally robust against diverse signal collection and processing parameters, the selection of torque onset should be carefully considered, especially in early RTD assessments that have shorter time epochs.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenzie S White
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Megan C Graham
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Tereza Janatova
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Gregory S Hawk
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | - Brian Noehren
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Brady CJ, Harrison AJ, Flanagan EP, Haff GG, Comyns TM. The Relationship Between the Isometric Squat and Stretch Shortening Cycle Function and Sprint Acceleration Performance in Hurling Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e288-e298. [PMID: 38489584 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Brady, CJ, Harrison, AJ, Flanagan, EP, Haff, GG, and Comyns, TM. The relationship between the isometric squat and stretch shortening cycle function and sprint acceleration performance in hurling players. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): e288-e298, 2024-The primary aim was to examine the relationship between sprint acceleration performance and the performance tests: isometric squat (ISqT), countermovement jump (CMJ), and reactive strength index (RSI). The secondary aim determined whether these tests could distinguish between sprint performance levels. Twenty-six male under-21 subjects completed the ISqT, with peak force (PF), relative PF, force at 100, 150, and 200 milliseconds (ms), and impulse (0-200 ms) measured. Jump height (JH) was calculated from the CMJ and RSI during the 10-5 repeated jump test. Subjects completed 3 × 30-m sprints with splits taken at 5, 10, 20, and 30 m. Pearson's product moment correlations were used to assess the relationships between measures, and independent samples t tests were used to determine whether differences existed in sprint ability of those in the top and bottom quartiles for force at 100 ms, CMJ, and RSI. Significant negative moderate correlations were reported between force at 100 ms and 0-5 m and 5-10 m, significant moderate and large negative correlations between CMJ and all splits and significant large correlations between RSI and splits over 5 m. Force at 100 ms distinguished between performance levels from 0 to 5 m, CMJ from 10 to 20 m, and RSI from 20 to 30 m; faster subjects produced significantly higher force, JHs, and RSI scores. Three principal components explaining 86.1% of the variation in the data set were identified: sprint times and stretch shortening cycle capabilities (33.3%), time-specific force (29.9%), and absolute and relative strength (22.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Brady
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Sport Ireland Institute, IIS Building, National Sports Campus, Abbotstown, Ireland
| | - Andrew J Harrison
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Unit, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Eamonn P Flanagan
- Sport Ireland Institute, IIS Building, National Sports Campus, Abbotstown, Ireland
| | - Guy Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowen University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, Greater, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Unit, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Qiu J, Ong MTY, Choi CY, He X, Lau LCM, Fu SC, Fong DTP, Yung PSH. Associations of patient characteristics, rate of torque development, voluntary activation of quadriceps with quadriceps strength, and knee function before anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:491-503. [PMID: 36254570 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2132860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Good preoperative knee function (KF) and quadriceps strength (QS) relate to good prognoses after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). This study aimed to investigate the associations between patient characteristics, rate of torque development (RTD), voluntary activation (VA) of the quadriceps against preoperative KF and QS. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Forty patients with a primary, unilateral ACL injury who had finished the preoperative rehabilitation and scheduled for an ACLR were included. KF was evaluated using the International Knee Documentation Committee score. QS was measured by maximal voluntary isometric contractions. RTD was divided into the early (RTD0-50) and the late (RTD100-200) phases. Quadriceps VA was measured using the superimposed burst technique. Our results showed that patients with poor preoperative KF had more deficits in RTD0-50 (P = 0.025), higher BMI(P = 0.043), and more meniscus injuries (MI) (P = 0.001) than those with good KF. Patients with asymmetrical QS showed lower BMI (P = 0.020) and shorter time from injury (TFI) (P = 0.027) than those with symmetrical QS. Additionally, a higher pre-injury Tegner score combined with greater RTD100-200 contributed to greater QS on the injured limb (R2 = 0.357, P = 0.001). To conclude, BMI, TFI, concomitant MI, pre-injury physical activity level, and quadriceps RTD are related to QS and KF before ACLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Tim-Yun Ong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Yin Choi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lawrence Chun-Man Lau
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sai-Chuen Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daniel T P Fong
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Patrick Shu-Hang Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Baxter BA, Baross AW, Ryan DJ, Tkadlec S, Kay AD. Effects of once- versus twice-weekly eccentric resistance training on muscular function and structure in older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9638. [PMID: 38671049 PMCID: PMC11053087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adherence rates to current twice-weekly strength training guidelines are poor among older adults. Eccentric-only training elicits substantial improvements in muscle function/size so the aim of this study was to compare the effects of once- versus twice-weekly eccentric training programmes on muscle function/size in older adults. Thirty-six participants (69.4 ± 6.0 yr) were randomised into non-active control, once-, or twice-weekly training groups. Lower-limb muscle power, strength, and size were assessed at baseline, mid-, and post-eccentric training. Training was performed for 12 min per session at 50% of maximum eccentric strength. Significant increases in power (13%), isometric (17-36%) and eccentric (40-50%) strength, and VL muscle thickness (9-18%) occurred in both training groups following 12 weeks. Minimal muscle soreness was induced throughout the 12 weeks and perceived exertion was consistently lower in the twice-weekly training group. One weekly submaximal eccentric resistance training session over 12 weeks elicits similar improvements in neuromuscular function compared to the currently recommended twice-weekly training dose. Given the substantial improvements in neuromuscular function and previously reported low adherence to current twice-weekly training guidelines, eccentric training may be pivotal to developing a minimal-dose strategy to counteract neuromuscular decline. The trial was registered retrospectively on 24/01/2024 with ISRCTN (trial registration number: ISRCTN68730580).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Baxter
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN1 5PH, UK.
| | - Anthony W Baross
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Declan J Ryan
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Stepan Tkadlec
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN1 5PH, UK
- Healthy Longevity Clinic, 165 East Palmetto Park Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33432, USA
- Healthy Longevity Clinic, Zlatniky-Hodkovice, 252 41, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anthony D Kay
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN1 5PH, UK
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Horiuchi M, Nagahara R. Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on kinematics and kinetics of sprinting. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14595. [PMID: 38458991 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the acute effects of caffeine supplementation (6 mg・kg-1 ) on 60-m sprint performance and underlying components with a step-to-step ground reaction force measurement in 13 male sprinters. After the first round sprint as a control, caffeine supplementation-induced improvement in 60-m sprint times (7.811 s at the first versus 7.648 s at the second round, 2.05%) were greater compared with the placebo condition (7.769 s at the first versus 7.768 s at the second round, 0.02%). Using average values for every four steps, in the caffeine condition, higher running speed (all six step groups), higher step frequency (5th-16th and 21st-24th step groups), shorter support time (all the step groups except for 13th-16th step) and shorter braking time (9th-24th step groups) were found. Regarding ground reaction forces variables, greater braking mean force (13th-19th step group), propulsive mean force (1st-12th and 17th-20th step groups), and effective vertical mean force (9th-12th step group) were found in the caffeine condition. For the block clearance phase at the sprint start, push-off and reaction times did not change, while higher total anteroposterior mean force, average horizontal external power, and ratio of force were found in the caffeine condition. These results indicate that, compared with placebo, acute caffeine supplementation improved sprint performance regardless of sprint sections during the entire acceleration phase from the start through increases in step frequency with decreases in support time. Moreover, acute caffeine supplementation promoted increases in the propulsive mean force, resulting in the improvement of sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Horiuchi
- Faculty of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in KANOYA, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- Faculty of Sport and Budo Coaching Studies, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in KANOYA Shiromizu-1, Kagoshima, Japan
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Zushi K, Kariyama Y, Nagahara R, Yoshida T, Zushi A, Ohyama-Byun K, Ogata M. Association of multi-phase rates of force development during an isometric leg press with vertical jump performances. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292428. [PMID: 38381736 PMCID: PMC10880963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to elucidate characteristics of explosive force-production capabilities represented by multi-phase rate of force developments (IRFDs) during isometric single-leg press (ISLP) through investigating relationships with countermovement (CMJ) and rebound continuous jump (RJ) performances. METHODS Two-hundred-and-thirty male athletes performed ISLP, CMJ with an arm swing (CMJAS), and RJ with an arm swing (RJAS). IRFDs were measured during ISLP using a custom-built dynamometer, while CMJAS and RJAS were measured on force platforms. The IRFDs were obtained as rates of increase in force across 50 ms in the interval from the onset to 250 ms. Jump height (JH) was obtained from CMJAS, while RJAS provided JH, contact time (CT), and reactive strength index (RSI) values. RESULTS All IRFDs were correlated with CMJAS-JH (ρ = 0.20-0.45, p ≤ 0.003), RJAS-JH (ρ = 0.22-0.46, p ≤ 0.001), RJAS-RSI (ρ = 0.29-0.48, p < 0.001) and RJAS-CT (ρ = -0.29 to -0.25, p ≤ 0.025). When an influence of peak force was considered using partial rank correlation analysis, IRFDs during onset to 150 ms were correlated with CMJAS-JH (ρxy/z = 0.19-0.36, p ≤ 0.004), IRFDs during onset to 100 ms were correlated with RJAS-JH and RJAS-RSI (ρxy/z = 0.33-0.36, p < 0.001), and IRFD during onset to 50 ms was only correlated with RJAS-CT (ρxy/z = -0.23, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The early phase (onset to 150 ms) IRFDs measured using ISLP enabled the assessment of multiple aspects of leg-extension strength characteristics that differ from maximal strength; these insights might be useful in the assessment of the athletes' leg-extension strength capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodayu Zushi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kariyama
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- Japan High Performance Center, Nishi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Amane Zushi
- Faculty of Sport Science, Yamanashi Gakuin University, Kohu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keigo Ohyama-Byun
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mitsugi Ogata
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Qiu J, Choi CY, Man GCW, He X, Yu M, Cao M, Wang Q, Ng JP, Yung PSH, Ong MTY. Serum vitamin D insufficiency is correlated with quadriceps neuromuscular functions in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury: A preliminary study. Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol 2024; 35:76-80. [PMID: 38292822 PMCID: PMC10827444 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmart.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the correlations of serum vitamin D insufficiency with quadriceps neuromuscular function in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Eighteen patients with a primary, unilateral ACL injury who had insufficient serum vitamin D concentrations (<30 ng/ml) were recruited for the study. Bilateral quadriceps neuromuscular function, including maximal strength, the speed of rapid contraction, and inhibition, were measured on an isokinetic dynamometer with the hip and the knee joint flexion at 90° and 45°, respectively. Quadriceps strength was measured by maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC); the speed of rapid contraction was quantified by the rate of torque development (RTD), which was divided into the early (RTD0-50) and the late phase (RTD100-200); quadriceps inhibition was quantified by the central activation ratio (CAR). Serum vitamin D concentration was quantitatively determined by serum 25(OH)D concentration measured by the 25(OH)D ELISA kit. The Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation between the vitamin D concentration and bilateral quadriceps MVIC, RTD0-50, RTD100-200, and CAR, respectively. Results The results of Spearman rank correlation analyses showed that the serum 25(OH)D concentration was significantly correlated with bilateral quadriceps MVIC (injured: r = 0.574, p = 0.013; uninjured: r = 0.650, p = 0.003) and RTD0-50 (r = 0.651, p = 0.003), and CAR (r = 0.662, p = 0.003) on the uninjured limb. However, no significant correlations were found between the serum 25(OH)D concentration and the other outcomes. Conclusions The serum vitamin D concentration correlates with quadriceps neuromuscular function in patients with ACL injury who had vitamin D insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Qiu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi-Yin Choi
