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Zhang J, Wei A, Xie C. Effects of Sprint Interval Training Surface on Physical Fitness Attributes of Collegiate Female Soccer Players: Identifying Individual Responses to Training on Grass, Sand, and Land Surfaces. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:465-474. [PMID: 38841634 PMCID: PMC11149069 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the optimal surface for sprint interval training to maximize transfer effects on physical performance measures on the grass pitch. Using a randomized controlled trial design, 40 collegiate female soccer players were equally assigned to three experimental groups performing short sprint interval training (SSIT: 4 sets of 10 repetitions with 5 seconds all-out running, with a 50-second recovery period between each effort and a 3-minute rest interval between sets) on SAND, GRASS, LAND, and a control group. Before and after a 7-week training period, participants underwent a series of field-based tests to evaluate countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m linear sprint, Illinois change of direction (CoD) speed, Yo-Yo IR1, 2.4 km time trial, and maximal kicking distance (MKD) performance. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was conducted on the data, along with Bonferroni post hoc testing. After the intervention, the control group did not show any changes, while the SAND, GRASS and LAND training groups demonstrated improvements (p = 0.001) in their performance as follows: CMJ (effect size [ES] = 1.21, 0.97, 0.64), 20-m linear sprint (ES = -0.81, -0.55, -0.41), Illinois CoD (ES = -0.72, -0.79, -0.41), Yo-Yo IR1 (ES = 1.86, 1.19, 1.12), 2.4 km time trail (ES = -0.82, -0.62, -0.49), and MKD (ES = 0.60, 0.90, 0.72), respectively. Comparative analysis of SAND, GRASS, and LAND revealed that performing SSIT on SAND results in a significantly greater gain in CMJ than LAND (p = 0.041). Analyzing individual responses to training interventions indicated that the training surface had a favorable influence on CMJ (SAND vs. LAND, p = 0.009), but on other variables no statistically significant (p > 0.05) differences were observed. Considering these findings, it is advised that strength and conditioning coaches use the SAND surface as the initial choice for SSIT sessions regarding greater gains (i.e., ES) in performance. This recommendation aims to facilitate more favorable transfer in physical fitness adaptation on a soccer grass pitch. In case of unavailability of SAND surface, GRASS surface would be a suitable alternative to enhance the physical fitness of collegiate female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Liaoning Normal University, Dalian Liaoning, China
| | - Aodong Wei
- Liaoning Normal University, Dalian Liaoning, China
| | - Chao Xie
- Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang Hubei, China
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Thomakos P, Spyrou K, Tsoukos A, Katsikas C, Bogdanis GC. High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with High-Load Strength Training Improves Aerobic Fitness, Match Goals and Match Result during the In-Season Period in Under-19 Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 12:2. [PMID: 38275981 PMCID: PMC10819200 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of adding a weekly session of either strength training followed by high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or high load plyometric training followed by small-sided games (SSG) on aerobic fitness, goals scored and conceded, and match results. Twenty-nine players from two youth elite teams competing in an under 19 (U19) first division league took part in the study. Of those, 16 players from one team followed the HIIT program (age: 17.8 ± 0.6 years) and 13 players from the other team trained once a week, following the SSG program (age: 18.0 ± 0.6 years). The training intervention lasted for 11 weeks and was applied once per week. For the HIIT team it included high-load strength training (80-95% of 1 RM) followed by high-intensity intermittent running, whereas for the SSG team (n = 13) it included plyometric exercises followed by SSG. Aerobic fitness was assessed before and after the intervention, while goals scored and conceded, as well as match results during the intervention period, were compared with the 11-week period preceding it. Only the HIIT team improved Yo-Yo IR2 performance (running distance: from 902.5 ± 147.5 to 1092.5 ± 155.8 m, p < 0.001) while there was no change for the SSG group. Moreover, during the 11-week intervention, the HIIT team improved the number of goals scored in the last 30 min of the game compared with the pre-intervention period (0.36 ± 0.50 to 1.27 ± 0.90 per match, p < 0.05) and the scored vs. conceded goals were higher in the second half (1.36 ± 1.03 vs. 0.27 ± 0.47, p < 0.05). No significant differences were found for these parameters in the SSG team. Regarding match result, the HIIT team increased the proportion of wins from 5 wins in 11 matches (or 45%) in the pre-intervention period to 9 wins in 11 matches (or 82%) during the intervention period, while this profile remained unchanged for the SSG team. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the HIIT program performed once per week was superior to SSG as it improves aerobic fitness, scored and conceded goals, and match result during the in-season period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierros Thomakos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece; (A.T.); (C.K.); (G.C.B.)
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30005 Murcia, Spain;
- Facultad de Deporte, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30005 Murcia, Spain
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece; (A.T.); (C.K.); (G.C.B.)
| | - Christos Katsikas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece; (A.T.); (C.K.); (G.C.B.)
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece; (A.T.); (C.K.); (G.C.B.)
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Martin M, Rampinini E, Bosio A, Azzalin A, McCall A, Ward P. Relationships Between Internal and External Load Measures and Fitness Level Changes in Professional Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:760-772. [PMID: 35486417 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2053646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Understanding the dose-response relationship between internal and external training load with changes in aerobic fitness and intermittent running capacity, during different periods of the season, may help in optimizing training process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the dose-response relationships between load measures and changes in aerobic fitness and intermittent running capacity among a large cohort of professional soccer players. Methods: Training load, aerobic fitness and intermittent running capacity of 52 male adult professional players from 3 elite teams were monitored across an entire season and analyzed employing linear mixed models, with a significance level set at p≤0.05. Results: Relationships between load measures (training and match duration, sRPE-TL, total distance, high and very high-speed running distances) and changes in physical qualities were stronger during the preparation period (PREP) for both aerobic fitness (d= 0.48 to 0.76, p<0.031) and intermittent running capacity (d= 0.46 to 1.89, p<0.046). The magnitude of the relationships reduced during the first competitive period (d= 0.43 to 0.56) and the relationships became trivial in the second competitive period (d= 0.06 to 0.41, p= 0.063 to 0.846). Conclusion: The moderate to large relationships found between all measures of load and changes in physical capacities suggest that training prescription during the PREP was effective in improving players' fitness. During the competitive phase small changes in aerobic and intermittent running capacities were found, highlighting that coaching staff pursue different aims during the competitive period, such as technical and tactical training and recovery. .
