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Michailidis Y. Correlations of Aerobic Capacity with External and Internal Load of Young Football Players during Small-Sided Games. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2258. [PMID: 38610469 PMCID: PMC11014189 DOI: 10.3390/s24072258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Aerobic capacity plays a crucial role in football performance, making it a focal point in training processes. Small-sided games (SSGs) are widely used in football training, but the relationship between aerobic capacity and running performance during SSGs remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate possible correlations between maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and running performance in youth football players in SSGs (4:4, 3:3, 2:2, 1:1) with three different pitch sizes per player (150, 100, 75 m2/player). Sixteen male U15 football players participated in the study. Players underwent the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1, and their VO2max was estimated based on their performance. Subsequently, players participated in SSGs wearing GPS devices to measure internal and external load. Pearson or Spearman correlation was applied for statistical analysis depending on the normal distribution of the data. The results reveal that, for 4:4 and 3:3 relationships, larger pitches led to a greater impact of aerobic capacity (total distance (TD): 4:4, 150 m2/pl, r = 0.715, p = 0.002; 100 m2/pl, r = 0.656, p = 0.006; 75 m2/pl, r = 0.586, p = 0.017). In the 2:2 relationship, the opposite was observed, with more correlations appearing on smaller pitches (TD: 2:2, 100 m2/pl, r = 0.581, p = 0.018; 75 m2/pl, r = 0.747, p < 0.001). In the 1:1 relationship, correlations with VO2max, total distance, and speed were observed only on the larger pitch. In conclusion, the aerobic capacity of young football players can influence running performance indicators in SSGs. Therefore, aerobic capacity could serve as a criterion for team composition, making SSGs more competitive. Additionally, the variation in correlations in the 2:2 relationship and their limited presence in the 1:1 relationship may be attributed to technical-tactical factors, such as increased ball contacts and one-on-one situations typically occurring in smaller setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis Michailidis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, New Buildings of Laboratories, University Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Clemente FM. Greater Psychophysiological Intensities in Conditioned Games May Impair Technical Performance: An Exploratory Study in Youth Male Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38561005 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was 2-fold: (1) to examine the relationships between psychophysiological responses and locomotor demands with variations in technical performance during 2v2 and 4v4 conditioned games and (2) to compare psychophysiological and locomotor responses among players exhibiting higher and lower technical performance levels during the conditioned games. METHODS Twenty-four male youth soccer players (16.3 ± 0.8 y old) participating at the trained/developmental level underwent monitoring for psychophysiological responses (including heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and visual analog scale), locomotor demands (such as distance covered), and technical performance variables (including successful and unsuccessful passes and shots, as well as lost balls) across 2v2 and 4v4 formats. These formats were applied 4 times within a single session and were replicated twice over 2 weeks. RESULTS Large correlations between the number of lost balls per minute and mean heart rate were found in both the 2v2 and 4v4 games (r = .586 and r = .665, respectively). Successful shots were inversely and largely correlated with mean heart rate (r = -.518) in 4v4 games. The number of interceptions per minute was inversely and significantly correlated with the visual analog scale in 2v2 and 4v4 games (r = -.455 and r = -.710, respectively). The frequency of lost balls was significantly higher among players who attained a higher mean heart rate (2v2: +42.9%, P = .031, d = -0.965; 4v4: +57.1%, P < .001, d = -2.072). CONCLUSIONS Coaches should be aware that highly psychophysiologically demanding scenarios may significantly impair technical performance. Therefore, prioritizing technical performance by deliberately adjusting the intensity should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
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O'Brien-Smith J, Smith MR, Vansteenkiste P, Fransen J, Zeuwts L, Bennett KJM, Lenoir M. Understanding the role of gaze behaviour and coaching experience in the assessment of youth soccer teams. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38512014 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2024.2325135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the perceptual-cognitive characteristics of coaches as they assessed team performance in youth soccer. The primary focus was to investigate the alignment between coaches' subjective analyses of team behaviour and objective analyses, while also examining the relationship between coaches' gaze behaviour and their levels of coaching experience, particularly considering the potential differences that may exist among coaches with varying levels of experience. Sixty-five male and female adults with various soccer coaching experience (experienced, novice, other team sport experience, and non-team sport experience) watched five 4-minute videos and assessed team behaviour. These subjective evaluations were compared to objective data obtained from video analysis and GPS, which included measures of completed skills, spatiotemporal characteristics, and passing networks. The participants' fixation duration and frequency were measured for each video clip, and the area around the ball specifically. The study found no significant differences between groups regarding the number of times participants' subjective analysis aligned with the objective data (p = 0.059, ɳ2 = 0.07). However, coaches with soccer coaching experience demonstrated a higher fixation frequency and more revisits to the ball area when compared to participants without soccer experience (p = <.001, ɳ2 = 0.09). The current study offers a unique approach to uncovering soccer coaching expertise by combining objective and subjective evaluations of team performance. In summary, the study reveals that coaching experience did not impact how often coaches subjective analyses matched objective data. However, soccer coaches had distinctive gaze behaviour patterns where they revisited the area around the ball more often.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade O'Brien-Smith
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mitchell R Smith
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Pieter Vansteenkiste
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Job Fransen
- School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, Australia
| | - Linus Zeuwts
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kyle J M Bennett
- Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Research Theme, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Castro HDO, Clemente FM, Praça GM, Laporta L, Costa GDCT. Editorial: Analysis of performance in small-sided games in team sports. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1391392. [PMID: 38532853 PMCID: PMC10963607 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1391392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology—SPRINT, Melgaço, Portugal
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Gibson Moreira Praça
- Sports Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais—UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo Laporta
- Núcleo de Estudos em Performance Analysis Eportiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria—UFSM, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Xu Q, Silva RM, Qi K, Ma D, Li T, Clemente FM. Physiological and locomotor variations of 3v3 and 5v5 small-sided games soccer formats: A 4-month study on sedentary young adults. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504231224606. [PMID: 38196181 PMCID: PMC10777774 DOI: 10.1177/00368504231224606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were twofold: (a) to analyze the variability of 3v3 and 5v5 small-sided games (SSG) formats in sedentary young adults, and (b) to compare the physiological and locomotor demands of 3v3 and 5v5 SSG formats while considering variations based on sex. The study followed a longitudinal design over 4 months. Thirty sedentary young adults with a mean age of 20.2 ± 1.0 years, height of 1.67 ± 0.06 m, and body mass of 86.3 ± 11.8 kg were included in the study. The participants engaged in 3v3 and 5v5 SSG formats, with each format being played 10 times per month. During each session, heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and total distance were measured and analyzed. The within-player variability for HR ranged from a minimum of 1.6% to a maximum of 2.8% (considering the levels at each month), while the between-players variability for HR ranged from a minimum of 1.4% to a maximum of 2.6% (considering the levels at each month). Similar variability patterns were observed for the other outcomes. In terms of comparisons between the formats, the 3v3 format resulted in higher RPE than the 5v5 format for both male (p = 0.006) and female (p = 0.628) participants, as well as for the other outcome measures. In summary, these findings highlight the reproducibility of physiological responses in 3v3 and 5v5 SSG among sedentary individuals. Notably, the 3v3 format consistently induced higher RPE levels. These findings underscore the importance of programming SSG based on sex and format preferences for optimizing exercise outcomes in sedentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rui Miguel Silva
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares,
Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Kai Qi
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dong Ma
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - TingYu Li
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares,
Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal
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Rampichini S, Limonta E, Zago M, Bisconti AV, Bertozzi F, Cè E, Borrelli M, Sforza C, Esposito F. Speed Effects on the Accuracy of Heart Rate as Oxygen-Uptake Indicator in Short-Distance Shuttle Running. Res Q Exerc Sport 2023:1-8. [PMID: 38100578 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2275800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Despite the accuracy of heart rate (HR) as an indicator of the aerobic engagement has been evaluated in several intermittent on-court activities, its validity as an oxygen uptake (V ˙ O 2 ) indicator during shuttle running over short paths remains uncertain. Moreover, it is unclear whether speed may affect such validity. This study evaluated the HR ability in estimating the V ˙ O 2 during 5-m shuttle running at different speeds. Methods: V ˙ O 2 and HR of 12 physically active young men were recorded during an incremental forward running (FW) protocol and a 5-m shuttle test at 50%, 60%, and 75% of maximal aerobic speed (MAS). Slope and intercept of the relationship between HR and V ˙ O 2 (HR/V ˙ O 2 ) were individually determined, in both protocols. The HR measured during the shuttle test was used in the FW HR/V ˙ O 2 to estimate V ˙ O 2 at each shuttle speed. A paired Student's t-test compared slopes and intercepts of the two HR/V ˙ O 2 . A two-way RM-ANOVA and an equality test examined, respectively, the differences and the equality between measured and estimated V ˙ O 2 . Lastly, a Bland-Altman plot described the accuracy and precision of the estimated V ˙ O 2 at each shuttle intensity. Results: Slopes and intercepts of the HR/V ˙ O 2 appeared not different between FW and shuttle running. At 50%MAS, HR underestimated the V ˙ O 2 (~7%), whereas returned accurate values at the two higher velocities, although with high variability (±18%). Conclusions: When using HR as V ˙ O 2 indicator during shuttle running over short paths, a separated analysis of the HR validity as V ˙ O 2 indicator is recommended especially when administering different exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- IRCSS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant'Ambrogio
| | | | | | | | - Emiliano Cè
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- IRCSS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant'Ambrogio
| | | | | | - Fabio Esposito
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- IRCSS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant'Ambrogio