- Department of Orthopaedices and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Gene Chi-Wai Man
- Department of Orthopaedices and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Orthopaedices and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Mingqian Yu
- Department of Orthopaedices and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Mingde Cao
- Department of Orthopaedices and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedices and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jonathan Patrick Ng
- Department of Orthopaedices and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Patrick Shu-Hang Yung
- Department of Orthopaedices and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Michael Tim-Yun Ong
- Department of Orthopaedices and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
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Qiu J, Jiang T, Ong MTY, He X, Choi CY, Fu SC, Fong DTP, Yung PSH. Bilateral impairments of quadriceps neuromuscular function occur early after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:72-85. [PMID: 35635286 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2079986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the impairments in quadriceps neuromuscular function, including strength, rate of torque development (RTD) and activation failure (QAF) early after an ACL injury. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Thirty physically active patients with a primary ACL injury within three months, aged 18 to 40 years old, and who were scheduled for ACL reconstruction were included. Thirty matched healthy controls were also recruited. All the outcomes were measured on an isokinetic dynamometer with knee flexion at 45°. Quadriceps strength was measured by maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC). Early (RTD0-50) and late (RTD100-200) phases of RTD were retrieved from the MVIC test from 0 to 50 ms and 100-200 ms, respectively. QAF was quantified by the central activation ratio (CAR) measured by superimposed burst technique. The results of Mann-Whitney U test showed that compared with the healthy limbs, the injured limbs of the ACL group showed lower quadriceps strength (P < 0.001), RTD0-50 (P < 0.001) and RTD100-200 (P < 0.001); the uninjured limbs showed lower quadriceps strength (P = 0.009), RTD0-50 (P = 0.006) as well as greater QAF (P = 0.010). To conclude, bilateral quadriceps suffered from neuromuscular impairments early after an ACL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tianzhi Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Tim-Yun Ong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Yin Choi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sai-Chuen Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daniel T P Fong
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Patrick Shu-Hang Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Brightwell BD, Van Wyngaarden JJ, Samaan MA, Matuszewski PE, Jacobs CA, Noehren B. Factors Associated With Long-Term Quadriceps Muscle Function After Surgical Fixation of Lower Extremity Fractures. Phys Ther 2023; 103:pzad108. [PMID: 37581587 PMCID: PMC11009693 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The long-term performance of the quadriceps femoris muscle and physical function following surgical repair of a lower extremity fracture remains largely undefined. The purpose of this study was to investigate between-limb differences in quadriceps performance 12 months after surgical fixation of a lower extremity fracture. It was hypothesized that the injured limb would be significantly weaker, have a lower rate of torque development (RTD), and that there would be a reduced step-down performance compared to the uninjured limb 12 months after surgery. Additionally, this study sought to identify demographic, surgical, and psychological factors associated with poor quadriceps function 12 months after surgery. METHODS Quadriceps performance was measured bilaterally in 95 participants (49 female), aged 42 (SD = 14.5) years, 12 months after surgical fixation of a lower extremity fracture. Isometric quadriceps strength and RTD were quantified using isometric dynamometry, and a timed step-down test was used to evaluate quadriceps performance. Independent predictor variables from the time of surgery were extracted from participants' medical records. Kinesiophobia was screened at the time of testing. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and linear regression analyses were used to assess between-limb differences in quadriceps performance and to determine factors associated with quadriceps performance 12 months after surgery. RESULTS Significant between-limb differences in each measure of quadriceps performance were identified (peak torque involved: 1.37 [0.71] Nm × kg-1; uninvolved: 1.87 [0.74] Nm × kg-1; RTD involved: 4.16 [2.75] Nm × kg-1 × s-1; uninvolved: 6.10 [3.02] Nm × kg-1 × × -1; and single-leg step-downs involved: 12.6 [5.0]; uninvolved: 21.7 [14.8]). Female biological sex, external fixation, and kinesiophobia at 12 months were associated with reduced after-surgery quadriceps performance outcomes. CONCLUSION Quadriceps performance is impaired 12 months after surgical repair of a lower extremity fracture, particularly in female participants, in cases requiring external fixation, and in those with higher kinesiophobia 12 months after surgery. IMPACT Because long-term quadriceps weakness negatively impacts functional mobility, targeted strengthening should be emphasized after surgical repair of lower extremity fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Brightwell
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Joshua J Van Wyngaarden
- Army-Baylor University Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Baylor University, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael A Samaan
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Paul E Matuszewski
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Cale A Jacobs
- Mass General Brigham Sports Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian Noehren
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Duchateau J, Amiridis IG. Plyometric Exercises: Optimizing the Transfer of Training Gains to Sport Performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2023; 51:117-127. [PMID: 37560939 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid force production and its transmission to the skeleton are important factors in movements that involve the stretch-shortening cycle. Plyometric exercises are known to augment this cycle and thereby improve the neuromechanical function of the muscle. However, the training exercises that maximize translation of these gains to sports performance are not well defined. We discuss ways to improve this transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Duchateau
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology, and Centre d'Aide à la Performance Sportive (CAPS), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ioannis G Amiridis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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12
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Rock K, Ho S, Gray VL, Addison O, York T, Keegan Wells D, DeLuca H, Marchese V. Muscle Properties, Gross Motor Performance, and Quality of Life in Children With Sickle Cell Disease. Pediatr Phys Ther 2023; 35:450-456. [PMID: 37656986 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000001037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore muscle properties, gross motor performance, and quality of life (QoL) in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) compared with controls and to assess relationships among these outcomes. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 24 children assessed muscle properties including: knee extension strength by dynamometry; vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscle thickness by ultrasonography; and VL and RF neuromuscular activation (rate of muscle activation [RoA]) by electromyography (EMG). Gross motor performance and QoL were assessed by standardized tests and questionnaires. RESULTS Children with SCD had impaired knee extension strength, VL EMG RoA, gross motor performance, and QoL compared with children without SCD. Relationships among muscle properties, gross motor performance, and QoL were identified. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that comprehensive muscle properties, gross motor performance, and QoL assessments should be considered to support and develop individualized physical therapy plans for children with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Rock
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science (Drs Rock, Ho, Gray, Addison, and Marchese) and Pediatrics (Dr York), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr York and Mss Keegan Wells and DeLuca)
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13
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Baxter BA, Baross AW, Ryan DJ, Wright BH, Kay AD. The acute and repeated bout effects of multi-joint eccentric exercise on physical function and balance in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2131-2143. [PMID: 37217609 PMCID: PMC10492690 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eccentric muscle actions generate high levels of force at a low metabolic cost, making them a suitable training modality to combat age-related neuromuscular decline. The temporary muscle soreness associated with high intensity eccentric contractions may explain their limited use in clinical exercise prescription, however any discomfort is often alleviated after the initial bout (repeated bout effect). Therefore, the aims of the present study were to examine the acute and repeated bout effects of eccentric contractions on neuromuscular factors associated with the risk of falling in older adults. METHODS Balance, functional ability [timed up-and-go and sit-to-stand], and lower-limb maximal and explosive strength were measured in 13 participants (67.6 ± 4.9 year) pre- and post-eccentric exercise (0, 24, 48, and 72 hr) in Bout 1 and 14 days later in Bout 2. The eccentric exercise intervention was performed on an isokinetic unilateral stepper ergometer at 50% of maximal eccentric strength at 18 step‧min-1 per limb for 7 min (126 steps per limb). Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to identify any significant effects (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Eccentric strength significantly decreased (- 13%) in Bout 1 at 24 hr post-exercise; no significant reduction was observed at any other time-point after Bout 1. No significant reductions occurred in static balance or functional ability at any time-point in either bout. CONCLUSION Submaximal multi-joint eccentric exercise results in minimal disruption to neuromuscular function associated with falls in older adults after the initial bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Baxter
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK.
| | - Anthony W Baross
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Declan J Ryan
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Ben H Wright
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Anthony D Kay
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
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14
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Honert EC, Harrison K, Feeney D. Evaluating wrapping alpine ski boots during on-snow carving. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1192737. [PMID: 37521100 PMCID: PMC10379626 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1192737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alpine ski boots enable rapid and precise force transfer between skier and ski while carving. These boots are made of rigid plastic and fit tightly commonly through four buckles. Such a fit can improve speed and control but also pain and discomfort. In athletic footwear, alterations to the upper designed to wrap the foot improve performance during rapid changes of direction and during trail running. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the performance and fit of two different ski boot shell closure mechanisms: a BOA closure and a Buckle closure. Materials and methods This was a two-part study with 22 subjects performing on-mountain skiing and 10 of those subjects completing an in-laboratory pressure evaluation. Subjects skied in both boots three times each while data from inertial measurement units (IMUs) and plantar pressures were collected along with subjective data. In lab, static dorsal and plantar pressures were collected while the subjects flexed into the boots. Results The BOA boots improved subjective and objective ski performance; qualitative carving scores were greater, likely through increasing the amount of normal force applied to the ski while turning. There were no differences in edge angles between the boots, as computed from IMUs. The BOA boot also reduced static peak plantar pressures in the rearfoot along with reducing overall static pressure on the dorsum as compared with the Buckle boot. Conclusions This is the first study to systematically evaluate differences in ski boot closures. The improvements in carving performance in the BOA boot are supported by distinct differences in pressure distribution within each boot, which we speculate contributed to improved performance by reducing discomfort or pain while still facilitating effective force transfer.