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Zemková E, Pacholek M. Performance in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test May Improve with Repeated Trials: Does Practice Matter? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:75. [PMID: 37367239 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Yo-Yo Intermittent Test is frequently used to monitor changes in athletes' performance in response to different interventions. However, the question remains as to whether, and to what extent, retakes of this test would contribute to these changes. This case study sought to determine the magnitude of practice effects, involving test repetition, on performance in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test. A recreational soccer player performed four attempts of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test-Level 1 (YYIR1) with a week's rest in between. The same participant repeated this test protocol (four attempts of the YYIR1) again after six months. Changes in distance covered, level achieved, maximal oxygen uptake, and heart rate between the first and last attempt were assessed. The smallest worthwhile change (SWC), the coefficient of variation (CV), and the 2CV were calculated to identify a trivial, a possibly meaningful, and a certainly meaningful change in YYIR1 performance. The distance covered in the first set of measurements increased from 1320 m to 1560 m (15.4%), which corresponds to a 4.6% increase in the level achieved (from 16.6 to 17.4). Similarly, the distance covered in the second set of measurements increased from 1280 m to 1560 m (17.9%), which corresponds to a 5.5% increase in the level achieved (from 16.5 to 17.4). The participant's performance changes fell outside of the SWC and the CV, but not the 2CV during both sets of measurements. These improvements in YYIR1 performance may be ascribed to practice with repeated attempts of the test by improving running technique at the turning point and/or by simply increasing the linear speed. This fact should always be kept in mind when interpreting the effects of training. Practitioners should differentiate between practice effects associated with repeated test execution and adaptation induced by conducting sport-specific training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81469 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Pacholek
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia
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Shushan T, Lovell R, Buchheit M, Scott TJ, Barrett S, Norris D, McLaren SJ. Submaximal Fitness Test in Team Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Exercise Heart Rate Measurement Properties. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:21. [PMID: 36964427 PMCID: PMC10039193 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Submaximal fitness tests (SMFT) are a pragmatic approach for evaluating athlete's physiological state, due to their time-efficient nature, low physiological burden and relative ease of administration in team sports settings. While a variety of outcome measures can be collected during SMFT, exercise heart rate (HRex) is the most popular. Understanding the measurement properties of HRex can support the interpretation of data and assist in decision making regarding athlete's current physiological state and training effects. OBJECTIVES The aims of our systematic review and meta-analysis were to: (1) establish meta-analytic estimates of SMFT HRex reliability and convergent validity and (2) examine the moderating influence of athlete and protocol characteristics on the magnitude of these measurement properties. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search with MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases for studies published up until January 2022 since records began. Studies were considered for inclusion when they included team sports athletes and the reliability and/or convergent validity of SMFT HRex was investigated. Reliability statistics included the group mean difference (MD), typical error of measurement (TE) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) derived from test-retest(s) designs. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) describing the relationship between SMFT HRex and a criterion measure of endurance performance was used as the statistic for convergent validity. Qualitative assessment was conducted using risk of bias assessment tool for non-randomised studies. Mixed-effects, multilevel hierarchical models combined with robust variance estimate tests were performed to obtain pooled measurement property estimates, effect heterogeneity, and meta-regression of modifying effects. RESULTS The electronic search yielded 21 reliability (29 samples) and 20 convergent validity (29 samples) studies that met the inclusion criteria. Reliability meta-analysis indicated good absolute (MD = 0.5 [95% CI 0.1 to 0.9] and TE = 1.6 [95% CI 1.4 to 1.9] % points), and high relative (ICC = 0.88 [95% CI 0.84 to 0.91]) reliability. Convergent validity meta-analysis indicated an inverse, large relationship (r = - 0.58 [95% CI - 0.62 to - 0.54]) between SMFT HRex and endurance tests performance. Meta-regression analyses suggested no meaningful influence of SMFT protocol or athlete characteristics on reliability or convergent validity estimates. CONCLUSIONS Submaximal fitness test HRex is a reliable and valid proxy indicator of endurance performance in team sport athletes. Athlete and SMFT protocol characteristics do not appear to have a meaningful effect on these measurement properties. Practitioners may implement SMFT HRex for monitoring athlete's physiological state by using our applied implications to guide the interpretation of data in practice. Future research should examine the utility of SMFT HRex to track within-athlete changes in aerobic capacity, as well as any further possible effects of SMFT protocols design elements or HRex analytical methods on measurement properties. Registration Protocol registration can be found in Open Science Framework and available through https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9C2JV .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzlil Shushan
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ric Lovell
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Buchheit
- HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC, Canada
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), 7370, Paris, France
- Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tannath J Scott
- Netball Australia, Victoria, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Steve Barrett
- Department of Sport Science Innovation, Playermaker, London, UK
| | - Dean Norris
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shaun J McLaren
- Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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MOHR MAGNI, ERMIDIS GEORGIOS, JAMURTAS ATHANASIOSZ, VIGH-LARSEN JF, POULIOS ATHANASIOS, DRAGANIDIS DIMITRIOS, PAPANIKOLAOU KONSTANTINOS, TSIMEAS PANAGIOTIS, BATSILAS DIMITRIOS, LOULES GEORGIOS, BATRAKOULIS ALEXIOS, SOVATZIDIS APOSTOLOS, NIELSEN JAKOBL, TZATZAKIS THEOFANIS, DELI CHARIKLEIAK, NYBO LARS, KRUSTRUP PETER, FATOUROS IOANNISG. Extended Match Time Exacerbates Fatigue and Impacts Physiological Responses in Male Soccer Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:80-92. [PMID: 35977104 PMCID: PMC9770137 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated how extended match time (90 + 30 min) affected physiological responses and fatigue in male soccer players. METHODS Twenty competitive players (mean ± SD: age, 20 ± 1 yr; maximal oxygen uptake, 59 ± 4 mL·min -1 ·kg -1 ) completed an experimental match with their activity pattern and heart rate assessed throughout the game, whereas countermovement jump performance and repeated sprint ability were tested and quadriceps muscle biopsies and venous blood samples were taken at baseline and after 90 and 120 min of match play. RESULTS Less high-intensity running (12%) was performed in extra time in association with fewer intense accelerations and decelerations per minute compared with normal time. Peak sprint speed was 11% lower in extra time compared with normal time, and fatigue also manifested in impaired postmatch repeated sprint ability and countermovement jump performance (all P < 0.05). Muscle glycogen declined from 373 ± 59 mmol·kg -1 dry weight (dw) at baseline to 266 ± 64 mmol·kg -1 dw after 90 min, with a further decline to 186 ± 56 mmol·kg -1 dw after extra time ( P < 0.05) and with single-fiber analyses revealing depleted or very low glycogen levels in ~75% of both slow and fast twitch fibers. Blood glucose did not change during the first 90-min but declined ( P < 0.05) to 81 ± 8 mg·dL -1 after extra time. Plasma glycerol and ammonia peaked at 236 ± 33 mg·dL -1 and 75 ± 21 μmol·L -1 after the extra period. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate exacerbated fatigue after extra time compared with normal time, which seems to be associated with muscle glycogen depletion, reductions in blood glucose levels, and hyperammonemia. Together, this points to metabolic disturbances being a major part of the integrated and multifaceted fatigue response during extended soccer match play.