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de Almeida RF, de Oliveira M, Furigo IC, Aquino R, Clarke ND, Tallis J, Guimaraes-Ferreira L. Effects of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Cognitive Performance before and after Repeated Small-Sided Games in Professional Soccer Players: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:3094. [PMID: 37513512 PMCID: PMC10385153 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Soccer is a team sport that requires players to process a significant amount of information quickly and respond with both speed and accuracy to the ever-changing demands of the game. As such, success in soccer depends not only on physical attributes but also on cognitive abilities such as perception and decision-making. The aim of the current study was to investigate the acute effects of caffeine ingestion on Stroop test performance before and after repeated small-sided games (SSG) in professional soccer players. Twelve professional male soccer players (29 ± 4.1 years; 78.1 ± 7.7 kg body mass) participated in this study. A randomized crossover double-blind placebo-controlled trial was used. Caffeine (5 mg.kg-1) or a placebo was ingested 45 min before a protocol consisting of five 5 min SSG with 1 min rest intervals. A computerized version of the colour Stroop test was completed immediately before and after the exercise protocol. During the Stroop test, words appeared on the computer screen in three different ways: (i) neutral words (neutral condition); (ii) correspondent colour (i.e., "red" painted in red; congruent condition), or; (iii) different colour (i.e., "red" painted in green; incongruent condition). The incongruent condition aimed to cause the interference effect, as the colour and the word did not match. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed after each SSG. RPE increased during the five sets of the SSG protocol (p < 0.001), without differences between the caffeine and placebo trials. The soccer-specific exercise protocol promoted a faster response during the Stroop test (two-way ANOVA main effect for SSG protocol: p < 0.05), with no differences in accuracy (p > 0.05). Caffeine ingestion resulted in slower reaction time during the Stroop test during the congruent and neutral trials but not during the incongruent trial (two-way ANOVA main effect for supplementation: p = 0.009, p = 0.045, and p = 0.071, respectively). Accuracy was lower in the caffeine trial in congruent and incongruent trials (p < 0.05 caffeine vs. placebo both on the pre- and post-SSG protocol). In conclusion, a soccer-specific exercise protocol improved the Stroop test performance in professional soccer players, but acute caffeine ingestion (5 mg.kg-1) was detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Freire de Almeida
- Centre of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
| | - Mateus de Oliveira
- Centre of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Aquino
- Centre of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
| | - Neil David Clarke
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Jason Tallis
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Lucas Guimaraes-Ferreira
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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Stojanović D, Momčilović V, Zadražnik M, Ilić I, Koničanin A, Padulo J, Russo L, Stojanović T. School-Based TGfU Volleyball Intervention Improves Physical Fitness and Body Composition in Primary School Students: A Cluster-Randomized Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11111600. [PMID: 37297741 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore whether a 16-week Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) volleyball intervention could improve primary school students' physical fitness and body composition. Eighty-eight primary school students (age 13.3 ± 0.3 years) were randomized to a TGfU volleyball intervention group (VG) or a control group (CG). The CG attended three regular physical education (PE) classes per week, while the VG attended two regular PE classes and a TGfU volleyball intervention that was implemented in the third PE class. Body composition components (body weight, body mass index, skinfold thickness, body fat percentage, and muscle mass percentage) and physical fitness (flexibility, vertical jumps (squat and countermovement jump-SJ/CMJ), 30 m sprint, agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness) assessments were performed pre-and post-intervention period. Significant interaction effects between VG and CG and pre- and post-test were found for the sum of five skinfolds (p < 0.0005, ŋp2 = 0.168), body fat % (p < 0.0005, ŋp2 = 0.200), muscle mass % (p < 0.0005, ŋp2 = 0.247), SJ (p = 0.002, ŋp2 = 0.103), CMJ (p = 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.120), 30 m sprint (p = 0.019, ŋp2 = 0.062), agility T-test (p < 0.0005, ŋp2 = 0.238), and VO2max (p < 0.0005, ŋp2 = 0.253). Further examination revealed a greater improvement among VG students compared to CG students in certain body composition and physical fitness outcomes. Implementing a TGfU volleyball intervention in the physical education curriculum appears to have effective stimuli for reducing adiposity and promoting physical fitness levels in seventh-grade primary school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Stojanović
- Pedagogical Faculty in Vranje, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Marko Zadražnik
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Ilić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Priština-Kosovska Mitrovica, 38218 Leposavić, Serbia
| | - Admira Koničanin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Sports and Physical Education, State University of Novi Pazar, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Russo
- Department of Human Sciences, Università Telematica Degli Studi IUL, 50122 Florence, Italy
| | - Toplica Stojanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Priština-Kosovska Mitrovica, 38218 Leposavić, Serbia
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Banja Luka, 78101 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Rabano-Muñoz A, Suarez-Arrones L, Requena B, Asian-Clemente JA. Internal and External Loads of Young Elite Soccer Players during Defensive Small-Sided Games. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:179-188. [PMID: 37229419 PMCID: PMC10203841 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/162027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different time periods on the internal and external loads of soccer players during small-sided games (SSGs). Seventeen young soccer players performed a SSG of 5 vs. 5 + 5 with 2 floaters, where two teams had possession of the ball, and one had to recover it. With established periods of 30 s (SSG30), 1 min (SSG1) or 2 min (SSG2), teams participated in a defensive role for these periods of time. Total distance covered, moderate speed running distance, high speed running distance, sprint running distance, accelerations, decelerations and Player Load were monitored using global positioning systems devices. The maximal heart rate and modified training impulse were monitored using heart rate monitors. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also measured. Data showed a small increase between SSG30 and SSG1 in Player Load (ES = -0.35; p < 0.01), and a small increase in high speed running (ES = -0.41; p < 0.05) and sprinting (ES = -0.47; p < 0.01) between SSG30 and SSG2. Also, SSG1 showed a small increase in sprinting (ES = -0.57; p < 0.01) and accelerations (ES = -0.37; p < 0.05) with respect to SSG2. In addition, SSG2 showed a small increase in the RPE with respect to SSG30 (ES = 0.46; p < 0.05). The results indicate that shorter defensive periods in SSGs increased high speed running, while longer defensive periods promoted greater perceived exertion. Manipulation of the duration of defensive periods in SSGs is a variable that should be considered in soccer training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Performance Department, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
| | - Bernardo Requena
- Performance Department, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose A. Asian-Clemente
- Performance Department, Real Betis Balompié, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Performance Department, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
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Wintershoven K, Beaven CM, Gill ND, McMaster DT. New Zealand Youth Rugby Sevens: A Comparative Match Demands Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020041. [PMID: 37092373 PMCID: PMC10123691 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rugby sevens has established itself on the world stage since its inclusion in the 2016 Olympics. Participation among New Zealand (NZ) youth has surged. Sevens games have specific high demands, but little is known about these competitive demands in regards to youth. Two NZ male youth squads (U15, n = 13; U19, n = 14) were monitored during a national sevens tournament. Microsensor technology captured heart rate (HR) and kinematic performance. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was collected for U15 matches only. U19 and U15 players ran 108 ± 11 and 116 ± 13 m·min-1 at an average speed (VAVG) of 6.5 ± 0.6 and 6.9 ± 0.8 km·h-1. Peak speeds (VPEAK) reached 33.7 km·h-1, and high-intensity running distance (HIRD) averaged 252 ± 102 m. U15 (44.3 ± 9.2 game-1) and U19 (39.4 ± 6.1 game-1) showed different sprint rates. U15 covered more moderate-velocity distance (20-80% VMAX) and less low-velocity distance (<20% VMAX). RPE was 13 ± 1 (U15). An average HR of 90.0 ± 3.9% HRMAX was recorded. Upwards of 57% of game time was played at >95% HRMAX. Youth sevens competition is specifically demanding. U15 can experience greater loads than older peers in rugby. Coaches can use this information to optimize players' physical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Wintershoven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Mount Maunganui, Tauranga 3116, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Martyn Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Mount Maunganui, Tauranga 3116, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas David Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Mount Maunganui, Tauranga 3116, New Zealand
- All Blacks, New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Travis McMaster
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Mount Maunganui, Tauranga 3116, New Zealand
- All Blacks & Black Ferns Sevens, New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
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Castillo-Rodríguez A, Durán-Salas Á, Giménez JV, Onetti-Onetti W, Suárez-Arrones L. The Influence of Pitch Dimensions during Small-Sided Games to Reach Match Physical and Physiological Demands on the Youth Soccer Players. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1299. [PMID: 36772339 PMCID: PMC9921840 DOI: 10.3390/s23031299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (i) analyze the physical and physiological responses of four matches competition and (ii) to investigate the relationships among three different pitch dimensions of small-sided game (SSG) on the youth soccer players. Fifteen male U19 soccer players (age 17.3 ± 0.5 years, height 175.7 ± 5.6 cm, weight 68.5 ± 8.6 kg, playing experience 7.8 ± 1.4 years) were randomly assigned to three play areas: small (50 m2), medium (SSG-m, 150 m2) and large (SSG-l, 250 m2) area per player including goalkeeper. During the 4-week intervention, both groups performed three sets of 8 min with a passive rest period of 5 min between games. Differences in time-motion characteristics of players were measured with the Global Positioning System and assessed using a repeated measures ANOVA to compare the three game conditions and the magnitude-based inference to evaluate the pairwise comparison effects. The results showed that only the variables distance covered between 7.0-12.9 km·h-1 was not statistically significantly different among game conditions (p < 0.05; η = 0.21; small) and physiological response (i.e., hear rate of playing time spent 85-89% HRmax) also showed differences (p < 0.05; η = 0.25; small). The responses in SSG-m and SSG-l established them ass the format sizes ideal for replicating the physical responses during match competition. These findings could provide relevant information for coaches for use adequate pitch size (areas of 150 m2 and 250 m2) to reach the match-play scenarios found in match competition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Álvaro Durán-Salas
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Vicente Giménez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Wanesa Onetti-Onetti
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Luis Suárez-Arrones
- Department of Sports and Computer, University of Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Aydi B, Selmi O, Marsigliante S, Souissi MA, Souissi N, Muscella A. Integration of Obese Children in Physical Education Sessions: An Exploratory Study. Children (Basel) 2023; 10. [PMID: 36670682 DOI: 10.3390/children10010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the role of the joker in children with obesity (OCs) on integration and physio-psychological responses during small-sided games (SSG) training programs. Sixteen OC students (age 13.8 ± 0.73 years) performed training programs consisting of two sessions a week for three weeks. The experimental protocol consisted of 16 teams of 4 children (3 of normal weight and 1 OC). The 16 teams were divided into 2 groups, one with an OC playing as the joker (SSG-J) and the other group with OC playing as non-joker (SSG-NJ). Maximum heart rates (HRmax), blood lactate concentration [La] and OMNI-Child perceived exertion were measured at the end of each SSG. A physical activity enjoyment Scale (PACES) was accomplished during physical activity for the evaluation of feelings in OCs. Additionally, the profile of mood states (POMS) was measured before and after the SSG-J and SSG-NJ programs. HRmax, [La], perceived exertion, and PACES scores were significantly higher after the SSG-J compared with SSG-NJ (increments of 6.4%, 31.7%, 19.5% and 18.1%, respectively). The score of the POMS variables was positively increased in the presence of jokers. The vigor score increased by 30%, while tension and total mood disturbance scores decreased by 27.6% and 4.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that the joker role could be effective in improving integration, physical enjoyment, physiological responses and mood states in OCs when a team game is used during PE sessions. PE teachers could then program joker exercises with the aim of improving OCs' physical commitment willingness to play.