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15
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Mohamadi O, Torabinezhad F, Sanjari MA, Razazian N, Ebadi A. Evaluation of orofacial force-related measures using a novel measuring device: explanation of associations with speech rate in dysarthria. Expert Rev Med Devices 2023; 20:1193-1210. [PMID: 37942748 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2023.2282178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the potential associations between orofacial force-related measures and speech rate in matched groups of 23 adults with dysarthria, and 69 healthy adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A novel piezoresistive sensor-based device was utilized to obtain the orofacial maximum forces (OMFs) and rate of force development (RFD) measures. The study computed alternating motion rates (AMRs), sequential motion rates (SMRs), and articulation rate (AR) for all participants. The analysis included between-group comparisons and correlation analyses. The study also examined the reliability of the OMFs and RFD measures. RESULTS Individuals with dysarthria exhibited significantly slower speech rates (approximately 41.89% to 56.53% slower) compared to the control group. Except for a few exceptions in the jaw, the dysarthria group demonstrated significantly lower OMFs and RFD measures. The correlation analysis revealed that OMFs were weakly to moderately correlated (r = .488-.674) and RFD measures were very weak to moderately correlated (r = .047-.578) with speech rate measures. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that reduced OMFs and RFD measures may contribute to the slowed speech rate observed in adults with dysarthria. The study also highlights that OMFs are significantly more reliable (day-to-day) than RFD measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mohamadi
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Torabinezhad
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sanjari
- Biomechanics Lab. Rehabilitation Research Center, and Department of Basic Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Razazian
- Department of Neurology, Imam Reza hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gordon RJFH, Tillin NA, Diss CE, Tyler CJ. Voluntary torque production is unaffected by changes in local thermal sensation during normothermia and hyperthermia. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:607-620. [PMID: 36807433 PMCID: PMC10103871 DOI: 10.1113/ep090644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Hyperthermia reduces the human capacity to produce muscular force, which is associated with decreased neural drive: does mitigating a reduction in neural drive by altering localised thermal sensation help to preserve voluntary force output? What is the main finding and its importance? Altering thermal sensation by cooling and heating the head independent of core temperature did not change neural drive or benefit voluntary force production. Head cooling did slow the rate of rise in core temperature during heating, which may have practical applications in passive settings. ABSTRACT This study investigated altered local head and neck thermal sensation on maximal and rapid torque production during voluntary contractions. Nine participants completed four visits in two environmental conditions: at rectal temperatures ∼39.5°C in hot (HOT; ∼50°C, ∼39% relative humidity) and ∼37°C in thermoneutral (NEU; ∼22°C, ∼46% relative humidity) conditions. Local thermal sensation was manipulated by heating in thermoneutral conditions and cooling in hot conditions. Evoked twitches and octets were delivered at rest. Maximum voluntary torque (MVT), normalised surface electromyography (EMG) and voluntary activation (VA) were assessed during brief maximal isometric voluntary contractions of the knee extensors. Rate of torque development (RTD) and EMG were measured during rapid voluntary contractions. MVT (P = 0.463) and RTD (P = 0.061) were similar between environmental conditions despite reduced VA (-6%; P = 0.047) and EMG at MVT (-31%; P = 0.019). EMG in the rapid voluntary contractions was also lower in HOT versus NEU during the initial 100 ms (-24%; P = 0.035) and 150 ms (-26%; P = 0.035). Evoked twitch (+70%; P < 0.001) and octet (+27%; P < 0.001) RTD during the initial 50 ms were greater in the HOT compared to NEU conditions, in addition to a faster relaxation rate of the muscle (-33%; P < 0.001). In conclusion, hyperthermia reduced neural drive without affecting voluntary torque, likely due to the compensatory effects of improved intrinsic contractile function and faster contraction and relaxation rates of the knee extensors. Changes in local thermal perception of the head and neck whilst hyperthermic or normothermic did not affect voluntary torque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Joseph Frederick Hills Gordon
- Department of School of Life and Health SciencesUniversity of RoehamptonLondonUK
- School of Sport Science and Physical ActivityUniversity of BedfordshireBedfordUK
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Psychology and Sport ScienceAnglia Ruskin UniversityCambridgeUK
| | - Neale Anthony Tillin
- Department of School of Life and Health SciencesUniversity of RoehamptonLondonUK
| | - Ceri Elen Diss
- Department of School of Life and Health SciencesUniversity of RoehamptonLondonUK
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Ruiz-Fernández I, Valadés D, Dominguez R, Ferragut C, Pérez-López A. Load and muscle group size influence the ergogenic effect of acute caffeine intake in muscular strength, power and endurance. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1783-1794. [PMID: 36840816 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although acute caffeine intake seems to improve muscular strength-power-endurance performance, there is scarce evidence evaluating upper vs lower-body exercises at different loads. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effects of acute caffeine intake on upper and lower-body muscular strength, power and endurance performance at different loads. METHODS Twenty resistance-trained athletes (male/female: 10/10; age: 23 ± 4 years; body mass: 70.6 ± 15.1) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over and randomized study. Participants were provided with either 3 mg/kg of body mass of caffeine or maltodextrin (placebo). Sixty minutes after ingestion, they performed muscular strength and power assessment for bench press and back squat exercise at 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% 1-repetition-maximum (1RM), performing 3, 2, 1 and 1 repetitions respectively, followed by muscular endurance assessment for both exercises at 65% and 85% 1RM performing until task failure. Isometric handgrip, isometric mid-thigh pull and vertical jump tests were also performed. RESULTS In muscular strength and power, compared to placebo, caffeine improved mean velocity (P = 0.045; pη2 = 0.101), mean power (P = 0.049; pη2 = 0.189) and rate of force development (RFD, P = 0.032; pη2 = 0.216), particularly in back squat exercise at 75% and 90% 1RM where mean velocity increased by 5-7% (P = 0.48-0.038; g = 0.348-1.413), mean power by 6-8% (P = 0.050-0.032; g = 0.547-0.818) and RFD by 17-97% (P = 0.042-0.046; g = 1.436-1.196). No differences were found in bench press exercise. In muscular endurance, caffeine improved the number of repetitions in all exercises and loads (P = 0.003; pη2 = 0.206), but only in back squat exercise at 85% 1RM, caffeine increased mean and peak velocity (8-9%, P = 0.006-0.004; g = 2.029-2.075), mean and peak power (10-13%, P = 0.006-0.003; g = 0.888-1.151) and force peak (3%, P = 0.009; g = 0.247). CONCLUSIONS Acute caffeine intake (3 mg/kg) improved muscular strength, power and endurance performance, revealing a more pronounced effect at high-loads (≥ 75% 1RM) and in lower-body (back squat) than in upper-body exercise (bench press) according to muscle group size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Ruiz-Fernández
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - David Valadés
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Raúl Dominguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Ferragut
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Alberto Pérez-López
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área de Educación Física y Deportiva, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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Lanza MB, Kang JH, Karl H, Myers J, Ryan E, Gray VL. Hip Abductor Power and Velocity: Reliability and Association With Physical Function. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:284-290. [PMID: 36696257 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lanza, MB, Jin, KH, Karl, H, Myers, J, Ryan, E, and Gray, VL. Hip abductor power and velocity: reliability and association with physical function. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 284-290, 2023-Muscle power, defined as the ability of the muscle to produce torque quickly, has received little attention and may be critical for understanding physical function and performance. Hip abductors' capacity to produce power through both torque and velocity is important for different human activities; hence, a reliable assessment of hip abduction is critical. The first aim of the study was to assess the intersession reliability of hip abductor muscles maximal torque and submaximal power and power during standing hip abduction in young adults using pneumatic resistance. A secondary aim was to investigate whether there was a relationship between hip abductor maximal torque and submaximal power and velocity with clinical assessments of strength and power in young adults. The subjects (n = 24; 26.0 ± 3.7 years) visited the laboratory 2 times. In the first visit, the subjects performed on a pneumatic resistance machine 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and submaximal tests (40, 60, and 70% of 1RM) of the hip abductors and clinical tests of lower-extremity strength and power (The 30-second chair stand test [30CST]; and stair climb power test). During the second visit, all tests were repeated except the clinical tests. One-repetition maximum torque and submaximal power and velocity (at all levels) had excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.943) with absolute reliability of 13.5% up to 28.3%. The agreement between days from Bland-Altman plots for power and velocity was near 0 for all levels. Hip abduction velocity had a significant positive correlation with 30CST at 60% (r = 0.416; p = 0.048) and 70% of 1RM (r = 0.442; p = 0.035). In conclusion, we showed an excellent intersession reliability of the hip abductor muscles 1RM torque and submaximal power and velocity using pneumatic resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrated that hip abduction velocity might be important for the performance of the 30CST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel B Lanza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Skeletal Muscle Measurements in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology: Essential Components to a Comprehensive Assessment. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10010114. [PMID: 36670664 PMCID: PMC9856749 DOI: 10.3390/children10010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Children with hematologic and oncologic health conditions are at risk of impaired skeletal muscle strength, size, and neuromuscular activation that may limit gross motor performance. A comprehensive assessment of neuromuscular function of these children is essential to identify the trajectory of changes in skeletal muscle and to prescribe therapeutic exercise and monitor its impact. Therefore, this review aims to (a) define fundamental properties of skeletal muscle; (b) highlight methods to quantify muscle strength, size, and neuromuscular activation; (c) describe mechanisms that contribute to muscle strength and gross motor performance in children; (d) recommend clinical assessment measures; and (e) illustrate comprehensive muscle assessment in children using examples of sickle cell disease and musculoskeletal sarcoma.