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Affiliation(s)
- MAGNI MOHR
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK,Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, FAROE ISLANDS
| | - GEORGIOS ERMIDIS
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK
| | - ATHANASIOS Z. JAMURTAS
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, GREECE
| | - Jeppe F. VIGH-LARSEN
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK,Department of Public Health, Section of Sport Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DENMARK
| | - ATHANASIOS POULIOS
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, GREECE
| | - DIMITRIOS DRAGANIDIS
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, GREECE
| | | | - PANAGIOTIS TSIMEAS
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, GREECE
| | - DIMITRIOS BATSILAS
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, GREECE
| | - GEORGIOS LOULES
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, GREECE
| | - ALEXIOS BATRAKOULIS
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, GREECE
| | | | - JAKOB L. NIELSEN
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK
| | - THEOFANIS TZATZAKIS
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, GREECE
| | - CHARIKLEIA K. DELI
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, GREECE
| | - LARS NYBO
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - PETER KRUSTRUP
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK,Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK,Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - IOANNIS G. FATOUROS
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, GREECE
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Schimpchen J, Correia PF, Meyer T. Minimally Invasive Ways to Monitor Changes in Cardiocirculatory Fitness in Running-based Sports: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Med 2022; 44:95-107. [PMID: 36332619 PMCID: PMC9940993 DOI: 10.1055/a-1925-7468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review provides a synthesis of research investigating submaximal protocols to monitor changes in cardiocirculatory fitness in running-based sports. Following PRISMA guidelines, 2,452 records were identified and 14 studies, representing 515 athletes, satisfied the eligibility criteria. While most studies found large associations between changes in heart rate at standardized, submaximal running speeds and changes in aerobic fitness (r=0.51-0.88), three studies failed to establish a relationship (r=0.19-0.35). The intensity of the submaximal protocols seems to be relevant, with changes in running speeds at 90% of maximal heart rate showing larger relationships with changes in aerobic fitness (r=0.52-0.79) compared to 70% of maximal heart rate (r=0.24-0.52). Conversely, changes in post-exercise heart rate variability were very largely associated with changes in aerobic fitness when the testing protocols were less intense (70% of maximal heart rate) (r=0.76-0.88), but not when the test required participants to achieve 90% of their maximal heart rate (r=-0.02-0.06). Studies on post-exercise heart rate recovery revealed inconclusive results (r=-0.01- -0.55), while rate of heart rate increase may be a promising athlete monitoring metric (r=0.08- -0.84) but requires further research. In summary, when executed, analyzed, and interpreted appropriately, submaximal protocols can provide valuable information regarding changes in athlete cardiocirculatory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schimpchen
- Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Human Performance Department, Lisbon,
Portugal,Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University,
Saarbrücken, Germany,Correspondence Jan Schimpchen Sport Lisboa
e BenficaQuinta da
TrindadeSeixal
2840-600Portugal
| | | | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University,
Saarbrücken, Germany
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Gibson N, Easton C, Williams M, McCunn R, Gibson NV. Reliability and Validity of a 6-Minute Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test Level 2 in Subelite Part Time Male Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1011-1018. [PMID: 32826831 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gibson, N, Easton, C, Williams, M, McCunn, R, Gibson, NV. Reliability and validity of a 6-minute Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test Level 2 in subelite part time male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 1011-1018, 2022-The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and relationship to maximal intermittent running performance of the 6-minute Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test Level 2 (YYIET2), among subelite part time soccer players. Twenty male soccer players (15-22 years) completed three 6-minute YYIET2 trials with heart rate (HR), PlayerLoad, and rating of perceived exertion assessed during the protocol and HR and blood lactate assessed during 5 minutes of recovery. Subjects also completed a maximal version of the YYIET2 and the maximal Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRT1) and 2 (YYIRT2). Heart rate at 4 and 6 minutes, PlayerLoad at 4 minutes, and HR recovery at 2, 3, 4, and 5 minutes during recovery from the 6-minute YYIET2 demonstrated little variance between tests. Correlations between variables measured during and after the 6-minute YYIET2 and distance covered in maximal tests ranged from r = 0.02 to -0.72. The 6-minute YYIET2 provides practitioners with a method of reliably assessing HR responses within subelite part time soccer players, although large correlations with maximal assessments suggest it can be used as a proxy measure for maximal intermittent running performance. Given its ease of administration and low time cost, the 6-minute YYIET2 offers practitioners a useful means of tracking training status and movement efficiency in players longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Gibson
- Oriam, Scotland's Sports Performance Center, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
- Heart of Midlothian FC, Riccarton, Edinburgh, Scotland; and
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Michael Williams
- Oriam, Scotland's Sports Performance Center, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Heart of Midlothian FC, Riccarton, Edinburgh, Scotland; and
| | - Robert McCunn
- Oriam, Scotland's Sports Performance Center, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Neil V Gibson
- Oriam, Scotland's Sports Performance Center, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Transformational Design, Blacktown City Council, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
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Brisola GMP, Claus GM, Zagatto AM. Monitoring Training Load, Immune-Endocrine, Autonomic Nervous System Responses, and Swimming Performance in Women's Water Polo. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35344471 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1976377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purposes of the study were to: i) verify the variations in training load and the subsequent effects on swimming performance parameters, biochemical parameters, and autonomic nervous activity during a water polo season; ii) investigate the sensitivity of physiological markers in tracking training load and performance variations, and iii) verify the overreaching prevalence. Method: The training load of 20 female water polo players was monitored (using the session rating of perceived exertion method [sRPE], training monotony, and strain), and the lactate minimum speed (LMS), repeated sprint ability (RSA), plasma hormone and glutamine concentration, salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and heart rate variability (lnRMSSD) were evaluated during the season. Result: The training load parameters were higher in the competitive cycle (p ≤ 0.002). The LMS improved only in the general cycle from baseline (p = .015), while the RSA best time improved in the general (p = .002) and specific cycles (p = .012) from baseline and deteriorated in the competitive from general cycle (p = .008). The SIgA secretion rate presented a reduction only in the specific cycle from baseline (p = .032), while the lnRMSSD increased in the general (p = .038) and competitive (p < .001) cycles from baseline. Five athletes were diagnosed as overreaching state. Conclusion: Therefore, the physiological markers (i.e., plasma hormone and glutamine concentration, SIgA, and lnRMSSD) showed little sensitivity to detect changes in training load and swimming performance. The higher training loads applied in the competitive cycle seem to limit swimming performance gains.