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Custódio IJO, Dos Santos R, de Oliveira Ildefonso R, Andrade A, Diniz R, Peixoto G, Bredt S, Praça GM, Chagas MH. Effect of Small-Sided Games with and without the Offside Rule on Young Soccer Players: Reliability of Physiological Demands. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10544. [PMID: 36078260 PMCID: PMC9518382 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the physiological demand between three vs. three small-sided games (SSGs) with (3vs.3WITH) and without (3vs.3WITHOUT) the offside rule, as well as the within- and between-session reliability of this demand. Twenty-four U-17 soccer athletes performed various three vs. three (plus goalkeepers) SSGs with and without the offside rule. The data collection was performed within an eight-week period. Athletes' heart rate was monitored during the SSG. The variables analyzed were the percentage mean heart rate (HRMEAN%) and the percentage peak heart rate (HRPEAK%). For the analysis of within-session reliability, the mean value of the first two and last two SSG bouts performed within one day were used. The between-session reliability was calculated using the mean value of the four SSG bouts of each SSG type performed on two different days. In both SSGs, the values for reliability were significant and were classified as moderate to excellent. There were no significant differences in the physiological demand among SSG types. We concluded that the offside rule does not influence the physiological demand in a three vs. three SSG and the HRMEAN% and HRPEAK% present moderate to excellent reliability in a three vs. three SSG with and without the offside rule.
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Asian-Clemente J, Requena B, Owen A, Santalla A. External Workload Compared Between Competitive and Non-Competitive Matches for Professional Male Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2022; 83:175-84. [PMID: 36157949 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the external load in competitive (official) and non-competitive matches (friendly, training and modified-sided games) in professional soccer players. Time-motion data for 10 elite male soccer players (age = 20.1 ± 2.1 years; body height = 178.8 ± 5.9; body mass = 71.4 ± 7.3; % body fat = 11.0 ± 1.1 and VO2max = 55.96 ± 3.3) from a professional Spanish first division team were recorded during official (n = 12), friendly (n = 7) and training (n = 6) matches and a 5 vs. 5 + goalkeepers modified-sided game (n = 3). GPS devices were used to monitor players’ external loads: total distance covered, distance covered at different speeds (<13.9 km·h-1, >14, >18, >21 and >25 km·h-1), peak speed (km·h-1), and the number of accelerations and decelerations (1.5–2.5 m·s-2, 2.5–4 m·s-2 and 4–8 m·s-2). One-way analysis of variance of the magnitude-based inference was used to determine differences between matches. Data indicated that official matches scored statistically higher peak speeds (ES = 1.40–2.20). In modified-sided games more total distance was covered at <13.9 km·h-1 and >14 km·h-1 than in regular matches (ES = 0.72–2.21), but lower distances were covered at >21 km·h-1 and >25 km·h-1 than in official and friendly matches (ES = 0.51–2.53) and at >25 km·h-1 than in training matches (ES = 0.92). Likewise, the modified-side games showed a greater number of accelerations and decelerations than other types of matches (ES = 1.46–2.51). This work shows that friendly and training matches, in conjunction with modified-side games, are suitable tools to prepare soccer players for official matches.
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Casanova F, Esteves PT, Padilha MB, Ribeiro J, Williams AM, Garganta J. The Effects of Physiological Demands on Visual Search Behaviours During 2 vs. 1 + GK Game Situations in Football: An in-situ Approach. Front Psychol 2022; 13:885765. [PMID: 35712138 PMCID: PMC9196901 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.885765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of physiological workload on gaze behaviour during defensive performance in 2 vs. 1 +goalkeeper game situations in football. Twenty-two players were assigned to either a high- or low-performing group based on a validated measure of tactical performance. A total of 12 game sequences (trials) were presented under high- and low-workload conditions. At the end of each sequence, participants were asked to indicate their perceived exertion using the Rating Scale of Mental Effort and the Borg Scale. The low- and high-workload conditions were defined when the players achieved 60 and 90% of their maximal heart rate, respectively, as per their performance in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test. Visual search behaviours were recorded using Tobii Pro eye-movement registration glasses. Players reported higher rates of perceived exertion on the high- compared to low-workload condition. Participants in the low-performing group increased their average fixation duration and decreased the number of fixations and number of fixation locations from the low- to high-workload conditions. The low- and high-performing groups displayed different visual search strategies with regards the areas of interest fixated upon. Participants in the high-performing group focused on the SpaceFrontPlayer, followed by Ball, and AnotherOpponent. The low-performing group spent more time focusing on the SpaceFrontPlayer and SpacePlayer than Ball and AnotherOpponent. It appears that physiological workload and tactical expertise interact in constraining visual search behaviours in football players. Coaches and practitioners should consider ways to manipulate individual and task constraints while attending to the close interplay between physiological workload, visual behaviour, and tactical performance during practise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Casanova
- Football Department, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro T Esteves
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Maia, Portugal.,Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Maickel Bach Padilha
- Centre of Studies and Sport Games (CEJD), Porto, Portugal.,Football Department, Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Ribeiro
- Football Department, Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Lusófona University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrew Mark Williams
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Júlio Garganta
- Centre of Studies and Sport Games (CEJD), Porto, Portugal.,Football Department, Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Sannicandro I, Raiola G. Commentary: Development of Defensive Actions in Small-Sided and Conditioned Games With Offensive Purposes in Futsal. Front Psychol 2021; 12:764995. [PMID: 34858290 PMCID: PMC8631819 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.764995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Italo Sannicandro
- Department of Humanities, Literature, Cultural Heritage, and Education Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Raiola
- Human Sciences Department, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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Taim BC, Suppiah HT, Wee J, Lee M, Lee JKW, Chia M. Palatable Flavoured Fluids without Carbohydrates and Electrolytes Do Not Enhance Voluntary Fluid Consumption in Male Collegiate Basketball Players in the Heat. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124197. [PMID: 34959749 PMCID: PMC8706432 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using palatable fluids to enhance drinking in athletes who display insufficient compensatory hydration behaviour may mitigate the risks of hypohydration and performance deficits. However, it is unclear whether flavour can independently enhance fluid consumption. This study examined the effects of a colourless, artificially sweetened flavoured water (FW), without carbohydrates and with negligible amounts of sodium, compared to plain water (W) on fluid consumption in male collegiate basketball players in a practical game setting. Eighteen male basketball players (age 23.1 ± 1.3 years) played a 3v3 basketball small-sided game. The players were randomly assigned to consume either FW or W. Pre-game urine-specific gravity, fluid consumption, body mass, and hedonic taste perceptions were assessed. Basketball performance was analysed through notational analysis. Ratings of perceived exertion and thirst were recorded at pre-, post-game, and at each rest period. Heart rate was recorded throughout the gameplay. Despite significantly higher hedonic ratings for FW than W (6.78 ± 0.83 vs. 5.56 ± 1.33, p = 0.033, d = 1.36), there were no significant differences in fluid consumption (1083 ± 32 mL vs. 1421 ± 403 mL, p = 0.068, d = 0.92). Our result highlighted that using palatable fluids as a strategy to increase fluid consumption during high-intensity gameplay in the heat may not be effective if used without carbohydrates and electrolytes. Practitioners could consider both fluid palatability and composition in establishing a hydration plan for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Cherianne Taim
- Physical Education and Sports Science Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
| | - Haresh T. Suppiah
- National Youth Sports Institute, Singapore 397778, Singapore; (H.T.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.)
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Jericho Wee
- National Youth Sports Institute, Singapore 397778, Singapore; (H.T.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.)