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Quadriceps Function and Athletic Performance in Highly Trained Female Athletes. J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:63-69. [PMID: 35926849 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Quadriceps strength is considered a key contributor to performance in various athletic tasks. Yet, past research has reported conflicting results based on population, with little data available in highly trained female athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHOD To examine how athletic performance relates to quadriceps strength and neural function, we measured the quadriceps maximum voluntary isometric contraction force (MVIC) and rate of force development over 0 to 50 ms (rate of force development [RFD]0-50ms), and various performance measures in 34 highly trained female athletes. RESULTS Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the quadriceps variables explained 16 of 21 performance variables (R2 = .08-.36, P ≤ .10). Squat performance related to RFD0-50ms alone (R2 = .17-.20, P < .05; βRFD = 0.41 to 0.45, P < .05) but only MVIC explained the variance in sprinting and vertical jump performance (R2 = .08-.34, P ≤ .10; βMVIC = -0.51 to 0.58, P ≤ .10). The broad jump model included both parameters and their interaction (R2 = .20, P = .08; βRFD = 0.06, P = .76; βMVIC = -0.39, P = .03; βRFD×MVIC = -0.24, P = .10). CONCLUSION The contribution of the quadriceps MVIC or RFD0-50ms varies in size and nature depending on the task or leg dominance. While quadriceps are significant contributors to performance, because our models leave most of the variance in performance unexplained, rehabilitation and performance professionals should refrain from interpreting peak athletic performance as a reflection of knee-extensors function in highly trained female athletes.
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Grgic J, Grgic I. Resistance Training–Induced Gains in Rate of Force Development Are Maintained During Training Cessation: A Meta-Analysis. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Boccia G, D’Emanuele S, Brustio PR, Beratto L, Tarperi C, Casale R, Sciarra T, Rainoldi A. Strength Asymmetries Are Muscle-Specific and Metric-Dependent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148495. [PMID: 35886350 PMCID: PMC9319678 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
We investigated if dominance affected upper limbs muscle function, and we calculated the level of agreement in asymmetry direction across various muscle-function metrics of two heterologous muscle groups. We recorded elbow flexors and extensors isometric strength of the dominant and non-dominant limb of 55 healthy adults. Participants performed a series of explosive contractions of maximal and submaximal amplitudes to record three metrics of muscle performance: maximal voluntary force (MVF), rate of force development (RFDpeak), and RFD-Scaling Factor (RFD-SF). At the population level, the MVF was the only muscle function that showed a difference between the dominant and non-dominant sides, being on average slightly (3–6%) higher on the non-dominant side. At the individual level, the direction agreement among heterologous muscles was poor for all metrics (Kappa values ≤ 0.15). When considering the homologous muscles, the direction agreement was moderate between MVF and RFDpeak (Kappa = 0.37) and low between MVF and RFD-SF (Kappa = 0.01). The asymmetries are muscle-specific and rarely favour the same side across different muscle-performance metrics. At the individual level, no one side is more performative than the other: each limb is favoured depending on muscle group and performance metric. The present findings can be used by practitioners that want to decrease the asymmetry levels as they should prescribe specific exercise training for each muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Boccia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (P.R.B.); (C.T.)
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Science, SUISM, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Samuel D’Emanuele
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Paolo Riccardo Brustio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (P.R.B.); (C.T.)
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Science, SUISM, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Luca Beratto
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Science, SUISM, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (P.R.B.); (C.T.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Roberto Casale
- Opusmedica Persons Care & Research, NPO, 29121 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Sciarra
- Joint Veterans Defence Center, Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, 00184 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alberto Rainoldi
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Science, SUISM, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Mornas A, Racinais S, Brocherie F, Alhammoud M, Hager R, Desmedt Y, Guilhem G. Faster early rate of force development in a warmer muscle: an in vivo exploration of fascicle dynamics and muscle-tendon mechanical properties. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R123-R132. [PMID: 35579335 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00280.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While heat exposure has been shown to increase the rate of force development (RFD), the underlying processes remain unknown. This study investigated the effect of heat on gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle-tendon properties and interactions. Sixteen participants performed electrically-evoked and voluntary contractions combined with ultrafast ultrasound under thermoneutral (CON: 26°C, core temperature 37.0±0.3°C, muscle temperature 34.0±1.1°C) and passive heat exposure (HOT: 47°C, core temperature 38.4±0.3°C, muscle temperature 37.0±0.8°C) conditions. Maximal voluntary force was unchanged while voluntary activation decreased (-4.6±8.7%, P=0.038) in HOT. Heat exposure increased RFD before 100 ms from contraction onset (+48.2±62.7%; P=0.013), without further changes after 100 ms. GM fascicle dynamics during electrically-evoked and voluntary contractions remained unchanged between conditions. Joint velocity at a given force was higher in HOT (+7.1±6.6%; P=0.004), while the fascicle force-velocity relationship was unchanged. Passive muscle stiffness and active tendon stiffness were lower in HOT than CON (P≤0.030). This study showed that heat-induced increases in early RFD may not be attributed to changes in contractile properties. Late RFD was unaltered, probably explained by decreased soft tissues' stiffness in heat. Investigations are required to explore the possible influence of neural drive and motor unit recruitment in the enhancement of explosive strength elicited by heat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Mornas
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France.,University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France.,Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Franck Brocherie
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | | | - Robin Hager
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Yanis Desmedt
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
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Tomazin K, Strojnik V, Feriche B, Garcia Ramos A, Štrumbelj B, Stirn I. Neuromuscular Adaptations in Elite Swimmers During Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training at Low and Moderate Altitudes. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1111-1119. [PMID: 32235239 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Tomazin, K, Strojnik, V, Feriche, B, Garcia Ramos, A, Štrumbelj, B, and Stirn, I. Neuromuscular adaptations in elite swimmers during concurrent strength and endurance training at low and moderate altitudes. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 1111-1119, 2022-This study evaluated neuromuscular adaptations in elite swimmers during concurrent strength and endurance training (SET) at low (295 m) and moderate (2,320 m) altitudes. Sixteen elite swimmers took part in a 3-week SET during a general preparation phase. All neuromuscular tests were performed a week before and after a SET. In posttraining, maximal knee isometric torque (TMVC) and soleus H-reflex remained statistically unchanged for sea-level (SL) and for altitude (AL) training. Rate of torque development (RTD) decreased post-SL (-14.5%; p < 0.01) but not post-AL (-4.7%; p > 0.05) training. Vastus lateralis electromyographic (EMG) activity during RTD decreased post-SL (-17.0%; P = 0.05) but not post-AL (4.8%; p > 0.05) training. Quadriceps twitch torque (TTW) significantly increased post-AL (12.1%; p < 0.01) but not post-SL (-1.0%; p > 0.05; training × altitude: F1,15 = 12.4; p < 0.01) training. Quadriceps twitch contraction time and M-wave amplitude remained statistically unchanged post-SL and post-AL training. After SL training, increment in TMVC was accompanied with increment in vastus lateralis EMG (R = 0.76; p < 0.01) and TTW (R = 0.48; p < 0.06). Posttraining in AL, increment in TMVC was accompanied with increment in TTW (R = 0.54; p < 0.05). Strength and endurance training at altitude seems to prompt adaptations in twitch contractile properties. In contrast, SET performed at SL may hamper the magnitude of neural adaptations to strength training, particularly during rapid voluntary contractions. In conclusion, SET at AL might benefit muscular adaptations in swimmers compared with training at SL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Tomazin
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Vojko Strojnik
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Belen Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador Garcia Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Boro Štrumbelj
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Igor Stirn
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
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25
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Evaluation of the Isometric and Dynamic Rates of Force Development in Multi-Joint Muscle Actions. J Hum Kinet 2022; 81:135-148. [PMID: 35291643 PMCID: PMC8884873 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of force development (RFD) in the isometric leg press (ILP), the countermovement jump (CMJ) and the squat jump (SJ) were examined in twenty-three (9 females) team sport athletes aged 21-24 years. Peak force (Fpeak), peak rate of force development (RFDpeak) and RFD at different time epochs (0-50, 50-100, 100-150, 150-200) were calculated from the force-time curve, as well as CMJ and SJ height and the center of mass displacement. RFDpeak, RFD at 0-50, 50-100 and 100-150 ms and Fpeak were similar between the CMJ and the SJ (p = 0.26 to 0.99). Furthermore, RFD0-50 ms was similar between the ILP, the CMJ, and the SJ (p = 0.99 to 0.57). Higher values were observed in the ILP compared with the CMJ and the SJ in RFD50-100 ms and RFD100-150 ms (p < 0.001) and these differences were maintained even when RFD was scaled to body mass. The higher RFD normalized to Fpeak was attained at the 50-100 ms time interval with no differences between the ILP, CMJ and SJ and between males and females. These results suggest that the ability to exert rapid force is similar between the CMJ and the SJ, irrespective of the type of muscle action. Furthermore, RFD normalized to Fpeak is a muscle-force independent index of explosive force production, facilitating comparisons between individuals with different levels of muscle strength. The similarities between the CMJ and the SJ in RFDpeak, Fpeak, and RFD at different time epochs may imply that these types of jumps could be used interchangeably to assess explosive lower limb performance.