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Scott TJ, McLaren SJ, Lovell R, Scott MTU, Barrett S. The reliability, validity and sensitivity of an individualised sub-maximal fitness test in elite rugby league athletes. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:840-852. [PMID: 35001859 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2021047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to examine the reliability, validity and sensitivity of an individualised sub-maximal fitness test (SMFTIFT60). Nineteen elite rugby league players performed a one-week test-retest of SMFTIFT60. Typical Errors and ICCs were: small (<3.5%) and extremely high (>0.90) for accelerometer-derived variables; moderate (<2.5% points) and moderate to very high (0.71-0.89) for exercise and recovery heart rate (HRex and HRR, respectively). Convergent validity correlations with the 10-week pre-season change in 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test performance were large for changes in SMFTIFT60 HRex (r = -0.57) and HRR (0.60), and very large for changes in accelerometer measures (range: -0.71 to -0.79). For sensitivity, within-player dose-response relationships between SMFTIFT60 HRex and prior 3-day training loads were negative and ranged from moderate (session ratings of perceived exertion [sRPE-TL], r = -0.34), to large (high-speed running distance, -0.51; acceleration load, -0.73) and very large (heart rate Training Impulse [TRIMP], -0.83). All other relationships were unclear or trivial to small. Physiological and accelerometer-derived measures from the SMFTIFT60 are reliable and valid for the assessment of fitness in rugby league players. Only HRex appears sensitive to acute changes in training load. The SMFTIFT60 could be a useful monitoring tool in team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannath J Scott
- Performance Department, New South Wales Rugby League, Sydney, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Shaun J McLaren
- Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Ric Lovell
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Shushan T, McLaren SJ, Buchheit M, Scott TJ, Barrett S, Lovell R. Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State. Sports Med 2022; 52:2605-2626. [PMID: 35817993 PMCID: PMC9584880 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Team-sports staff often administer non-exhaustive exercise assessments with a view to evaluating physiological state, to inform decision making on athlete management (e.g., future training or recovery). Submaximal fitness tests have become prominent in team-sports settings for observing responses to a standardized physical stimulus, likely because of their time-efficient nature, relative ease of administration, and physiological rationale. It is evident, however, that many variations of submaximal fitness test characteristics, response measures, and monitoring purposes exist. The aim of this scoping review is to provide a theoretical framework of submaximal fitness tests and a detailed summary of their use as proxy indicators of training effects in team sports. Using a review of the literature stemming from a systematic search strategy, we identified five distinct submaximal fitness test protocols characterized in their combinations of exercise regimen (continuous or intermittent) and the progression of exercise intensity (fixed, incremental, or variable). Heart rate-derived indices were the most studied outcome measures in submaximal fitness tests and included exercise (exercise heart rate) and recovery (heart rate recovery and vagal-related heart rate variability) responses. Despite the disparity between studies, these measures appear more relevant to detect positive chronic endurance-oriented training effects, whereas their role in detecting negative transient effects associated with variations in autonomic nervous system function is not yet clear. Subjective outcome measures such as ratings of perceived exertion were less common in team sports, but their potential utility when collected alongside objective measures (e.g., exercise heart rate) has been advocated. Mechanical outcome measures either included global positioning system-derived locomotor outputs such as distance covered, primarily during standardized training drills (e.g., small-sided games) to monitor exercise performance, or responses derived from inertial measurement units to make inferences about lower limb neuromuscular function. Whilst there is an emerging interest regarding the utility of these mechanical measures, their measurement properties and underpinning mechanisms are yet to be fully established. Here, we provide a deeper synthesis of the available literature, culminating with evidence-based practical recommendations and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzlil Shushan
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Shaun J. McLaren
- Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ,grid.8250.f0000 0000 8700 0572Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Martin Buchheit
- HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC Canada ,grid.418501.90000 0001 2163 2398French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France ,Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland ,grid.1019.90000 0001 0396 9544Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Tannath J. Scott
- Netball Australia, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Steve Barrett
- Department of Sport Science Innovation, Playermaker, London, UK
| | - Ric Lovell
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW Australia
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12
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Analysis of the running performance of elite soccer players depending on position in the 1-4-3-3 formation. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Sanchez-Sanchez J, Raya-González J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Chaabene H, Petisco C, Nakamura FY. The Increased Effectiveness of Resistance Training on Unstable vs. Stable Surfaces on Selected Measures of Physical Performance in Young Male Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:888-894. [PMID: 32412970 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Raya-González, J, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Chaabene, H, Petisco, C, and Nakamura, FY. The increased effectiveness of resistance training on unstable vs. stable surfaces on selected measures of physical performance in young male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-To examine the effects of 10-week (2/wk) resistance training on stable vs. unstable surfaces on selected measures of physical performance in young male soccer players, national-level U19 players participated in this study. They were randomly allocated to an unstable resistance training group (uRT, n = 27) or a stable resistance training group (sRT, n = 28). Before and after the training, horizontal jumping with dominant (Hop D) and nondominant leg (Hop non-D), repeated sprint ability (RSA best time [RSAbest] and RSA mean time [RSAmean]), change-of-direction (COD) speed (Illinois COD test), and aerobic endurance (YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 [YoYo IR1]) were assessed. To establish the effects of the interventions on the dependent variables, a 2 (group: uRT and sRT) × 2 (time: pre, post) analysis of variance with repeated measures on time was computed. A significant main effect of time was observed for Hop non-D, RSAbest, and RSAmean (p = 0.003-0.06, effect size [ES] = 0.06-0.15). Furthermore, significant group × time interactions were shown for RSAbest (p = 0.007, ES = 0.13) and RSAmean (p = 0.002, ES = 0.2). Post hoc analysis revealed significant pre- to post-training improvements for RSAbest (p = 0.002, ES = 0.35) and RSAmean (p = 0.0002, ES = 0.36) in the uRT. In the sRT, however, no significant pre-post performance changes were observed in RSAbest and RSAmean. In conclusion, 10 weeks of an in-season resistance training on unstable conditions in addition to regular soccer training was effective in improving repeated-sprint ability performance in youth male elite soccer players including maximal linear sprinting and the ability to perform repeated sprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cristina Petisco
- Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fabio Y Nakamura
- Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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14
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Vigh-Larsen JF, Beck JH, Daasbjerg A, Knudsen CB, Kvorning T, Overgaard K, Andersen TB, Mohr M. Fitness Characteristics of Elite and Subelite Male Ice Hockey Players: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2352-2360. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Sagelv EH, Selnæs I, Pedersen S, Pettersen SA, Randers MB, Welde B. Effects of Linear Versus Changes of Direction Repeated Sprints on Intermittent High Intensity Running Performance in High-level Junior Football Players over an Entire Season: A Randomized Trial. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7080189. [PMID: 31390721 PMCID: PMC6722632 DOI: 10.3390/sports7080189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Changes of direction (COD) repeated sprints (RSs) might have greater relevance to football than linear RSs. We aimed to compare the effects of linear and COD RSs on intermittent high intensity running (HIR) over an entire season. Methods: In total, 19 high-level male football players (16–19 years) randomly performed linear RSs or COD RSs twice a week during their competitive season over 22 weeks. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2), and 10- and 20-m sprint was assessed pre-, mid- (11 weeks), and post-intervention (22 weeks). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results: There was no interaction effect (time x group) in Yo-Yo IR2 (p = 0.36, pη2 = 0.06) or sprint tests (10 m: p = 0.55, pη2 = 0.04, 20 m: p = 0.28 pη2 = 0.08), and no change differences between groups. There was a main effect of time for Yo-Yo IR2 (p = 0.002, pη2 = 0.31) but not in sprints or VO2max. Conclusion: Linear and COD RS exercise twice a week over 22 weeks equally improves intermittent HIR performance but does not improve sprint time or aerobic power in high-level junior football players. However, due to our two-armed intervention, we cannot exclude possible effects from other exercise components in the players’ exercise program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvard H Sagelv
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Ivar Selnæs
- Faculty of Education and Arts, Nord University, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Sigurd Pedersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Morten B Randers
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Sport Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Boye Welde
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Factors Affecting the Anthropometric and Physical Characteristics of Elite Academy Rugby League Players: A Multiclub Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:958-965. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the factors affecting the anthropometric and physical characteristics of elite academy rugby league players. Methods: One hundred ninety-seven elite academy rugby league players (age = 17.3 [1.0] y) from 5 Super League clubs completed measures of anthropometric and physical characteristics during a competitive season. The interaction between and influence of contextual factors on characteristics was assessed using linear mixed modeling. Results: All physical characteristics improved during preseason and continued to improve until midseason, whereafter 10-m sprint (η2 = .20 cf .25), countermovement jump (CMJ) (η2 = .28 cf .30), and prone Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery (Yo-Yo IR) test (η2 = .22 cf .54) performance declined. Second (η2 = .17) and third (η2 = .16) -year players were heavier than first-years, whereas third-years had slower 10-m sprint times (η2 = .22). Large positional variability was observed for body mass, 20-m sprint time, medicine-ball throw, CMJ, and prone Yo-Yo IR1. Compared with bottom-ranked teams, top-ranked teams demonstrated superior 20-m (η2 = −.22) and prone Yo-Yo IR1 (η2 = .26) performance, whereas middle-ranked teams reported higher CMJ height (η2 = .26) and prone Yo-Yo IR1 distance (η2 = .20) but slower 20-m sprint times (η2 = .20). Conclusion: These findings offer practitioners who design training programs for academy rugby league players insight into the relationships between anthropometric and physical characteristics and how they are influenced by playing year, league ranking, position, and season phase.
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Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate physical performance of substitute players versus those replaced or completing the entire match, determine physical performance of substitute players across different playing positions and examine variations in match-related running performance in substitute players throughout the entire competitive season. The sample was composed of 943 observations of professional players who participated in the first division of the Spanish League (La Liga) during the 2014-2015 season. The players were divided into three different groups: players who completed the entire match (n = 519), players who were replaced (n = 212) and substitute players (n = 212). Substitute players covered greater distances at medium and high intensity compared to the players who played the entire match and those who were replaced. Position-specific trends indicated that attackers and central midfielder increased the distance covered at high-intensity running compared to their peers who played the whole match. During the competitive season, it was observed that substitute players attained greater match running performance during the mid-season period, allowing them to cover more distance for different variables of running performance compared to the start and end of the season.
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18
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Monitoring Players' Readiness Using Predicted Heart-Rate Responses to Soccer Drills. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1273-1280. [PMID: 29688115 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the ability of multivariate models to predict the heart-rate (HR) responses to some specific training drills from various global positioning system (GPS) variables and to examine the usefulness of the difference in predicted vs actual HR responses as an index of fitness or readiness to perform. METHOD All data were collected during 1 season (2016-17) with players' soccer activity recorded using 5-Hz GPS and internal load monitored using HR. GPS and HR data were analyzed during typical small-sided games and a 4-min standardized submaximal run (12 km·h-1). A multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to identify which combinations of GPS variables showed the largest correlations with HR responses at the individual level (HRACT, 149 [46] GPS/HR pairs per player) and was further used to predict HR during individual drills (HRPRED). Then, HR predicted was compared with actual HR to compute an index of fitness or readiness to perform (HRΔ, %). The validity of HRΔ was examined while comparing changes in HRΔ with the changes in HR responses to a submaximal run (HRRUN, fitness criterion) and as a function of the different phases of the season (with fitness being expected to increase after the preseason). RESULTS HRPRED was very largely correlated with HRACT (r = .78 [.04]). Within-player changes in HRΔ were largely correlated with within-player changes in HRRUN (r = .66, .50-.82). HRΔ very likely decreased from July (3.1% [2.0%]) to August (0.8% [2.2%]) and most likely decreased further in September (-1.5% [2.1%]). CONCLUSIONS HRΔ is a valid variable to monitor elite soccer players' fitness and allows fitness monitoring on a daily basis during normal practice, decreasing the need for formal testing.