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Marcus Lee
- National Youth Sports Institute, Singapore 397778, Singapore; (H.T.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Jason K. W. Lee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- Global Asia Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076, Singapore
- N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Michael Chia
- Physical Education and Sports Science Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
- Correspondence:
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Arslan E, Kilit B, Clemente FM, Soylu Y, Sögüt M, Badicu G, Akca F, Gokkaya M, Murawska-Ciałowicz E. The Effects of Exercise Order on the Psychophysiological Responses, Physical and Technical Performances of Young Soccer Players: Combined Small-Sided Games and High-Intensity Interval Training. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:1180. [PMID: 34827173 PMCID: PMC8615019 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the order effects of combined small-sided games (SSGs) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the psychophysiological responses and physical and technical performances of young soccer players. Twenty-four soccer players (aged 14.63 ± 0.71 years) were randomly divided into SSGs + HIIT (n = 12) and HIIT + SSGs (n = 12) for 6 weeks. The SSGs consisted of two 4-16 min rounds of 2, 3, and four-a-side games with 2 min of passive resting, whereas the HIIT consisted of 6-10 min of high-intensity runs at varying intensities (from 90 to 100%). Pre-test and post-test elements included a 5-30 m sprint test, countermovement jump test, zigzag agility test with the ball and without the ball, repeated sprint ability test, speed dribbling ability test, three-corner run test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1. Both combined training interventions produced similar improvements in physical performance and technical responses (p ≥ 0.05, d values ranging from 0.40 to 1.10). However, the combined HIIT + SSGs training produced meaningfully lower perceived exertion (p = 0.00, d = 2.98) and greater physical enjoyment (p = 0.00, d = 4.28) compared with the SSGs + HIIT intervention. Furthermore, the SSGs + HIIT group showed a higher training load than those from the HIIT + SSGs group for all weeks (p ≤ 0.05, d values ranging from 1.36 to 2.05). The present study's results might be used by coaches and practitioners to design training programmes for youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersan Arslan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60250, Turkey; (E.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bulent Kilit
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Turkey;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
| | - Yusuf Soylu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60250, Turkey; (E.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Mustafa Sögüt
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, University Transilvania of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Firat Akca
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey; (F.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Mine Gokkaya
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey; (F.A.); (M.G.)
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Mancini A, Vitucci D, Meo P, Capobianco A, Martone D, Cozzolino F, Buono P, Imperlini E, Orrù S. Influence of the Area per Player in Non-Professional Soccer Players: A Pilot Study Focused on Positional Roles. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:9833. [PMID: 34574757 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study analyses the influence of different area per player (AP; 75, 98 and 131 m2) on the average metabolic power (MP) and other soccer-related performance variables in relation to the positional roles. We recruited 19 non-professional male soccer players (25.2 ± 6.3 y; 23.7 ± 2.3 kg/m2; 16.4 ± 6.3 y soccer experience) to play three different small-sided games (SSGs): SSG1 (5 vs. 5; 30 × 30 m; 5 min), SSG2 (5 vs. 5; 35 × 45 m; 5 min) and SSG3 (7 vs. 7; 35 × 45 m; 8 min). Specific playing rules were applied. GPS-assessed soccer-related variables were: average MP (AMP), distance covered in 1 min (DIS); % time spent at high speed (v > 16 km/h; % hst) or MP (>20 W/kg; % hmpt); % distance covered at high positive/negative speed (2 < v < 4 m/s2, % ACC; −6 < v < −2 m/s2, % DEC); and number of actions at high MP (hmpa). All recorded variables differed when each SSG was compared to the others (p < 0.05), but for hmpa for attackers. Most performance variables were positively associated with increasing AP (p < 0.05), but for % ACC and % DEC, and differed among positional roles within the same SSG (p < 0.05). Here the general applicability of SSGs, regardless the physical/technical skills of the group of players, to enhance performance is confirmed; furthermore, quantitative advices on AMP and other performance variables are provided to achieve significant improvements in all soccer players of the team.
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Santos FJ, Figueiredo TP, Filho DMP, Verardi CEL, Macedo AG, Ferreira CC, Espada MC. Training Load in Different Age Category Soccer Players and Relationship to Different Pitch Size Small-Sided Games. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21155220. [PMID: 34372457 PMCID: PMC8348483 DOI: 10.3390/s21155220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the training load in different age category soccer players associated with distinct pitch size small-sided games (SSGs). Twenty-four soccer players (eight in each age category: U-12, U-15, and U-23) performed three consecutive 4 vs. 4 ball possession SSGs (SSG1: 16 × 24 m; SSG2: 20 × 30 m; and SSG3: 24 × 36 m) all with 3 min duration and 3 min rest. Subjects carried ultra-wideband-based position-tracking system devices (WIMU PRO, RealTrack System). Total distance covered increased from SSG1 to SSG3 in all age categories and predominantly in running speeds below 12 km·h−1. Moreover, distance covered in 12–18 km·h−1 running speed was different in all performed SSGs and age categories. Residual or null values were observed at 18–21 km·h−1 or above running speed, namely in U-12, the only age category where metabolic power and high metabolic load distance differences occurred throughout the performed SSGs. Edwards’ TRIMP differences between age categories was only observed in SSG2 (U-12 < U-15). The design of SSGs must consider that the training load of the players differs according to their age category and metabolic assessment should be considered in parallel to external load evaluation in SSGs. Wearable technology represents a fundamental support in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J. Santos
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal;
- Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, School of Education, 2914–504 Setúbal, Portugal; (T.P.F.); (C.C.F.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Teresa P. Figueiredo
- Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, School of Education, 2914–504 Setúbal, Portugal; (T.P.F.); (C.C.F.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Dalton M. Pessôa Filho
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil; (D.M.P.F.); (C.E.L.V.); (A.G.M.)
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos E. L. Verardi
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil; (D.M.P.F.); (C.E.L.V.); (A.G.M.)
- Graduate Programme in Developmental Psychology and Learning, Faculty of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Anderson G. Macedo
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil; (D.M.P.F.); (C.E.L.V.); (A.G.M.)
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Cátia C. Ferreira
- Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, School of Education, 2914–504 Setúbal, Portugal; (T.P.F.); (C.C.F.)
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sport Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Mário C. Espada
- Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, School of Education, 2914–504 Setúbal, Portugal; (T.P.F.); (C.C.F.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-265-710-800
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21
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García-Calvo T, Pulido JJ, Ponce-Bordón JC, López-Gajardo MÁ, Teoldo Costa I, Díaz-García J. Can Rules in Technical-Tactical Decisions Influence on Physical and Mental Load during Soccer Training? A Pilot Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:4313. [PMID: 33921701 PMCID: PMC8072652 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effects of rules limitations in pass decisions during soccer tasks on physical and mental load reported by players. Participants were 40 semiprofessional Spanish soccer players (Mage = 22.40, SD = 2.25) from two male teams. Two training sessions with four tasks (same tasks with different score system: two maintaining ball possession games with goalkeepers, and two maintaining ball possession games) in counterbalanced order between teams were completed. To achieve a goal during limitation tasks, a minimum number of players had to participate in the passes before the goal. Internal (perceived effort and heart rate) and external physical load (distances), mental load (validated adaptation of the NASA-TXL) and fatigue (VASfatigue) were quantified. Paired t-test and magnitude-based inference were conducted. The results showed significantly higher mean speeds (p < 0.01), effort perception (p < 0.001), and mental fatigue (very likely positive) during possession games with restrictions. Additionally, performance satisfaction obtained significantly higher values with goalkeepers and pass restrictions (very likely positive). External physical load showed no significant differences between situations. The influence of mental fatigue on internal load and the complexity of the tasks could explain these results. Coaches can use this information to manipulate the training load in ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás García-Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. of University S/N, 10013 Caceres, Spain; (J.J.P.); (J.C.P.-B.); (M.Á.L.-G.); (J.D.-G.)
| | - Juan José Pulido
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. of University S/N, 10013 Caceres, Spain; (J.J.P.); (J.C.P.-B.); (M.Á.L.-G.); (J.D.-G.)
| | - José Carlos Ponce-Bordón
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. of University S/N, 10013 Caceres, Spain; (J.J.P.); (J.C.P.-B.); (M.Á.L.-G.); (J.D.-G.)
| | - Miguel Ángel López-Gajardo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. of University S/N, 10013 Caceres, Spain; (J.J.P.); (J.C.P.-B.); (M.Á.L.-G.); (J.D.-G.)
| | - Israel Teoldo Costa
- Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, 36.571-000 Viçosa, Brazil;
| | - Jesús Díaz-García
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. of University S/N, 10013 Caceres, Spain; (J.J.P.); (J.C.P.-B.); (M.Á.L.-G.); (J.D.-G.)
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O'Grady CJ, Fox JL, Conte D, Ferioli D, Scanlan AT, Dalbo VJ. Call to Action: Recommendations to Improve the Methodological Reporting of Games-Based Drills in Basketball Research. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:316-21. [PMID: 33421960 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Games-based drills are the predominant form of training adopted during basketball practice. As such, researchers have begun to quantify the physical, physiological, and perceptual demands of different games-based drill formats. However, study methodology has not been systematically reported across studies, limiting the ability to form conclusions from existing research. The authors developed this call to action to draw attention to the current standard of methodological reporting in basketball games-based drill research and establish a systematic reporting standard the authors hope will be utilized in future research. The Basketball Games-Based Drill Methodical Reporting Checklist (BGBDMRC) was developed to encourage the systematic reporting of games-based drill methodology. The authors used the BGBDMRC to evaluate the current methodological reporting standard of studies included in their review published in the International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, "A Systematic Review of the External and Internal Workloads Experienced During Games-Based Drills in Basketball Players" (2020), which highlighted this issue. Of the 17 studies included in their review, only 38% (±18%) of applicable checklist items were addressed across included studies, which is problematic as checklist items are essential for study replication. CONCLUSIONS The current standard of methodological reporting in basketball games-based drill research is insufficient to allow for replication of examined drills in future research or the application of research outcomes to practice. The authors implore researchers to adopt the BGBDMRC to improve the quality and reproducibility of games-based drill research and increase the translation of research findings to practice.