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Kozinc Ž, Smajla D, Šarabon N. The rate of force development scaling factor: a review of underlying factors, assessment methods and potential for practical applications. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:861-873. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Balshaw TG, Massey GJ, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Lanza MB, Folland JP. Effect of long-term maximum strength training on explosive strength, neural, and contractile properties. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:685-697. [PMID: 34978747 PMCID: PMC9305549 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to compare explosive strength and underpinning contractile, hypertrophic, and neuromuscular activation characteristics of long‐term maximum strength‐trained (LT‐MST; ie, ≥3 years of consistent, regular knee extensor training) and untrained individuals. Sixty‐three healthy young men (untrained [UNT] n = 49, and LT‐MST n = 14) performed isometric maximum and explosive voluntary, as well as evoked octet knee extension contractions. Torque, quadriceps, and hamstring surface EMG were recorded during all tasks. Quadriceps anatomical cross‐sectional area (QACSAMAX; via MRI) was also assessed. Maximum voluntary torque (MVT; +66%) and QACSAMAX (+54%) were greater for LT‐MST than UNT ([both] p < 0.001). Absolute explosive voluntary torque (25–150 ms after torque onset; +41 to +64%; [all] p < 0.001; 1.15≤ effect size [ES]≤2.36) and absolute evoked octet torque (50 ms after torque onset; +43, p < 0.001; ES = 3.07) were greater for LT‐MST than UNT. However, relative (to MVT) explosive voluntary torque was lower for LT‐MST than UNT from 100 to 150 ms after contraction onset (−11% to −16%; 0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.002; 0.98 ≤ ES ≤ 1.11). Relative evoked octet torque 50 ms after onset was lower (−10%; p < 0.001; ES = 1.14) and octet time to peak torque longer (+8%; p = 0.001; ES = 1.18) for LT‐MST than UNT indicating slower contractile properties, independent from any differences in torque amplitude. The greater absolute explosive strength of the LT‐MST group was attributable to higher evoked explosive strength, that in turn appeared to be due to larger quadriceps muscle size, rather than any differences in neuromuscular activation. In contrast, the inferior relative explosive strength of LT‐MST appeared to be underpinned by slower intrinsic/evoked contractile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Balshaw
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Garry J Massey
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marcel B Lanza
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, US
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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Grgic J, Mikulic P. Effects of caffeine on rate of force development: A meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:644-653. [PMID: 34861076 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of studies examining the effects of caffeine on rate of force development (RFD). Ten databases were searched to find relevant studies. Risk of bias (RoB) of the included studies was evaluated. Data were analyzed in a random-effects meta-analysis. Eleven studies with "some concerns" regarding RoB were included. In the main meta-analysis, there was a significant ergogenic effect of caffeine ingestion on RFD (Hedges' g = 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21, 0.52; p < 0.0001). An ergogenic effect of caffeine was also found on RFD during resistance exercises (Hedges' g = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.67; p < 0.0001), but not during the countermovement jump test (Hedges' g = 0.18; 95% CI: -0.02, 0.39; p = 0.08), with a significant difference between the subgroups (p = 0.03). Small-to-moderate (3-5 mg/kg; Hedges' g = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.41; p = 0.002) and moderate-to-high caffeine doses (6-10 mg/kg) enhanced RFD (Hedges' g = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.85; p < 0.0001), even though the effects were larger with higher caffeine doses (p = 0.04). Overall, caffeine ingestion increases RFD, which is relevant given that RFD is commonly associated with sport-specific tasks. From a practical perspective: (1) individuals interested in the acute enhancement of RFD in resistance exercise may consider supplementing with caffeine; and (2) given that evaluation of RFD is most commonly used for testing purposes, caffeine ingestion (3-10 mg/kg 60 min before exercise) should be standardized before RFD assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Pavle Mikulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Collagen and Vitamin C Supplementation Increases Lower Limb Rate of Force Development. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 32:65-73. [PMID: 34808597 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise and vitamin C-enriched collagen supplementation increase collagen synthesis, potentially increasing matrix density, stiffness, and force transfer. PURPOSE To determine whether vitamin C-enriched collagen (hydrolyzed collagen [HC] + C) supplementation improves rate of force development (RFD) alongside a strength training program. METHODS Using a double-blinded parallel design, over 3 weeks, healthy male athletes (n = 50, 18-25 years) were randomly assigned to the intervention (HC + C; 20 g HC + 50 mg vitamin C) or placebo (20 g maltodextrin). Supplements were ingested daily 60 min prior to training. Athletes completed the same targeted maximal muscle power training program. Maximal isometric squats, countermovement jumps, and squat jumps were performed on a force plate at the same time each testing day (baseline, Tests 1, 2, and 3) to measure RFD and maximal force development. Mixed-model analysis of variance compared performance variables across the study timeline, whereas t tests were used to compare the change between baseline and Test 3. RESULTS Over 3 weeks, maximal RFD in the HC + C group returned to baseline, whereas the placebo group remained depressed (p = .18). While both groups showed a decrease in RFD through Test 2, only the treatment group recovered RFD to baseline by Test 3 (p = .036). In the HC + C group, change in countermovement jumps eccentric deceleration impulse (p = .008) and eccentric deceleration RFD (p = .04) was improved. A strong trend was observed for lower limb stiffness assessed in the countermovement jumps (p = .08). No difference was observed in maximal force or squat jump parameters. CONCLUSION The HC + C supplementation improved RFD in the squat and countermovement jump alongside training.
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Aidar FJ, Clemente FM, de Lima LF, de Matos DG, Ferreira ARP, Marçal AC, Moreira OC, Bulhões-Correia A, de Almeida-Neto PF, Díaz-de-Durana AL, Neves EB, Cabral BGAT, Reis VM, Garrido ND, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Evaluation of Training with Elastic Bands on Strength and Fatigue Indicators in Paralympic Powerlifting. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9100142. [PMID: 34678923 PMCID: PMC8541460 DOI: 10.3390/sports9100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Variable resistance training has recently become a component of strength and conditioning programs. Objective: This randomized counterbalanced cross-over study aimed to investigate the use of elastic bands (EB) and the traditional method (TRAD) and force indicators in a training session. Methods: 12 Paralympic athletes (age: 28.60 ± 7.60 years) participated in this three-week study. In the first week, the participants were familiarized with EB and TRAD and were tested for maximal repetition (1-RM). The research occurred in weeks 2 and 3, which included the pre-post training, during which the following measures were extracted: maximum isometric force (MIF), the peak torque (PT), rate of force development (RFD), fatigue index (FI), and time to MIF (Time). The athletes performed two tests, EB and TRAD, separated by a one-week interval. Results: Significant differences were found between the pre- and post-test for 1RM (p = 0.018, η2p = 0.412), MIF (p = 0.011, η2p = 0.415), PT (p = 0.012, η2p = 0.413), and RFD (p = 0.0002, η2p = 0.761). With the use of EB, there was a difference in RFD between TRAD before and EB after (p = 0.016, η2p = 0.761). There were significant differences in the before and after for FI between TRAD and EB (p < 0.001) and for Time (p < 0.001), indicating that training with the use of elastic bands promotes overload, characterized by increased fatigue and decreased strength. Conclusions: Training with EB did not decrease 1RM, PT, MIF or RFD, however, there was an increase in fatigue and time to reach MIF when compared to the method with fixed resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J. Aidar
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.R.P.F.); (A.C.M.)
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-799-9685-7777
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luiz Fernandes de Lima
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.R.P.F.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Dihogo Gama de Matos
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.R.P.F.); (A.C.M.)
- Cardiovascular & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Reis Pires Ferreira
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.R.P.F.); (A.C.M.)
- College of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.R.P.F.); (A.C.M.)
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Costa Moreira
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Campus Florestal, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 35690-000, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre Bulhões-Correia
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (A.B.-C.); (P.F.d.A.-N.); (B.G.A.T.C.)
| | - Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (A.B.-C.); (P.F.d.A.-N.); (B.G.A.T.C.)
| | - Alfonso López Díaz-de-Durana
- Sports Department, Physical Activity and Sports Faculty-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil;
| | - Breno Guilherme Araújo Tinoco Cabral
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (A.B.-C.); (P.F.d.A.-N.); (B.G.A.T.C.)
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Trásos Montes and Alto Douro University, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.M.R.); (N.D.G.)
| | - Nuno Domingos Garrido
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Trásos Montes and Alto Douro University, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.M.R.); (N.D.G.)
| | - Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece;
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, 12243 Nikaia, Greece
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Lynch AE, Davies RW, Jakeman PM, Locke T, Allardyce JM, Carson BP. The Influence of Maximal Strength and Knee Angle on the Reliability of Peak Force in the Isometric Squat. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9100140. [PMID: 34678921 PMCID: PMC8539608 DOI: 10.3390/sports9100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the test-retest reliability of peak force in the isometric squat across the strength spectrum using coefficient of variation (CV) and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). On two separate days, 59 healthy men (mean (SD) age 23.0 (4.1) years; height 1.79 (0.7) m; body mass 84.0 (15.2) kg) performed three maximal effort isometric squats in two positions (at a 120° and a 90° knee angle). Acceptable reliability was observed at both the 120° (CV = 7.5 (6.7), ICC = 0.960 [0.933, 0.977]) and 90° positions (CV = 9.2 (8.8), ICC = 0.920 [0.865, 0.953]). There was no relationship between peak force in the isometric squat and the test-retest reliability at either the 120° (r = 0.052, p = 0.327) or 90° (r = 0.014, p = 0.613) positions. A subgroup of subjects (n = 17) also completed the isometric squat test at a 65° knee angle. Acceptable reliability was observed in this position (CV = 9.6 (9.3), ICC = 0.916 [0.766, 0.970]) and reliability was comparable to the 120° and 90° positions. Therefore, we deem isometric squat peak force output to be a valid and reliable measure across the strength spectrum and in different isometric squat positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur E. Lynch
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.E.L.); (R.W.D.); (P.M.J.); (T.L.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Robert W. Davies
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.E.L.); (R.W.D.); (P.M.J.); (T.L.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Philip M. Jakeman
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.E.L.); (R.W.D.); (P.M.J.); (T.L.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Tim Locke
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.E.L.); (R.W.D.); (P.M.J.); (T.L.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Joanna M. Allardyce
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.E.L.); (R.W.D.); (P.M.J.); (T.L.); (J.M.A.)