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Hamlin MJ, Lizamore CA, Hopkins WG. The Effect of Natural or Simulated Altitude Training on High-Intensity Intermittent Running Performance in Team-Sport Athletes: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:431-446. [PMID: 29129021 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While adaptation to hypoxia at natural or simulated altitude has long been used with endurance athletes, it has only recently gained popularity for team-sport athletes. OBJECTIVE To analyse the effect of hypoxic interventions on high-intensity intermittent running performance in team-sport athletes. METHODS A systematic literature search of five journal databases was performed. Percent change in performance (distance covered) in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1 and level 2 were used without differentiation) in hypoxic (natural or simulated altitude) and control (sea level or normoxic placebo) groups was meta-analyzed with a mixed model. The modifying effects of study characteristics (type and dose of hypoxic exposure, training duration, post-altitude duration) were estimated with fixed effects, random effects allowed for repeated measurement within studies and residual real differences between studies, and the standard-error weighting factors were derived or imputed via standard deviations of change scores. Effects and their uncertainty were assessed with magnitude-based inference, with a smallest important improvement of 4% estimated via between-athlete standard deviations of performance at baseline. RESULTS Ten studies qualified for inclusion, but two were excluded owing to small sample size and risk of publication bias. Hypoxic interventions occurred over a period of 7-28 days, and the range of total hypoxic exposure (in effective altitude-hours) was 4.5-33 km h in the intermittent-hypoxia studies and 180-710 km h in the live-high studies. There were 11 control and 15 experimental study-estimates in the final meta-analysis. Training effects were moderate and very likely beneficial in the control groups at 1 week (20 ± 14%, percent estimate, ± 90% confidence limits) and 4-week post-intervention (25 ± 23%). The intermittent and live-high hypoxic groups experienced additional likely beneficial gains at 1 week (13 ± 16%; 13 ± 15%) and 4-week post-intervention (19 ± 20%; 18 ± 19%). The difference in performance between intermittent and live-high interventions was unclear, as were the dose of hypoxia and inclusion of training in hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic intervention appears to be a worthwhile training strategy for improvement in high-intensity running performance in team-sport athletes, with enhanced performance over control groups persisting for at least 4 weeks post-intervention. Pending further research on the type of hypoxia, dose of hypoxia and training in hypoxia, coaches have considerable scope for customising hypoxic training methods to best suit their team's training schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Catherine A Lizamore
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Will G Hopkins
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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20
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Los Arcos A, Martins J. Physical Fitness Performance of Young Professional Soccer Players Does Not Change During Several Training Seasons in a Spanish Elite Reserve Team: Club Study, 1996-2013. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2577-2583. [PMID: 29324577 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Los Arcos, A and Martins, J. Physical fitness performance of young professional soccer players does not change during several training seasons in a Spanish elite reserve team: club study, 1996-2013. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2577-2583, 2018-The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in physical fitness performance in young professional soccer players during several training seasons in a Spanish elite reserve team. Physical test values (i.e., vertical jump test, straight line sprint test, and discontinuous and progressive submaximal running test) of 97 young professional soccer players who belonged for at least 2 consecutive seasons to the reserve team of a Spanish professional team from 1996 to 2013 were analyzed. A distinction was made between the soccer players who were promoted to the Spanish first/second divisions (n = 38) and those who were not (n = 59) (until the end of the 2016/2017 season). Players were also classified according to their playing positions. Independently of the competitive level reached and the playing position, the variability of the fitness performance was limited (coefficient of variation <6%) and the players did not improve their fitness values (effect size ≤ small) from the first to the last season in which they were enrolled in the team (after 2-4 seasons). During the last stage of training in an elite soccer academy, young professional soccer players achieve a very similar physical fitness performance when their soccer competence is evaluated, and other soccer performance factors are those which make them stand out for selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Los Arcos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Schmitz B, Pfeifer C, Kreitz K, Borowski M, Faldum A, Brand SM. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results. Front Physiol 2018; 9:870. [PMID: 30026706 PMCID: PMC6041409 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although Yo-Yo intermittent tests are frequently used in a variety of sports and research studies to determine physical fitness, no structured reference exists for comparison and rating of test results. This systematic review of the most common Yo-Yo tests aimed to provide reference values for test results by statistical aggregation of published data. Methods: A systematic literature search for articles published until August 2017 was performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. Original reports on healthy females and males ≥16 years were eligible for the analysis. Sub-maximal test versions and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Children's test (YYIR1C) were not included. Results: 248 studies with 9,440 participants were included in the structured analysis. The Yo-Yo test types most frequently used were the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1, 57.7%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (YYIR2, 28.0%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (YYIE2, 11.4%), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (YYIE1, 2.9%) test. For each separate test, reference values (global means and percentiles) for sports at different levels and both genders were calculated. Conclusions: Our analysis provides evidence that Yo-Yo intermittent tests reference values differ with respect to the type and level of sport performed.The presented results may be used by practitioners, trainers and athletes to rate Yo-Yo intermittent test performance levels and monitor training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carina Pfeifer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kiana Kreitz
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Borowski
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faldum
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Rabbani A, Kargarfard M, Twist C. Reliability and Validity of a Submaximal Warm-up Test for Monitoring Training Status in Professional Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:326-333. [PMID: 29210958 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rabbani, A, Kargarfard, M, and Twist, C. Reliability and validity of a submaximal warm-up test for monitoring training status in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 326-333, 2018-Two studies were conducted to assess the reliability and validity of a submaximal warm-up test (SWT) in professional soccer players. For the reliability study, 12 male players performed an SWT over 3 trials, with 1 week between trials. For the validity study, 14 players of the same team performed an SWT and a 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT) 7 days apart. Week-to-week reliability in selected heart rate (HR) responses (exercise heart rate [HRex], heart rate recovery [HRR] expressed as the number of beats recovered within 1 minute [HRR60s], and HRR expressed as the mean HR during 1 minute [HRpost1]) was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and typical error of measurement expressed as coefficient of variation (CV). The relationships between HR measures derived from the SWT and the maximal speed reached at the 30-15IFT (VIFT) were used to assess validity. The range for ICC and CV values was 0.83-0.95 and 1.4-7.0% in all HR measures, respectively, with the HRex as the most reliable HR measure of the SWT. Inverse large (r = -0.50 and 90% confidence limits [CLs] [-0.78 to -0.06]) and very large (r = -0.76 and CL, -0.90 to -0.45) relationships were observed between HRex and HRpost1 with VIFT in relative (expressed as the % of maximal HR) measures, respectively. The SWT is a reliable and valid submaximal test to monitor high-intensity intermittent running fitness in professional soccer players. In addition, the test's short duration (5 minutes) and simplicity mean that it can be used regularly to assess training status in high-level soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rabbani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Craig Twist