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Ortega-Toro E, Blanca-Torres JC, Giménez-Egido JM, Torres-Luque G. Effect of Scaling Task Constraints on the Learning Processes of Under-11 Badminton Players during Match-Play. Children (Basel) 2020; 7:children7100164. [PMID: 33020454 PMCID: PMC7601188 DOI: 10.3390/children7100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Scaling equipment and the playing space according to junior badminton players’ characteristics and needs is a key aspect to design optimal learning environments. The purpose of the study is to analyze the incidence of reducing the court size (from 13.40 m × 5.18 m to 11.88 m × 5.18 m) and net height (from 1.55 m to 1.30 m) for under-11 badminton players on the following technical and tactical variables: (a) service area; (b) stroke effectiveness; (c) kinds of technical strokes; (d) players’ hitting area; (e) shuttle landing area; (f) shuttle flight; and (g) rally length. Twenty-eight badminton players (mean age of players: 9.81 ± 0.93) were selected and played a badminton competition (B) with the current federative rules and a mini-badminton competition (MB) with the altered net height and court dimensions. The results showed that a lower net height and a shorter court would increase the frequency and variability of strokes and play patterns, introducing quantifiable changes considered beneficial for children in their first stages, both in training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Ortega-Toro
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (E.O.-T.); (J.M.G.-E.)
- Sports Performance Analysis Association, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Blanca-Torres
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences, Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.C.B.-T.); (G.T.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-953213579
| | - José María Giménez-Egido
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (E.O.-T.); (J.M.G.-E.)
- Sports Performance Analysis Association, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gema Torres-Luque
- Sports Performance Analysis Association, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences, Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.C.B.-T.); (G.T.-L.)
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Simpson MJ, Jenkins DG, Kelly VG. Workload Differences Between Training Drills and Competition in Elite Netball. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1385-92. [PMID: 32994384 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine potential differences in internal and external workload variables between playing positions and between training drills and games within an elite netball team during training and competition. METHODS Nine elite female netballers were monitored during 15 games and all training sessions over 28 weeks. Workload variables assessed were relative PlayerLoad (PL per minute), accelerations, decelerations, jumps, changes of direction, high-intensity events, medium-intensity events, low-intensity events, PL in a forward direction, PL in a sideways direction, PL in a vertical direction, and summated heart-rate zones using heart-rate monitors and inertial measurement units. RESULTS Conditioning and match play during training were the only drills that matched or exceeded game workloads. Workloads during small-sided games were lower than game workloads for all variables. In games, goalkeeper, goal attack, and goal shooter had a greater frequency of jumps compared with other positions. Midcourt positions had a greater frequency of low-intensity events in a game. CONCLUSIONS Workloads during small-sided games were lower than game workloads across all external and internal variables; therefore, netball staff should modify these small-sided games if they wish them to develop game-based qualities. Specific game workload variables indicate that there are differences within some positional groups; coaches need to be aware that positional groupings may fail to account for differences in workload between individual playing positions.
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Ferioli D, Rucco D, Rampinini E, La Torre A, Manfredi MM, Conte D. Combined Effect of Number of Players and Dribbling on Game-Based-Drill Demands in Basketball. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:825-832. [PMID: 32109883 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the physiological, physical, and technical demands of game-based drills (GBDs) with regular dribble (RD) or no dribble (ND) involving a different number of players (3 vs 3, 4 vs 4, and 5 vs 5). METHODS Ten regional-level male basketball players performed 6 full-court GBD formats (each consisting of 3 bouts of 4 min and 2 min rest) on multiple occasions. The physiological and perceptual responses were measured through heart rate and rating of perceived exertion. Video-based time-motion analysis was performed to assess the GBD physical demands. The frequencies of occurrence and the duration were calculated for high-intensity, moderate-intensity, low-intensity, and recovery activities. Technical demands were assessed with a notional-analysis technique. A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess statistical differences between GBD formats. RESULTS A greater perceptual response (rating of perceived exertion) was recorded during 3 versus 3 than 5 versus 5 formats (P = .005). Significant interactions were observed for the number of recovery (P = .021), low-intensity activity (P = .007), and all movements (P = .001) completed. Greater time was spent performing low-intensity and high-intensity activities during RD than ND format. Greater technical demands were observed for several variables during 3 versus 3 than 4 versus 4 or 5 versus 5. A greater number of turnovers (P = .027), total (P ≤ .001), and correct passes (P ≤ .001) were recorded during ND than RD format. CONCLUSIONS The number of players predominantly affected the perceptual response to GBD, while both the number of players and rule modification (RD vs ND) affected activities performed during GBD. Reducing the number of players increases the GBD technical elements, while ND format promotes a greater number of turnovers and passes.
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O'Grady CJ, Fox JL, Dalbo VJ, Scanlan AT. A Systematic Review of the External and Internal Workloads Experienced During Games-Based Drills in Basketball Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:603-16. [PMID: 32294618 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically quantify the external and internal workloads reported during games-based drills in basketball and identify the effects of different modifiable factors on the workloads encountered. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched for original research published up until January 2, 2019. The search included terms relevant to workload, games-based drills, and basketball. Studies were screened using predefined selection criteria, and methodological quality was assessed prior to data extraction. RESULTS The electronic search yielded 8,284 studies with 3,411 duplicates. A total of 17 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review, with quality scores ranging from 9 to 10 out of 11. Factors regularly modified during games-based drills among the included studies were team size, playing area, playing and rest time, and game alterations. Games-based drills containing smaller team sizes elicited greater external and internal workloads compared to larger team sizes. Furthermore, full-court games-based drills elicited greater external and internal workloads compared to half-court drills, while continuous games-based drills elicited greater internal workloads compared to intermittent drills. CONCLUSIONS This review provides a comprehensive collation of data indicating the external and internal workloads reported during different games-based drills in various samples of basketball players. Furthermore, evidence is provided for basketball coaches to consider when prescribing games-based drills and modifying factors during drills across the season. Current literature suggests that smaller team sizes and full-court playing areas elicit greater external and internal workloads than larger team sizes and half-court drills, respectively. Furthermore, continuous games-based drills elicit greater internal workloads than intermittent drills.