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brian P. Carson
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.E.L.); (R.W.D.); (P.M.J.); (T.L.); (J.M.A.)
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-(0)61-234943
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Sibley AR, Strike S, Moudy SC, Tillin NA. The associations between asymmetries in quadriceps strength and gait in individuals with unilateral transtibial amputation. Gait Posture 2021; 90:267-273. [PMID: 34536691 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with unilateral transtibial amputations (ITTAs) are asymmetrical in quadriceps strength. It is unknown if this is associated with gait performance characteristics such as walking speed and limb symmetry. RESEARCH QUESTION Are quadriceps strength asymmetries related to walking speed and/ or gait asymmetries in ITTAs? METHODS Knee-extensor isometric maximum voluntary torque (MVT) and rate of torque development (RTD) were measured in eight ITTAs. Gait data were captured as the ITTAs walked at self-selected habitual and fast speeds. Step length and single support time, peak knee extension moments and their impulse and peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) in the braking and propulsive phases of stance were extracted. Bilateral Asymmetry Index (BAI) and, for gait variables only, difference in BAI between walking speeds (ΔBAI) were calculated. Correlation analyses assessed the relationships between MVT and RTD asymmetry and (1) walking speed; (2) gait asymmetries. RESULTS Associations between strength and gait BAIs generally became more apparent at faster walking speeds, and when the difference in BAI between fast and habitual walking speed was considered. BAI RTD was strongly negatively correlated with habitual and fast walking speeds (r=∼0.83). Larger BAI RTD was strongly correlated with propulsive vGRF BAI in fast walking, and larger ΔBAIs in vGRF during both the braking and propulsion phases of gait (r = 0.74-0.92). ITTAs who exhibited greater BAI MVT showed greater ΔBAI in single support time (r = 0.83). SIGNIFICANCE While MVT and RTD BAI appear to be associated with gait asymmetries in ITTAs, the magnitude of the asymmetry in RTD appears to be a more sensitive marker of walking speed. Based on these results, it's possible that strengthening the knee-extensors of the amputated limb to improve both MVT and RTD symmetry may benefit walking speed, and reduce asymmetrical loading in gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Sibley
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, UK.
| | - Siobhán Strike
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, UK.
| | - Sarah C Moudy
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, UK.
| | - Neale A Tillin
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, UK.
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Grgic J, Pedisic Z, Saunders B, Artioli GG, Schoenfeld BJ, McKenna MJ, Bishop DJ, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Kalman DS, Arent SM, VanDusseldorp TA, Lopez HL, Ziegenfuss TN, Burke LM, Antonio J, Campbell BI. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: sodium bicarbonate and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:61. [PMID: 34503527 PMCID: PMC8427947 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00458-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance, conducted by experts in the field and selected members of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN), the following conclusions represent the official Position of the Society: 1. Supplementation with sodium bicarbonate (doses from 0.2 to 0.5 g/kg) improves performance in muscular endurance activities, various combat sports, including boxing, judo, karate, taekwondo, and wrestling, and in high-intensity cycling, running, swimming, and rowing. The ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate are mostly established for exercise tasks of high-intensity that last between 30 s and 12 min. 2. Sodium bicarbonate improves performance in single- and multiple-bout exercise. 3. Sodium bicarbonate improves exercise performance in both men and women. 4. For single-dose supplementation protocols, 0.2 g/kg of sodium bicarbonate seems to be the minimum dose required to experience improvements in exercise performance. The optimal dose of sodium bicarbonate dose for ergogenic effects seems to be 0.3 g/kg. Higher doses (e.g., 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg) may not be required in single-dose supplementation protocols, because they do not provide additional benefits (compared with 0.3 g/kg) and are associated with a higher incidence and severity of adverse side-effects. 5. For single-dose supplementation protocols, the recommended timing of sodium bicarbonate ingestion is between 60 and 180 min before exercise or competition. 6. Multiple-day protocols of sodium bicarbonate supplementation can be effective in improving exercise performance. The duration of these protocols is generally between 3 and 7 days before the exercise test, and a total sodium bicarbonate dose of 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg per day produces ergogenic effects. The total daily dose is commonly divided into smaller doses, ingested at multiple points throughout the day (e.g., 0.1 to 0.2 g/kg of sodium bicarbonate consumed at breakfast, lunch, and dinner). The benefit of multiple-day protocols is that they could help reduce the risk of sodium bicarbonate-induced side-effects on the day of competition. 7. Long-term use of sodium bicarbonate (e.g., before every exercise training session) may enhance training adaptations, such as increased time to fatigue and power output. 8. The most common side-effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation are bloating, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The incidence and severity of side-effects vary between and within individuals, but it is generally low. Nonetheless, these side-effects following sodium bicarbonate supplementation may negatively impact exercise performance. Ingesting sodium bicarbonate (i) in smaller doses (e.g., 0.2 g/kg or 0.3 g/kg), (ii) around 180 min before exercise or adjusting the timing according to individual responses to side-effects, (iii) alongside a high-carbohydrate meal, and (iv) in enteric-coated capsules are possible strategies to minimize the likelihood and severity of these side-effects. 9. Combining sodium bicarbonate with creatine or beta-alanine may produce additive effects on exercise performance. It is unclear whether combining sodium bicarbonate with caffeine or nitrates produces additive benefits. 10. Sodium bicarbonate improves exercise performance primarily due to a range of its physiological effects. Still, a portion of the ergogenic effect of sodium bicarbonate seems to be placebo-driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | | | - Michael J McKenna
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Douglas S Kalman
- Nutrion Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
- Scientific Affairs. Nutrasource, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Hector L Lopez
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Stow, OH, USA
- Supplement Safety Solutions, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | | | - Louise M Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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The Relationship Between Neuromuscular Function and the W' in Elite Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1656-1662. [PMID: 33873151 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the association between the W' and measures of neuromuscular function relating to the capacity of skeletal muscle to produce force in a group of elite cyclists. METHODS Twenty-two athletes specializing in a range of disciplines and competing internationally volunteered to participate. Athletes completed assessments of maximum voluntary torque (MVT), voluntary activation, and isometric maximum voluntary contraction to measure rate of torque development (RTD). This was followed by assessment of peak power output (PPO) and 3-, 5-, and 12-minute time trials to determine critical power. Pearson correlation was used to examine associations with critical power and W'. Goodness of fit was calculated, and significant relationships were included in a linear stepwise regression model. RESULTS Significant positive relationships were evident between W' and MVT (r = .82), PPO (r = .70), and RTD at 200 milliseconds (r = .59) but not with RTD at 50 milliseconds and voluntary activation. Correlations were also observed between critical power and RTD at 200 milliseconds and MVT (r = .54 and r = .51, respectively) but not with PPO, voluntary activation, or RTD at 50 milliseconds. The regression analysis found that 87% of the variability in W' (F1,18 = 68.75; P < .001) was explained by 2 variables: MVT (81%) and PPO (6%). CONCLUSIONS It is likely that muscle size and strength, as opposed to neural factors, contribute meaningfully to W'. These data can be used to establish training methods to enhance W' to improve cycling performance in well-trained athletes.
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Buckthorpe M. Recommendations for Movement Re-training After ACL Reconstruction. Sports Med 2021; 51:1601-1618. [PMID: 33840081 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is important to optimise the functional recovery process to enhance patient outcomes after major injury such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Restoring movement quality during sporting-type movements is important prior to return-to-sport (RTS) after ACLR. Alterations in movement quality during an array of functional tasks are common amongst ACLR patients at or near the time of RTS and are associated with worse outcomes after ACLR. The inability to correct movement issues prior to RTS is likely due to the use of incomplete programmes or a lack of volume and intensity of movement re-training programmes. Although most clinicians and researchers understand that re-training movement after ACLR is important (e.g., the 'why'), there is often a disconnect with understanding the 'how' and 'what' of movement re-training post ACLR. The aim of this paper was to discuss factors relevant to movement dysfunction and re-training after ACLR and provide recommendations for clinicians to restore movement quality of patients after ACLR, prior to RTS. The paper recommends: (i) considering the factors which influence the expression of movement quality, which revolve around individual (e.g., neuromuscular, biomechanical, sensorimotor and neurocognitive factors), task-specific and environmental constraints; (ii) incorporating a three-staged movement re-training approach aligned to the ACLR functional recovery process: (1) addressing the neuromuscular and biomechanical and sensorimotor control factors which affect movement quality and motor learning, (2) including a progressive movement re-training approach to re-learn an array of functional tasks optimising coordination and motor learning (3) performing the final aspect of rehabilitation and movement training on the field, in realistic environments progressively simulating the sporting movement demands and environmental constraints; and (iii) effectively designing the movement programme for optimal load management, employing effective coach and feedback techniques and utilising qualitative movement analysis for transition between exercises, stages and for RTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Buckthorpe
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Marys University, Twickenham, London, TW1 4SX, UK.
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Abstract
Outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction need improving, with poor return-to-sport rates and high risk of secondary re-injury. There is a need to improve rehabilitation strategies after ACL reconstruction, if we can support enhanced patient outcomes. This paper discusses how to optimise the mid-stage rehabilitation process after ACL reconstruction. Mid-stage is a difficult and vitally important stage of the functional recovery process and provides the foundation on which to commence late-stage rehabilitation training. Often many aspects of mid-stage rehabilitation (e.g. knee extensors isolated muscle strength) are not actually restored prior to return-to-sport. In addition, if we are to allow time for optimal late-stage rehabilitation and return-to-sport training, we need to optimise the mid-stage rehabilitation approach and complete it in a timely manner. This paper forms a key part of a strategy to optimise the ACL rehabilitation approach and considers factors more specific to mid-stage rehabilitation characterised in 3 areas: (1) muscle strength: muscle and joint specific, in particular at the knee level, with the knee extensors and flexors and distally with the triceps surae and proximally with the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex, as well as closed kinetic chain strength; (2) altered basic motor patterning (movement quality) and (3) fitness re-conditioning. In addition, the paper provides recommendations on how to implement these into practice, discussing training planning and programming and suggests specific screening to monitor work and when the athlete is able to progress to the next stage (e.g. late-stage rehabilitation criteria).