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
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Doncaster G, Scott M, Iga J, Unnithan V. Reliability of heart rate responses both during and following a 6 min Yo-Yo IR1 test in highly trained youth soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1476775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg Doncaster
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Mark Scott
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Iga
- Performance Services, Huddersfield Town FC, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Viswanath Unnithan
- School of Sport and Sciences, University of West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
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Los Arcos A, Castillo D, Martínez-Santos R. Influence of initial performance level and tactical position on the aerobic fitness in soccer players after preseason period. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1451652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asier Los Arcos
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Raúl Martínez-Santos
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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25
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Nyberg M, Fiorenza M, Lund A, Christensen M, Rømer T, Piil P, Hostrup M, Christensen PM, Holbek S, Ravnholt T, Gunnarsson TP, Bangsbo J. Adaptations to Speed Endurance Training in Highly Trained Soccer Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1355-64. [PMID: 26885636 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study examined whether a period of additional speed endurance training would improve intense intermittent exercise performance in highly trained soccer players during the season and whether the training changed aerobic metabolism and the level of oxidative enzymes in type I and type II muscle fibers. METHODS During the last 9 wk of the season, 13 semiprofessional soccer players performed additional speed endurance training sessions consisting of two to three sets of 8-10 repetitions of 30-m sprints with 10 s of passive recovery (SET). Before and after SET, subjects completed a double-step exercise protocol that included transitions from standing to moderate-intensity running (~75% HRmax), followed by transitions from moderate- to high-intensity running (~90% HRmax) in which pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙O2) was determined. In addition, the yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 1 was performed, and a muscle biopsy was obtained at rest. RESULTS The yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 1 performance was 11.6% ± 6.4% (mean ± SD) better (2803 ± 330 vs 3127 ± 383 m, P < 0.05) after SET compared with before SET. In the transition from standing to moderate-intensity running, phase II pulmonary V˙O2 kinetics was 11.4% ± 16.5% faster (P < 0.05), and the running economy at this intensity was 2.3% ± 3.0% better (P < 0.05). These improvements were apparent despite the content of muscle proteins regulating oxidative metabolism (3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, COX IV, and OXPHOS), and capillarization was reduced (P < 0.05). The content of 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase in type I and type II fibers did not change. CONCLUSION In highly trained soccer players, additional speed endurance training is associated with an improved ability to perform repeated high-intensity work. To what extent the training-induced changes in V˙O2 kinetics and mechanical efficiency in type I fibers caused the improvement in performance warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nyberg
- 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DENMARK; 2Team Denmark (Danish Elite Sport Organization), Copenhagen, DENMARK; and 3DTect, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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26
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Fox R, Patterson SD, Waldron M. The relationship between heart rate recovery and temporary fatigue of kinematic and energetic indices among soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1329590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fox
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Marys University, Twickenham, UK
- Academy Sports Science and Medical Department, Stoke City Football Club, UK
| | | | - Mark Waldron
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Marys University, Twickenham, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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27
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Penedo-Jamardo E, Rey E, Padrón-Cabo A, Kalén A. The impact of different recovery times between matches on physical and technical performance according to playing positions. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1331576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Penedo-Jamardo
- Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Alexis Padrón-Cabo
- Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Anton Kalén
- Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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28
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Nakamura FY, Pereira LA, Cal Abad CC, Cruz IF, Flatt AA, Esco MR, Loturco I. Adequacy of the Ultra-Short-Term HRV to Assess Adaptive Processes in Youth Female Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet 2017; 56:73-80. [PMID: 28469745 PMCID: PMC5384054 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability has been widely used to monitor athletes’ cardiac autonomic control changes induced by training and competition, and recently shorter recording times have been sought to improve its practicality. The aim of this study was to test the agreement between the (ultra-short-term) natural log of the root-mean-square difference of successive normal RR intervals (lnRMSSD - measured in only 1 min post-1 min stabilization) and the criterion lnRMSSD (measured in the last 5 min out of 10 min of recording) in young female basketball players. Furthermore, the correlation between training induced delta change in the ultra-short-term lnRMSSD and the criterion lnRMSSD was calculated. Seventeen players were assessed at rest pre- and post-eight weeks of training. Trivial effect sizes (-0.03 in the pre- and 0.10 in the post- treatment) were found in the comparison between the ultra-short-term lnRMSSD (3.29 ± 0.45 and 3.49 ± 0.35 ms, in the pre- and post-, respectively) and the criterion lnRMSSD (3.30 ± 0.40 and 3.45 ± 0.41 ms, in the pre- and post-, respectively) (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95 and 0.93). In both cases, the response to training was significant, with Pearson’s correlation of 0.82 between the delta changes of the ultra-short-term lnRMSSD and the criterion lnRMSSD. In conclusion, the lnRMSSD can be calculated within only 2 min of data acquisition (the 1st min discarded) in young female basketball players, with the ultra-short-term measure presenting similar sensitivity to training effects as the standard criterion measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Y Nakamura
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport - NAR, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport - NAR, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar C Cal Abad
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport - NAR, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor F Cruz
- Associação Desportiva Classista Bradesco/Osasco, Osasco, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrew A Flatt
- University of Alabama, Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Michael R Esco
- University of Alabama, Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport - NAR, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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29
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Coratella G, Beato M, Schena F. The specificity of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test for recreational soccer players is independent of their intermittent running ability. Res Sports Med 2016; 24:363-374. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2016.1222279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Beato