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O’Grady CJ, Dalbo VJ, Teramoto M, Fox JL, Scanlan AT. External Workload Can Be Anticipated During 5 vs. 5 Games-Based Drills in Basketball Players: An Exploratory Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E2103. [PMID: 32235721 PMCID: PMC7143829 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study determined whether external workload could be anticipated during 5 vs. 5 games-based drills in basketball. Thirteen semi-professional, male basketball players were monitored during 5 vs. 5 training drills across the season. External workload was determined using PlayerLoad™ (AU∙min-1). The reference workload for each drill was calculated across all sessions, using bootstrapping. The bootstrap mean workload and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were then calculated for session 1, sessions 1-2, and continued for remaining sessions (1-3, 1-4, etc.), and were compared with those of the reference workload. The minimum sessions to anticipate workload for each drill was identified when the first normative value fell within ±5% or ±10% of the reference workload 95% CI. The minimum sessions were then tested to determine the accuracy to which workload could be anticipated. Three to four sessions were needed to anticipate workload within ±5%, while 2-3 sessions were needed to anticipate workload within ±10%. External workload was anticipated in 0-55% of future sessions using an error range of ±5%, and in 58-89% of sessions using an error range of ±10%. External workload during 5 vs. 5 games-based drills can be anticipated in most sessions using normative values established during a short-term monitoring period with an error range of ±10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. O’Grady
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Vincent J. Dalbo
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Masaru Teramoto
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Jordan L. Fox
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Aaron T. Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
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Gimenez-Egido JM, Ortega-Toro E, Palao JM, Verdú-Conesa I, Torres-Luque G. Effect of Modification Rules in Competition on Technical-Tactical Action in Young Tennis Players (Under-10). Front Psychol 2020; 10:2789. [PMID: 31956317 PMCID: PMC6957469 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adapting competitions to young players' characteristics is an important pillar in the optimal teaching-learning process. The objective of the present study is to analyze the effect of modifying net height (from 0.91 to 0.80 m) and court dimensions (from 23.77 × 8.23 m to 18 × 8.23 m) for under-10 (U-10) tennis players on the following: (a) kinds of technical and tactical basic, situational, and special strokes; (b) tennis players' hitting area; (c) landing location of the serve; (d) ball landing location after the serve; (d) stroke effectiveness; and (e) rally length. The study design was quasi-experimental in nature, observing the fluctuation/change in technical-tactical variables of the tennis players when playing a "Tennis 10s Green Competition" (GC) with the current federative rules and a redesigned competition "Modified Competition" (MC) including altered net height and court dimensions based on small-sided games (SSGs) and equipment scaling. Twenty U-10 tennis players were studied (age of players = 9.46 ± 0.66 years, average weekly training in tennis = 2.90 ± 1.07 h, years of experience = 3.65 ± 1.53 years). The results showed that in MC, there was a greater technical-tactical variability compared with the GC in terms of the following: (a) greater service effectiveness; (b) more situational and special strokes; and (c) a more equitable change in the distribution of hitting and ball landing locations. The values of MC showed that the current adaptation rules and equipment in federated U-10 competitions might not be enough to improve the teaching-learning process under the comprehensive approach. The current competition for U-10 tennis players (stage green) should be redesigned, in order to build an optimal process of affordances to develop a multidimensional positive impact during this training stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Gimenez-Egido
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Murcia, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortega-Toro
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Murcia, Spain
| | - José M. Palao
- Health, Exercise Science, and Sport Management, University of Wisconsin–Parkside, Kenosha, WI, United States
| | - Isidro Verdú-Conesa
- Department of Computing and Systems, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Murcia, Spain
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Chmura P, Podgórski T, Konefał M, Rokita A, Chmura J, Andrzejewski M. Endocrine Responses to Various 1 × 1 Small-Sided Games in Youth Soccer Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16244974. [PMID: 31817816 PMCID: PMC6950523 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine relationships between repeated 1 × 1 small-sided games (SSGs) (variable duration, constant work-to-rest ratio) and the concentration of steroid hormones and characteristic fatigue markers in youth soccer players. Eighteen young male soccer players were assigned at random to two experimental groups: E1—undertaking a six 30 s one-on-one SSGs with a 2 min rest period; and E2—playing six 45 s SSGs with a 3 min rest interval. Capillary blood was collected from the players at rest, after the last game, and 15 and 30 min after the exercise protocol. The variables assessed included serum cortisol (C), free testosterone (FT) and total testosterone (TT). An effect was observed between the measurement times (TT (F = 15.26, p ≤ 0.0001), FT (F = 6.86, p = 0.0006)). In terms of cortisol (C) levels, no interactions or effect between the studied groups were revealed, but an interaction was found (F = 4.01, p = 0.0126) and the effect appeared between the measurement times (F = 11.16, p ≤ 0.0001). The study results show that in all likelihood, longer rest intervals in repeated 30 s 1 × 1 SSGs can reduce catabolic reactions and hence the risk of overtraining in youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland; (P.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-347-3464
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland; (P.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
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Clemente FM, Praça GM, Bredt SDGT, van der Linden CMI, Serra-Olivares J. External Load Variations Between Medium- and Large-Sided Soccer Games: Ball Possession Games Vs Regular Games with Small Goals. J Hum Kinet 2019; 70:191-8. [PMID: 31915489 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared external load variations between 5 vs 5 and 10 vs 10 sided game formats played under two conditions: (i) a ball possession game with two floaters, and (ii) a regular game with goalkeepers and small goals. Twenty-two professional soccer players participated in this study: four central defenders, four wide defenders, nine central midfielders, three wide forwards, and three strikers. Total distance (TD), running distance (RD), sprinting distance (SD), number of sprints (NS), and player’s training load (PL) were recorded by GPS units. Within-format analyses revealed very likely large increases in TD (20.0%, [9.2; 31.9]; effect size (ES): 1.48, [0.71; 2.25]) and RD (130.9%, [20.2; 343.7]; ES: 1.32, [0.29; 2.35]) during the regular game when compared to the ball possession game in the 5 vs 5 format. In the 10 vs 10 format, large increases in TD (27.9%, [17.7; 39.1]; ES: 3.54, [2.34; 4.74]) and PL (27.4%, [12.6; 44.1]; ES: 2.46, [1.20; 3.72]) were observed in the regular condition when compared to the ball possession condition. Between-formats analyses revealed that, in the 10 vs 10 format, when compared to the 5 vs 5 format, RD was very likely larger (123.5%, [33.7; 273.7]), as was SD (195.8%, [20.5; 626.2]). However, very likely large decreases in PL were observed in the 10 vs 10 format (-19.6%; [-29.4; -8.3]) in the ball possession condition. Unclear differences were revealed based on variations in external load variables between formats in the regular condition. Smaller formats reduce the area available for running and sprinting and, thus, may be more adequate for increasing player’s training load (based on accelerometer data).
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Clemente FM, Rabbani A, Kargarfard M, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Session-To-Session Variations of External Load Measures of Youth Soccer Players in Medium-Sided Games. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E3612. [PMID: 31561570 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the variability of time-motion variables during five vs. five games when completed within the same session as, and between, two different sessions. Ten under-19 male soccer players (18.27 ± 0.47 years old) participated in this study. The five vs. five matches (3 × 5 min) were played twice with a 3-day interval of rest in the same week. Moderate between-session variations were observed for TD (total distance) (range coefficient of variation (CV), 6.9; 8.3%, confidence interval (CI), (5.0; 14.0), standardized typical error (STE), 0.68; 1.06, (0.64; 1.75)) and RD (running distance) (range CV, 53.3; 145.7%, (36.6; 338.9), STE, 0.83; 1.09, (0.60; 1.76)). PL (player load) showed small variations (range CV, 4.9; 6.0%, [3.6; 10.1], STE, 0.37; 0.43, (0.27; 0.71)). In within-session analyses for examining the differences between sets, a small decrease was observed in RD in set 3 versus set 2 (-14.8%, 90% CI (-32.1; 6.9%); standardized difference (ES): -0.39 (0.95; 0.16)). TD decreased with moderate (-3.5%, (-6.8; -0.1%); ES: -0.65(-1.30; -0.01)) and large (-8.2%, (-11.4; -4.9%); ES: -1.58(-2.24; -0.92)) effects in sets 2 and 3, respectively, versus set 1. Our results suggest that PL is the most stable performance variable. It was also verified that measures had a progressive decreasing tendency within a session.
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Canton A, Torrents C, Ric A, Gonçalves B, Sampaio J, Hristovski R. Effects of Temporary Numerical Imbalances on Collective Exploratory Behavior of Young and Professional Football Players. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1968. [PMID: 31507502 PMCID: PMC6718725 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore how the use of temporary numerical imbalances during small-sided Game SSGs affects team’s exploratory behaviors (i.e., variety and quantity of responses given in an ever-changing game context and its rate of change) in different age groups. Two different age groups (under−15 and under−23) of football players participated in the study. For each age group, three teams of five players played six small-sided games of 5 min duration in different conditions: (i) numerical balance (GK + 4 vs. 4 + GK); (ii) temporary numerical imbalance, which consisted of a numerical change of teammates and opponents every one minute. Latitude and longitude GPS coordinates were used to determine the positioning-derived variables. The dynamic overlap (i.e. the measure of average similarity of the game patterns that take place in increasingly larger time intervals) was used to provide information of the rate and breadth of exploratory behavior. The results revealed that the long-term exploratory breadth increased for the under−23 age group. Non-clear effects were found for the short-term rate of exploration, but with an increasing trend. In the under−15 group, the exploratory behavior was more likely to increase in the long term. The increase for the short-term rate of exploration was unclear, but it follows an increasing trend. These results suggest that the use of temporary numerical imbalances could offer coaches more dynamic training situations and different adaptive training environments similar to matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Canton
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Carlota Torrents
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Angel Ric
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia
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Jara D, Ortega E, Gómez-Ruano MÁ, Weigelt M, Nikolic B, Sainz de Baranda P. Physical and Tactical Demands of the Goalkeeper in Football in Different Small-Sided Games. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E3605. [PMID: 31430940 DOI: 10.3390/s19163605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Several studies have examined the differences between the different small-sided game (SSG) formats. However, only one study has analysed how the different variables that define SSGs can modify the goalkeeper’s behavior. The aim of the present study was to analyze how the modification of the pitch size in SSGs affects the physical demands of the goalkeepers. Methods: Three professional male football goalkeepers participated in this study. Three different SSG were analysed (62 m × 44 m for a large pitch; 50 m × 35 m for a medium pitch and 32 m × 23 m for a small pitch). Positional data of each goalkeeper was gathered using an 18.18 Hz global positioning system. The data gathered was used to compute players’ spatial exploration index, standard ellipse area, prediction ellipse area The distance covered, distance covered in different intensities and accelerations/decelerations were used to assess the players’ physical performance. Results and Conclusions: There were differences between small and large SSGs in relation to the distances covered at different intensities and pitch exploration. Intensities were lower when the pitch size was larger. Besides that, the pitch exploration variables increased along with the increment of the pitch size.
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Halouani J, Ghattasi K, Bouzid MA, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis PT, Chtourou H, Knechtle B. Physical and Physiological Responses during the Stop-Ball Rule During Small-Sided Games in Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050117. [PMID: 31108927 PMCID: PMC6572188 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-sided games (SSGs) are a recommended training method for significant performance enhancement, and training efficiency. The stop-ball (SSG-SB) effects on physical responses (e.g., acceleration, deceleration, sprints, total distance, and indicator of workload) have not been investigated yet. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the SSG-SB compared to the small-goals SSG (SSG-SG) on physical and heart rate (HR) responses at high intensity (total distance (>18 km/h)), sprints (>18 km/h), and acceleration and deceleration (>3 m/s²) during a 4 vs. 4 SSG format in youth professional soccer players. Sixteen male elite young soccer players (mean ± SD body height, 176.5 ± 6.3 cm; age, 18.3 ± 0.7 years; body weight, 73.4 ± 7.2 kg) performed two forms of SSGs, i.e., SSG-SB or SSG-SG, for 4 × 4 min with a recovery of 2 min between sets. Data were compared using the t-test. The SSG-SB induced a significantly higher mean HR (180.0 ± 2.0 vs. 173.0 ± 3.0 beats per minute; p < 0.05) compared to the SSG-SG. Likewise, the SSG-SB was significantly higher compared to the SSG-SG for total distance (2580 ± 220.3 vs. 2230 ± 210 m; p < 0.001), player load (98.07 ± 12.5 vs. 89.4 ± 10.5; p < 0.05), sprint distance (7.9 ± 2.3 vs. 5.2 ± 2.0 m; p < 0.05), acceleration (15.6 ± 2.75 vs. 12.5 ± 1.75; p < 0.05), and deceleration (17.3 ± 3.20 vs. 14.4 ± 2.55; p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the SSG-SG and the SSG-SB for maximal velocity, power, and sprints duration. This study provides new information about the effectiveness of the SSG-SB as a training stimulus for soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel Halouani
- Research Unit, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia.
| | - Kais Ghattasi
- Research Unit, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Amine Bouzid
- Research Unit, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia.