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Abstract
This study aimed to analyze counter-movement jump (CMJ) performance in time and frequency domains. Fortyfour Division I American football players participated in the study. Kinetic variables were collected from both dominant and non-dominant legs using two force plates. Normalized peak power, normalized net impulse, and normalized peak force significantly correlated with jump height (r = .960, r = .998, r = .725, respectively with p < .05). The mean frequency component was significantly correlated with CMJ performance (r = .355 with p < .05). The reliability of the frequency variables was higher than the time domain variables. Frequency domain variables showed weaker correlations with jump height compared with time domain variables. Frequency domain analysis provides frequency components, which represent the rate of energy transmission from the eccentric phase to the end of the push-off phase. Frequency component information may provide additional information for the analyses of CMJ performance for athletes.
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Natera AO, Cardinale M, Keogh JWL. The Effect of High Volume Power Training on Repeated High-Intensity Performance and the Assessment of Repeat Power Ability: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 50:1317-1339. [PMID: 32096112 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High volume power training (HVPT) involves high volumes of high-velocity resistance training, with the aim to improve repeated high-intensity efforts (RHIEs). Repeat power ability (RPA) is the ability to repeatedly produce maximal or near maximal efforts. Assessments of RPA using external loading may determine the ability to perform repeat RHIEs typical of many sports and, therefore, provide useful information on the effectiveness of training. OBJECTIVES (1) Identify the different HVPT protocols; (2) examine the acute responses and chronic adaptations to different HVPT protocols; (3) identify different lower body RPA assessment protocols and highlight similarities, differences and potential limitations between each protocol, and; (4) describe the reliability and validity of RPA assessments. METHODS An electronic search was performed using SPORTDiscus, PubMed, CINAHL and Embase for studies utilising HVPT protocols and assessments of RPA. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed journal articles published in English. RESULTS Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria of the final review. Of the eight longitudinal studies, three were rated as fair and five were rated as poor methodological quality, respectively. In contrast, all 12 cross-sectional studies were considered to have a low risk of bias. Preliminary evidence suggests that HVPT can enhance RHIE, RPA, anaerobic capacity, anaerobic power and aerobic performance. HVPT generally consists of 2-3 sessions per week, utilising loads of 30-40% 1 repetition maximum (RM), for 3-5 sets of 10-20 repetitions, with inter-set rest periods of 2-3 min. RPA assessments can be valid and reliable and may provide useful information on an athlete's ability to perform RHIE and the success of HVPT programmes. CONCLUSIONS HVPT can be used to improve a number of physical qualities including RPA and RHIE; while a variety of RPA assessments provide valid and reliable information regarding the athlete's ability to perform RHIEs. Considering the heterogeneity in the HVPT protocols currently used and the relatively low volume and quality of longitudinal publications in this area, further studies are needed to identify the effects of a variety of HVPT methods on RPA, RHIE and other performance outcomes and to identify the most valid and reliable RPA outcomes to use in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex O Natera
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia. .,Greater Western Sydney Giants, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Marco Cardinale
- Sport Science Department, Aspire Academy, Po Box 22287, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Surgery and Interventional Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Marina M, Torrado P, Baudry S, Duchateau J. Forearm muscles fatigue induced by repetitive braking on a motorcycle is best discriminated by specific kinetic parameters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246242. [PMID: 33544741 PMCID: PMC7864446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maneuvering a motorcycle in racing conditions or for prolonged time is sufficiently demanding that on many occasions forearm muscles reach a state of functional failure when riders cannot properly brake or operate the throttle. This study intends to discriminate which ones of the several dynamometric parameters used in the literature to characterize the Force-time (F-t) curve during voluntary contractions are more sensitive to neuromuscular fatigue in simulated motorcycle-riding conditions. Thirty-three adults performed an intermittent fatiguing protocol (IFP) that simulated the brake-pulling and throttle-twisting actions, by using a hydraulic system equipped with a pressure sensor. Sixty pressure-time (P-t) curve parameters, including the rate of pressure development (RPD) and area under the curve were measured to characterize the time course of the braking maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Two types of variables were used to analyze the P-t curve: 1) Times interval (from 0 to 30-50-100-500-1000 and 2000 ms); 2) Percentages of MVC (10-30-60-90%MVC). Overall significant (p ≤ 0.05) fatigue-related declines were observed only at time intervals longer than 100 ms and contraction intensities higher than 30%MVC. Strong and significant linear declines (p < 0.001) were observed at 500 ms and 1 s for normalized pressures, as well as for the ratio RPD60%MVC/MVC (p < 0.003) throughout the IFP. Our results suggest considering RPD at time windows of 0–500 ms and 0–1 s, and contraction intensities comprised between 30% and 60% of MVC, as more suitable criteria to study fatigue-related decrements in performance rather than the classical MVC force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Marina
- Research Group in Physical Activity and Health (GRAFiS), Institut National d’Educació Física de Catalunya–University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Priscila Torrado
- Research Group in Physical Activity and Health (GRAFiS), Institut National d’Educació Física de Catalunya–University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus Mataró–Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró, Spain
| | - Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jacques Duchateau
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Nakanishi R, Takeuchi K, Akizuki K, Nakagoshi R, Kakihana H. The effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on muscle EMG activity and the initial phase rate of force development during tetanic contractions in the knee extensor muscles of healthy adult males. Phys Ther Res 2021; 23:195-201. [PMID: 33489659 DOI: 10.1298/ptr.e10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been noted as an effective pre- contraction for an increase of neural and muscle factors during twitch contractions. However, it is unknown if this intervention is effective for the rate of force development (RFD), which is the ability to increase joint torque strength as quickly as possible, during tetanic contractions. NMES can be safely used by anyone, but, the strength setting of NMES requires attention so as not to cause pain. Therefore, the purpose of this study investigated whether NMES at less painful levels was effective for RFD during tetanic contractions. We also investigated effect activation by analyzing electromyogram (EMG) and RFD for each phase. METHODS Eighteen healthy males were studied. Before and after NMES intervention at 10% or 20% maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) level (10%NMES, 20%NMES respectively), EMG activity and the initial phase (30-, 50-, 100-, and 200-msec) RFD were measured. Visual analog scale (VAS) was also measured as an indicator of pain during each NMES. RESULTS 20%NMES increased EMG activity and 30-, 50-, and 100-msec of RFD during MVIC, but could not improve 200 msec of RFD. However, 10%NMES could be failed to increase all phases RFD, but VAS was lower than that of 20% NMES. CONCLUSION These results suggest that muscle pre-contraction using 20%NMES could induce moderate pain, but could be an effective intervention to improve RFD via neural factor activity.
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Muscle architecture and morphology as determinants of explosive strength. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1099-1110. [PMID: 33458800 PMCID: PMC7966212 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neural drive and contractile properties are well-defined physiological determinants of explosive strength, the influence of muscle architecture and related morphology on explosive strength is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between Quadriceps muscle architecture (pennation angle [ΘP] and fascicle length [FL]) and size (e.g., volume; QVOL), as well as patellar tendon moment arm (PTMA) with voluntary and evoked explosive knee extension torque in 53 recreationally active young men. METHOD Following familiarisation, explosive voluntary torque at 50 ms intervals from torque onset (T50, T100, T150), evoked octet at 50 ms (8 pulses at 300-Hz; evoked T50), as well as maximum voluntary torque, were assessed on two occasions with isometric dynamometry. B-mode ultrasound was used to assess ΘP and FL at ten sites throughout the quadriceps (2-3 sites) per constituent muscle. Muscle size (QVOL) and PTMA were quantified using 1.5 T MRI. RESULT There were no relationships with absolute early phase explosive voluntary torque (≤ 50 ms), but θP (weak), QVOL (moderate to strong) and PTMA (weak) were related to late phase explosive voluntary torque (≥ 100 ms). Regression analysis revealed only QVOL was an independent variable contributing to the variance in T100 (34%) and T150 (54%). Evoked T50 was also related to QVOL and θP. When explosive strength was expressed relative to MVT there were no relationships observed. CONCLUSION It is likely that the weak associations of θP and PTMA with late phase explosive voluntary torque was via their association with MVT/QVOL rather than as a direct determinant.