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Faculty of Health and Science, Department of Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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30
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Mohr M, Krustrup P. Comparison between two types of anaerobic speed endurance training in competitive soccer players. J Hum Kinet 2016; 51:183-192. [PMID: 28149381 PMCID: PMC5260561 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of additional in-season speed endurance production versus speed endurance maintenance training regimes on performance in competitive male soccer players. In a randomised controlled trial 18 male sub-elite players were exposed to additional speed endurance production (SEP) or speed endurance maintenance (SEM) training (two additional sessions/wk for 4 weeks) during the competitive season. Players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 test (YYIR2) and a repeated sprint test (RST) pre- and post-intervention. Yo-Yo IR2 performance increased (p<0.001) by 50 ± 8% and 26 ± 5% in SEP and SEM, respectively, with greater (p=0.03) improvement in SEP. RST performance improved by 2.1 ± 0.3% and 1.3 ± 0.4% in SEP and SEM, respectively, while the RST fatigue index decreased (4.4 ± 0.8 to 3.4 ± 0.5%; p<0.04) in SEP only. Peak and average speed during training were higher (p<0.001) in SEP than in SEM (24.5 ± 0.3 vs 19.2 ± 0.3 and 15.5 ± 0.1 km·h-1 vs 9.4 ± 0.1 km·h-1). Additional in-season anaerobic speed endurance production and maintenance training improves high-intensity exercise performance in competitive soccer players with superior effects of speed endurance production training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magni Mohr
- Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands; Centre for Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Human Physiology, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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31
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Krustrup P, Bradley PS, Christensen JF, Castagna C, Jackman S, Connolly L, Randers MB, Mohr M, Bangsbo J. The Yo-Yo IE2 test: physiological response for untrained men versus trained soccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:100-8. [PMID: 24824774 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the physical capacity and physiological response to the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance level 2 test (IE2) for untrained individuals (UTR) and trained male soccer players (TR) and to investigate the determinants of intense intermittent exercise performance. METHODS Thirty-four healthy UTR males and 15 age-matched TR performed a maximal incremental treadmill test and a Yo-Yo IE2 test. Muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained, and heart rate (HR) was measured before, during, and after tests. RESULTS UTR had a 67% lower (P < 0.01) Yo-Yo IE2 performance (665 ± 271 vs 2027 ± 298 m; effect size (ES), 4.8), 34% lower V˙O2max (P < 0.01), and 19% lower resting muscle glycogen (P < 0.05) than those of TR. Blood lactate concentration and HR during the first 560 m of the Yo-Yo IE2 test were higher (P < 0.01) in UTR than those in TR (560 m, 7.4 ± 2.8 vs 2.4 ± 0.8 mM; ES, 1.7-2.8; 188 ± 11 vs 173 ± 8 bpm; ES, 0.9-1.5), with no differences at exhaustion. Time >95% HRmax was lower (P < 0.01) in UTR than that in TR (1.0 ± 1.1 vs 6.3 ± 2.9 min; ES, 3.1). Mean rates of muscle creatine phosphate utilization (16.5 ± 9.5 vs 4.3 ± 2.7 mmol·kg d.w·min), muscle lactate accumulation (16.8 ± 9.1 vs 4.2 ± 2.9 mmol·kg d.w.·min), and glycogen breakdown (29.6 ± 14.2 vs 7.7 ± 5.4 mmol·kg d.w.·min) were fourfold higher (P < 0.01; ES, 1.4-1.7) in UTR than those in TR. For UTR, correlations (P < 0.01) were observed between Yo-Yo IE2 performance and V˙O2max (r = 0.77), incremental treadmill test performance (r = 0.79), and muscle citrate synthase activity (r = 0.57) but not for TR (r = -0.12 to 0.50; P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The Yo-Yo IE2 test was shown to possess high construct validity by showing large differences in performance, HR, and anaerobic metabolism between UTR and TR. In addition, V˙O2max seemed to be important for intermittent exercise performance in UTR but not for TR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Krustrup
- 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK; 2Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM; 3Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UNITED KINGDOM; 4Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM; 5University Hospitals Centre for Health Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, DENMARK; 6Italian Football Referees Association, Rome, ITALY; 7Football Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Italian Football Federation, Technical Department, Coverciano, Florence, ITALY; 8Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, FAROE ISLANDS; and 9Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SWEDEN
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Fanchini M, Castagna C, Coutts AJ, Schena F, McCall A, Impellizzeri FM. Are the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test levels 1 and 2 both useful? Reliability, responsiveness and interchangeability in young soccer players. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1950-1957. [PMID: 25333679 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.969295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the reliability, internal responsiveness and interchangeability of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YY1), level 2 (YY2) and submaximal YY1 (YY1-sub). Twenty-four young soccer players (age 17 ± 1 years; height 177 ± 7 cm; body mass 68 ± 6 kg) completed each test five times within pre- and in-season; distances covered and heart rates (HRs) were measured. Reliability was expressed as typical error of measurement (TEM) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Internal responsiveness was determined as effect size (ES) and signal-to-noise ratio (ESTEM). Interchangeability was determined with correlation between training-induced changes. The TEM and ICC for distances in the YY1 and YY2 and for HR in YY1-sub were 7.3% and 0.78, 7.1% and 0.93 and 2.2% and 0.78, respectively. The ESs and ESTEMs were 0.9 and 1.9 for YY1, 0.4 and 1.2 for YY2 and -0.3 and -0.3 for YY1-sub. Correlations between YY1 vs. YY2 and YY1-sub were 0.56 to 0.84 and -0.36 to -0.81, respectively. Correlations between change scores in YY1 vs. YY2 were 0.29 and -0.21 vs. YY1-sub. Peak HR was higher in YY1 vs. YY2. The YY1 and YY2 showed similar reliability; however, they were not interchangeable. The YY1 was more responsive to training compared to YY2 and YY1-sub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Fanchini
- a Faculty of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
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33
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The effect of low-volume sprint interval training on the development and subsequent maintenance of aerobic fitness in soccer players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 10:332-8. [PMID: 25203817 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of low-volume sprint interval training (SIT) on the development (part 1) and subsequent maintenance (part 2) of aerobic fitness in soccer players. METHODS In part 1, 23 players from the same semiprofessional team participated in a 2-wk SIT intervention (SIT, n = 14, age 25 ± 4 y, weight 77 ± 8 kg; control, n = 9, age 27 ± 6 y, weight 72 ± 10 kg). The SIT group performed 6 training sessions of 4-6 maximal 30-s sprints, in replacement of regular aerobic training. The control group continued with their regular training. After this 2-wk intervention, the SIT group was allocated to either intervention (n = 7, 1 SIT session/wk as replacement of regular aerobic training) or control (n = 7, regular aerobic training with no SIT sessions) for a 5-wk period (part 2). Pre and post measures were the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRL1) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). RESULTS In part 1, the 2-week SIT intervention had a small beneficial effect on YYIRL1 (17%; 90% confidence limits ±11%), and VO2max (3.1%; ±5.0%) compared with control. In part 2, 1 SIT session/wk for 5 wk had a small beneficial effect on VO2max (4.2%; ±3.0%), with an unclear effect on YYIRL1 (8%; ±16%). CONCLUSION Two weeks of SIT elicits small improvements in soccer players' high-intensity intermittent-running performance and VO2max, therefore representing a worthwhile replacement of regular aerobic training. The effectiveness of SIT for maintaining SIT-induced improvements in high-intensity intermittent running requires further research.
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