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l'éducation physique de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisie.
- Activité Physique, Sport et Santé, UR18JS01, Observatoire National du Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisie.
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Praça GM, Sousa RBE, Greco PJ. Influence of Aerobic Power on Youth Players' Tactical Behavior and Network Properties during Football Small-Sided Games. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7030073. [PMID: 30934657 PMCID: PMC6473423 DOI: 10.3390/sports7030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study aimed to compare the incidence of tactical principles, the percentage of successful tactical principles, and the network properties between higher and lower aerobic power in young football players during small-sided games. (2) Methods: Eighteen Under-17 Brazilian players were recruited. Firstly, they performed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2, which was used to split them into two groups with higher and lower aerobic power. In the sequence, they played three vs three small-sided games within each group. The System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer was used to analyze the tactical behavior demonstrated by measuring the incidence of tactical principles and the percentage of successful principles, while the macro variables, density and clustering coefficient from social network analysis for team sports was used to analyze players' interactions. (3) Results: No differences were reported for the incidence of tactical principles (p > 0.05, small or small-to-moderate effect sizes), the percentage of successful offensive principles (p = 0.122, small-to-moderate effect size), or the network variables (p > 0.05; small effect sizes). The lower aerobic power group demonstrated a higher percentage of successful defensive tactical principles (p = 0.043; small-to-moderate effect size). (4) Conclusions: We concluded that aerobic power has a limited impact on player behavior, indicating that players' actions within a small-sided game are mostly constrained by other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibson Moreira Praça
- Sports Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Raphael Brito E Sousa
- Sports Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Pablo Juan Greco
- Sports Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
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Lacome M, Simpson B, Broad N, Buchheit M. Monitoring Players' Readiness Using Predicted Heart-Rate Responses to Soccer Drills. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1273-80. [PMID: 29688115 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the ability of multivariate models to predict the heart-rate (HR) responses to some specific training drills from various global positioning system (GPS) variables and to examine the usefulness of the difference in predicted vs actual HR responses as an index of fitness or readiness to perform. METHOD All data were collected during 1 season (2016-17) with players' soccer activity recorded using 5-Hz GPS and internal load monitored using HR. GPS and HR data were analyzed during typical small-sided games and a 4-min standardized submaximal run (12 km·h-1). A multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to identify which combinations of GPS variables showed the largest correlations with HR responses at the individual level (HRACT, 149 [46] GPS/HR pairs per player) and was further used to predict HR during individual drills (HRPRED). Then, HR predicted was compared with actual HR to compute an index of fitness or readiness to perform (HRΔ, %). The validity of HRΔ was examined while comparing changes in HRΔ with the changes in HR responses to a submaximal run (HRRUN, fitness criterion) and as a function of the different phases of the season (with fitness being expected to increase after the preseason). RESULTS HRPRED was very largely correlated with HRACT (r = .78 [.04]). Within-player changes in HRΔ were largely correlated with within-player changes in HRRUN (r = .66, .50-.82). HRΔ very likely decreased from July (3.1% [2.0%]) to August (0.8% [2.2%]) and most likely decreased further in September (-1.5% [2.1%]). CONCLUSIONS HRΔ is a valid variable to monitor elite soccer players' fitness and allows fitness monitoring on a daily basis during normal practice, decreasing the need for formal testing.
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Clemente FM, Sarmento H, Rabbani A, Van Der Linden CMIN, Kargarfard M, Costa IT. Variations of external load variables between medium- and large-sided soccer games in professional players. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:50-59. [PMID: 30129780 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1511560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the relative physical demands of official matches and sided games (medium and large) in professional soccer players by means of a global positioning system. Twenty-three professional male soccer players (24.63[Formula: see text]2.84 years old; 180.94[Formula: see text]6.49 cm; 77.19[Formula: see text]6.46 kg; 52.99[Formula: see text]5.01 VO2max) participated in the study. Total distance, running distance, sprinting distance, number of sprints, and acceleration sum were quantified per minute to compare the different games. Running distance in full match was greater than in 5vs5+GK (d = 2.303, moderate effect), 6vs6+GK (d = 1.719, moderate effect) and 9vs9+GK (d = 1.084, minimum effect) sided games. Greater values for sprinting distance were found in the full match compared to 5vs5+GK (d = 3.673, strong effect), 6vs6+GK (d = 2.606, moderate effect) and 9vs9+GK (d = 1.903, moderate effect) sided games. However, the load was greater in the 5vs5+GK game compared to the 6vs6+GK (d = 1.323, moderate effect) and 9vs9+GK (d = 1.030, minimum effect) games and the full match (d = 1.478, moderate effect). This study revealed that medium-sided games are not appropriate for simulating the sprinting conditions of official full matches. However, medium-sided games are more intense than full matches in that accelerations are made more often in medium-sided games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- a Sports Sciences Department , Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer , Melgaço , Portugal.,b Applied Mathematics department , Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã , Covilhã , Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- c Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Alireza Rabbani
- d Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Isfahan , Isfahan , Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- d Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Isfahan , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Israel Teoldo Costa
- f Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer, Department of Physical Education , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
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Yiannaki C, Carling C, Collins D. Commentary: Long-term Practice with Domain-Specific Task Constraints Influences Perceptual Skills. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1214. [PMID: 30072932 PMCID: PMC6058214 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Yiannaki
- Centre for Research in Sports Performance, Myerscough College, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Carling
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Collins
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Cvetković N, Stojanović E, Stojiljković N, Nikolić D, Scanlan AT, Milanović Z. Exercise training in overweight and obese children: Recreational football and high-intensity interval training provide similar benefits to physical fitness. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28 Suppl 1:18-32. [PMID: 29979479 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of recreational football and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on body composition, muscular fitness, and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese children. Forty-two overweight/obese males aged 11-13 years [body mass index (BMI) >20.5 kg/m2 ] were randomly assigned to a recreational football training group (n = 14; 157.9 ± 5.8 cm; 63.7 ± 12.6 kg), HIIT group (n = 14; 163.8 ± 9.4 cm; 71.5 ± 10.5 kg), or nontraining control group (n = 14; 162.7 ± 9.3 cm; 67.4 ± 16.1 kg). Physical fitness components were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of training at the same time of the day and under similar conditions, including body composition, muscular fitness (lower-body power, change-of-direction speed, and flexibility), and cardiovascular fitness (Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance test distance, resting heart rate, and blood pressure). Lean body mass (4.3%, ES = 0.40; 95% CI: -0.48, 1.29; P = .382) and muscle mass 4.4% (ES = 0.40; 95% CI: -0.48, 1.29; P = .378) very likely increased in the recreational football group, while possible improvements were observed in the HIIT group (lean body mass: 2.5%, ES = 0.22; 95% CI: -0.62, 1.06; P = .607, muscle mass: 2.8%, ES = 0.23; 95% CI: -0.61, 1.07; P = .594). Only trivial increases were observed in the control group for lean body mass (0.5%, ES = 0.05; 95% CI: -0.70, 0.79; P = .906) and muscle mass (1.1%, ES = 0.09; 95% CI: -0.65, 0.83; P = .814). Significant differences were found between the recreational football and control groups in post-training body mass (P = .034) and body mass index (P = .017). Body fat very likely decreased in the recreational football group (-7.7%, ES = -0.41; 95% CI: -1.29, 0.48; P = .376) and possibly decreased in the HIIT group (-5.2%, ES = -0.22; 95% CI: -1.05, 0.62; P = .607), with a trivial reduction in the control group (-1.1%, ES = -0.04; 95% CI: -0.78, 0.70; P = .914). Very likely increases in lower-body power were evident in the recreational football (17.0%, ES = 0.76; 95% CI: -0.15, 1.66; P = .107) and control groups (16.1%, ES = 0.55; 95% CI: -0.20, 1.31; P = .156), while small improvements were observed in the HIIT group (6.0%, ES = 0.24; 95% CI: -0.60, 1.08; P = .580, possible). Likely to most likely improvements in Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance test performance and change-of-direction speed were noted in the recreational football group (Yo-Yo: 79.8%, ES = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.16, 2.03; P = .025, change-of-direction speed: -10.6%, ES = -1.05; 95% CI: -1.98, -0.12; P = .031) and the HIIT group (Yo-Yo: 81.2%, ES = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.15, 1.92; P = .025, change-of-direction speed: -5.4%, ES = -0.91; 95% CI: -1.79, -0.04; P = .045). Diastolic blood pressure likely decreased in the recreational football (-8.6%, ES = -0.74; 95% CI: -1.64, 0.17; P = .116) and HIIT groups (-9.8%, ES = -0.57; 95% CI: -1.40, 0.30; P = .195), with a possible increase in the control group (1.2%, ES = 0.21; 95% CI: -0.53, 0.96; P = .068). Recreational football and HIIT elicited improvements in all muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness measures. In contrast, the control group, which performed only physical education classes, increased body mass, BMI, and fat mass. Therefore, additional activities such as recreational football or HIIT might counter the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cvetković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - E Stojanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - N Stojiljković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - D Nikolić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - A T Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Qld., Australia.,School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Qld., Australia