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Laett C, Gavilão U, Rio JD, Cossich V, Oliveira CGD. Relationship between upper and lower limbs muscle explosive strength with the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii architecture. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/rbce.43.e012820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT We aimed to assess upper and lower limbs explosive strength, and its correlation with biceps brachii (BB) and vastus lateralis (VL) architecture. Absolute and maximum torque normalized rate of torque development (RTD) were measured from isometric elbow flexion (EF) and knee extension (KE). BB and VL architectures were assessed by ultrasound. Absolute RTD of KE was higher (129–272%), although normalized RTD was higher in EF (80-21%). The absolute RTD was correlated to muscle thickness only in the BB (r=.39-46). No relationship was found between muscle architecture and normalized RTD. In conclusion, the higher RTD from KE seems to be due to their greater strength. Only the muscle architecture could not explain the differences found in the RTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrado Laett
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Brasil
| | - Ubiratã Gavilão
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Brasil
| | | | - Victor Cossich
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Brasil
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Scarr T, Oranchuk DJ, Rafferty D. Comparison of drop jump force-time profiles of team sport athletes and active controls. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420210015121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scarr
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland
| | - Dustin J Oranchuk
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand; Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Australia
| | - Daniel Rafferty
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland
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Spillane P, Bampouras TM. Effect of environmental temperature change on the neuromechanical function of the quadriceps muscle. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1394-1402. [PMID: 33191855 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1851773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study compared neuromechanical characteristics of voluntary (maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) peak torque, rate of torque development (RTD), voluntary activation (VA)) and electrically stimulated contractions (peak torque, RTD) when performed under the same temperature conditions. Twelve physically active males performed two isometric MVCs of the quadriceps muscle group in an isokinetic dynamometer. The MVCs were performed after lower limb submersion for 20 min in hot (40°C) or cold (10°C) water. A control MVC was performed in ambient room temperature (17 ± 0.7°C). Electrical twitches were delivered at rest pre-MVC (Unpotentiated), during the plateau phase of the MVC (Superimposed) and post-MVC (Potentiated). Peak torque for MVC, Unpotentiated and Potentiated was recorded. RTD was calculated for the MVC (at 50, 100, 150, 200 ms and peak torque time points), Unpotentiated and Potentiated twitches, while VA (using the central activation ratio method) was calculated. There was no significant change between conditions in MVC peak torque, MVC RTD, VA and (averaged) twitch peak torque (p > 0.05). Twitch RTD for the hot condition (1025.0 ± 163.0 N·m·s-1) was significantly higher (p = 0.003) than control (872.3 ± 142.9 N·m·s-1). In conclusion, environmental temperature changes, in the range examined, do not affect the ability to generate maximum torque or any of the RTD parameters in maximum voluntary isometric contractions. In contrast, increased heat results in higher RTD in electrically stimulated contractions, most likely induced by reduced contraction time. This has practical implications for the use of electromyostimulation for injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraig Spillane
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,Institute of Health, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, UK
| | - Theodoros M Bampouras
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Adapted protocol of rate of force development and relaxation scaling factor for neuromuscular assessment in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Knee 2020; 27:1697-1707. [PMID: 33197807 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The linear relationship between muscle torque and rate of torque rise/relaxation during rapid muscle contractions has been recently introduced as a novel measure of muscle quickness, termed rate of torque development/relaxation scaling factor (RTD-SF/RTR-SF). Because the standard assessment protocol includes potentially painful muscle contractions, the first purpose of this study was to validate an adapted RTD-SF/RTR-SF protocol for knee extensor muscles that utilizes lower submaximal intensities and can be used in knee osteoarthritis patients. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on a group of healthy controls (n = 24) who underwent the standard RTD-SF/RTR-SF protocol (20-80% of maximum) and the knee osteoarthritis group (n = 24) who underwent the adapted protocol (20-60% of maximum). We calculated the RTD-SF, RTR-SF and the linearity (r2) for both relationships, based on both protocols in controls. RESULTS The validity of the adapted protocol was acceptable (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.77-0.93), with low within-participant variation (coefficient of variability <10%) for both outcome measures. Compared with the control group, the knee osteoarthritis group had similar RTD-SF, but lower linearity of RTD-SF (0.90 vs. 0.82). The RTR-SF (8.0/s vs. 6.7/s) and its linearity (0.87 vs. 0.73) were significantly reduced. Comparing the affected and the unaffected leg in the knee osteoarthritis group, the unaffected leg had greater maximal torque (96.2 vs. 84.1 Nm) and higher linearity for RTD-SF (0.86 vs. 0.80) and RTR-SF (0.82 vs. 0.73). CONCLUSIONS We confirmed the validity of the adapted RTD/RTR-SF protocol and its sensitivity to impairments associated with knee osteoarthritis.
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Effects of Acupuncture on Explosive Force Production by the Healthy Female Shoulder Joint. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8835672. [PMID: 33343681 PMCID: PMC7725556 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8835672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Acupuncture is often used to treat chronic conditions, such as pain. In recent years, given the importance of the explosive forces generated by shoulder muscles for the completion of motor tasks, studies in which nerves were stimulated through acupuncture to increase the explosive forces were conducted. This study explored the effect of acupuncture on explosive force production by the muscles of the female shoulder joint. Methods Eighteen healthy women underwent shoulder adduction (Add), abduction (Abd), flexion (Flex), and extension (Ext) tests with an isokinetic measurement system. Acupuncture was used to stimulate the Zhongfu (LU1), Tianfu (LI3), Xiabai (LU4), Binao (LI14), Naohui (SJ13), Jianliao (SJ14), and Xiaoluo (SJ12) points, and electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded before and after acupuncture. Results After acupuncture, there was a significant difference in the average maximum work, the average maximum power, the average maximum speed, the total work in Add/Abd and Flex/Ext, the EMG signals, and the stiffness of the muscles in Abd and Ext (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the average maximum torque in Abd or Flex. Conclusion Based on the results, there may be a significant correlation between the manipulation of different acupoints by acupuncture and the average maximum torque and stiffness. Acupuncture may stimulate nerves to activate muscles and induce a postactivation potentiation effect that improves explosive force production. Therefore, acupuncture as an auxiliary tool may increase the explosive forces generated by acupoint-related muscles by stimulating nerves.
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Are Genome-Wide Association Study Identified Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated With Sprint Athletic Status? A Replication Study With 3 Different Cohorts. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:489-495. [PMID: 33059329 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To replicate previous genome-wide association study identified sprint-related polymorphisms in 3 different cohorts of top-level sprinters and to further validate the obtained results in functional studies. METHODS A total of 240 Japanese, 290 Russians, and 593 Brazilians were evaluated in a case-control approach. Of these, 267 were top-level sprint/power athletes. In addition, the relationship between selected polymorphisms and muscle fiber composition was evaluated in 203 Japanese and 287 Finnish individuals. RESULTS The G allele of the rs3213537 polymorphism was overrepresented in Japanese (odds ratio [OR]: 2.07, P = .024) and Russian (OR: 1.93, P = .027) sprinters compared with endurance athletes and was associated with an increased proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers in Japanese (P = .02) and Finnish (P = .041) individuals. A meta-analysis of the data from 4 athlete cohorts confirmed that the presence of the G/G genotype rather than the G/A+A/A genotypes increased the OR of being a sprinter compared with controls (OR: 1.49, P = .01), endurance athletes (OR: 1.79, P = .001), or controls + endurance athletes (OR: 1.58, P = .002). Furthermore, male sprinters with the G/G genotype were found to have significantly faster personal times in the 100-m dash than those with G/A+A/A genotypes (10.50 [0.26] vs 10.76 [0.31], P = .014). CONCLUSION The rs3213537 polymorphism found in the CPNE5 gene was identified as a highly replicable variant associated with sprinting ability and the increased proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers, in which the homozygous genotype for the major allele (ie, the G/G genotype) is preferable for performance.
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Traditional Neuropsychological Testing Does Not Predict Motor-Cognitive Test Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207393. [PMID: 33050599 PMCID: PMC7600978 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ecological validity of neuropsychological testing (NT) has been questioned in the sports environment. A frequent criticism is that NT, mostly consisting of pen and paper or digital assessments, lacks relevant bodily movement. This study aimed to identify the determinants of a newly developed testing battery integrating both cognitive and motor demands. Twenty active individuals (25 ± 3 years, 11 males) completed the new motor-cognitive testing battery (MC), traditional NT (Stroop test, Trail Making test, Digit Span test) and isolated assessments of motor function (MF; Y-balance test, 20m-sprint, counter-movement jump). Kendal’s tau and partial Spearman correlations were used to detect associations between MC and NT/MF. Except for two items (Reactive Agility A and counter-movement jump; Run-Decide and sprint time; r = 0.37, p < 0.05), MC was not related to MF. Similarly, MC and NT were mostly unrelated, even when controlling for the two significant motor covariates (p > 0.05). The only MC item with (weak to moderate) associations to NT was the Memory Span test (Digit Span backwards and composite; r = 0.43–0.54, p < 0.05). In sum, motor-cognitive function appears to be largely independent from its two assumed components NT and MF and may represent a new parameter in performance diagnostics.
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Fanning E, Maher N, Cools A, Falvey EC. Outcome Measures After Shoulder Stabilization in the Athletic Population: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Patient-Reported Metrics. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120950040. [PMID: 32984424 PMCID: PMC7498977 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120950040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Athletic endeavor can require the “athletic shoulder” to tolerate significant
load through supraphysiological range and often under considerable
repetition. Outcome measures are valuable when determining an athlete’s safe
return to sport. Few data are available to guide a clinician’s choice from
the variety of measures available. Purpose: To describe the use of quantifiable objective outcome measures and
patient-reported outcome tools after glenohumeral joint stabilization,
specifically in an athletic population. The secondary aim of our study was
to assess whether the method of measurement used was clearly described and
standardized to aid clinical interpretation. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science
databases was performed in December 2018 based on the PRISMA (Preferred
Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. After
the application of selection criteria, a full review of identified papers,
and screening of reference lists, a total of 62 studies were included in the
review. All studies were independently appraised for quality, predefined
data fields were populated and cross-checked for accuracy, and results were
then summarized from these data fields. Results: Of the 62 included studies, 94% used a quantifiable objective clinical
outcome. A majority (85%) of the studies measured range of motion, 21%
recorded muscle strength, 5% measured electromyographic activity, 5%
examined shoulder kinematics, and 3% assessed joint proprioception after
surgery. However, only 18% of the studies clearly described a standardized
method of measuring the outcome. Nearly all (95%) of the studies used at
least 1 patient-reported outcome measure. The Rowe score was most commonly
used (35%). Conclusion: We must standardize and clearly describe the use of quantifiable objective
outcome measures to aid clinical interpretation. A concerted effort should
also be made to standardize the use of patient-reported outcome tools after
shoulder stabilization in the athletic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Fanning
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Sports Medicine, Dublin, Ireland.,University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Natasha Maher
- Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Ann Cools
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eanna C Falvey
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Sports Medicine, Dublin, Ireland.,University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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