| | - Z Milanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia.,Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of high-intensity small-sided games training (SSGT) versus repeated-sprint training (RST) on repeated-sprint ability (RSA), soccer specific endurance performance and short passing ability among junior soccer players. The junior soccer players were recruited from of a professional team (age 16.9 ± 1.1 years). The tests included the repeated-shuttle-sprint ability test (RSSAT), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) and Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT). Nineteen participants were randomly assigned to either the small-sided games training (SSGTG) (n = 10) or repeated-sprint training group (RSTG) (n = 9). Small-sided games or repeated-sprint training were added to the regular training sessions for two days of the regular practice week. The Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to examine differences in groups and training effects. A time x training group effect was found in the improvement of short-passing ability for the smallsided games training group which showed significantly better scores than the repeated-sprint training group (p ≤ 0.05). Both groups showed similar improvements in RSAdecrement (p < 0.05). Only the repeated-sprint training group improved in the Yo-Yo IR1 (p < 0.05). This study clearly shows that high-intensity small-sided games training can be used as an effective training mode to enhance both repeated sprint ability and short-passing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyazi Eniseler
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Celal Bayar University, Şehzadeler,45010, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Çağatay Şahan
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Celal Bayar University, Şehzadeler,45010, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ilker Özcan
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Celal Bayar University, Şehzadeler,45010, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Kıvanç Dinler
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Celal Bayar University, Şehzadeler,45010, Manisa, Turkey
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Gjinovci B, Idrizovic K, Uljevic O, Sekulic D. Plyometric Training Improves Sprinting, Jumping and Throwing Capacities of High Level Female Volleyball Players Better Than Skill-Based Conditioning. J Sports Sci Med 2017; 16:527-535. [PMID: 29238253 PMCID: PMC5721183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an evident lack of studies on the effectiveness of plyometric- and skill-based-conditioning in volleyball. This study aimed to evaluate effects of 12-week plyometric- and volleyball-skill-based training on specific conditioning abilities in female volleyball players. The sample included 41 high-level female volleyball players (21.8 ± 2.1 years of age; 1.76 ± 0.06 cm; 60.8 ± 7.0 kg), who participated in plyometric- (n = 21), or skill-based-conditioning-program (n = 20). Both programs were performed twice per week. Participants were tested on body-height, body-mass (BM), countermovement jump (CMJ), standing broad jump (SBJ), medicine ball throw, (MBT) and 20-m sprint (S20M). All tests were assessed at the study baseline (pre-) and at the end of the 12-week programs (post-testing). Two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements showed significant (p<0.05) "Group x Time" effects for all variables but body-height. Plyometric group significantly reduced body-mass (trivial effect size [ES] differences; 1% average pre- to post-measurement changes), and improved their performance in S20M (moderate ES; 8%), MBT (very large ES; 25%), CMJ (large ES; 27%), and SBJ (moderate ES; 8%). Players involved in skill-based-conditioning significantly improved CMJ (large ES; 18%), SBJ (small ES; 3%), and MBT (large ES; 9%). The changes which occurred between pre- and post-testing were more inter-correlated in plyometric-group. Although both training-modalities induced positive changes in jumping- and throwing-capacities, plyometric-training is found to be more effective than skill-based conditioning in improvement of conditioning capacities of female senior volleyball players. Future studies should evaluate differential program effects in less experienced and younger players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahri Gjinovci
- University of Prishtina, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Kemal Idrizovic
- University of Montenegro, Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Ognjen Uljevic
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Split, Croatia
| | - Damir Sekulic
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Split, Croatia
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Bredt SGT, Morales JCP, Andrade AGP, Torres JO, Peixoto GH, Greco PJ, Praça GM, Chagas MH. Space Creation Dynamics in Basketball Small-Sided Games. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 125:162-176. [PMID: 28799865 DOI: 10.1177/0031512517725445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Space creation dynamics (SCDs) describe actions players perform to create a scoring opportunity. This study compared SCDs and types of offense during three different three versus three (3vs.3) basketball small-sided games (SSGs) played in half court: 3vs.3 with man-to-man defense in half playing area (3vs.3HALF), 3vs.3 with man-to-man defense in full playing area (3vs.3FULL), and 3vs.3 with reduced shot clock (3vs.3RT). We also investigated the efficacy of SCDs in all SSGs and the reliability of SCDs in 3vs.3HALF. While the efficacy of SCDs did not differ among these SSGs, 3vs.3RT presented significantly more "space creation with ball dribbled" and "shot clock violations," and less "on ball screens." 3vs.3FULL presented no differences in the SCDs and types of offense compared with 3vs.3HALF. Reliability within 3vs.3HALF was higher for "space creation with ball dribbled," "space creation without the ball," "set offenses," "fast breaks," and "loss of ball during passing or dribbling." We concluded that 3vs.3 basketball SSGs with different rules can be used for training different tactical behaviors important to formal games, especially since the 3vs.3HALF presented good reliability for many variables related to tactical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G T Bredt
- 1 Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, 28114 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Juan C P Morales
- 1 Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, 28114 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - André G P Andrade
- 1 Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, 28114 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Juliana O Torres
- 2 Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, 98729 Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Peixoto
- 1 Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, 28114 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Pablo J Greco
- 1 Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, 28114 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Gibson M Praça
- 1 Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, 28114 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Mauro H Chagas
- 1 Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, 28114 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Brazil
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Conte D, Favero T, Niederhausen M, Capranica L, Tessitore A. Effect of Number of Players and Maturity on Ball-Drills Training Load in Youth Basketball. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:E3. [PMID: 29910363 DOI: 10.3390/sports5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the basketball ball-drills workload analyzing: (1) the effect of varying the number of players involved on physiological and technical demands; (2) the temporal changes in players’ responses across bouts; and (3) the relationship of players’ workload with their maturation status and training age. Twelve young male basketball players (mean ± SD; age 13.9 ± 0.7 years; height 1.76 ± 0.06 m; body mass 65.7 ± 12.5 kg; HRmax 202 ± 8 beat·min−1) completed three bouts of 4 min interspersed by 2 min of passive recovery of two vs. two and four vs. four ball-drills. The mean percentage of HRmax (%HRmax) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected. Technical actions (TAs) (dribbles, passes, shots, interceptions, steals, rebounds, and turnovers) were calculated through notational analysis. Players’ genitalia development (GD) and pubic hair (PH) growth were assessed using Tanner scale. Results showed a higher %HRmax (p = 0.018), RPE (p = 0.042), dribbles (p = 0.007), shots (p = 0.003), and rebounds (p = 0.006) in two vs. two compared to four vs. four condition. Furthermore, a statistical difference was found for %HRmax (p = 0.005) and number of passes (p = 0.020) between bouts. In addition, no correlation between GD, PH, and training age with %HRmax, RPE, and TAs was found. These findings suggest that variations of the number of players involved affect ball-drills workload and that ball-drills training intensity varies across bouts. Finally, ball-drills elicit an adequate training stimulus, regardless of players’ maturation status and training age.
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Serra-Olivares J, González-Víllora S, García-López LM, Araújo D. Game-Based Approaches' Pedagogical Principles: Exploring Task Constraints in Youth Soccer. J Hum Kinet 2015; 46:251-61. [PMID: 26240668 PMCID: PMC4519216 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the use of two pedagogical principles of Game-based approaches, representation and exaggeration, in the context of game performance of U10 soccer players. Twenty-one players participated in two 3 vs. 3 small-sided games. The first small-sided game was modified by representation. The second small-sided game was modified by enhancing the penetration of the defense tactical problem for invasion games. Decision-making and execution were assessed using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool. No significant differences were observed between games in the number of decision-making units related to keeping possession, nor in those related to penetrating the defense. No significant differences were observed in any execution ability (ball control, passing, dribbling and get free movements). The findings suggested that both games could provide similar degeneracy processes to the players for skill acquisition (specific and contextualized task constraints in which they could develop their game performance and the capability to achieve different outcomes in varying contexts). Probably both games had similar learner-environment dynamics leading players to develop their capabilities for adapting their behaviours to the changing performance situations. More research is necessary, from the ecological dynamics point of view, to determine how we should use small-sided games in Game-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Serra-Olivares
- Departamento de Pedagogía en Educación Física. Facultad de Educación. Universidad Católica de Temuco. Temuco, Chile
- Corresponding author: Jaime Serra-Olivares, Departamento de Pedagogía en Educación Física. Facultad de Educación. Universidad Católica de Temuco (Chile). Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Temuco (Chile). E-mail:
| | | | | | - Duarte Araújo
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, SpertLab. Universidade de Lisboa. Lisboa Portugal
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Silva P, Duarte R, Sampaio J, Aguiar P, Davids K, Araújo D, Garganta J. Field dimension and skill level constrain team tactical behaviours in small-sided and conditioned games in football. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1888-1896. [PMID: 25356995 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.961950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract This study analysed the influence of field dimension and players' skill level on collective tactical behaviours during small-sided and conditioned games (SSCGs). Positioning and displacement data were collected using global positioning systems (15 Hz) during SSCGs (Gk+4 v. 4+Gk) played by two groups of participants (NLP- national-level and RLP-regional-level players) on different field dimensions (small: 36.8 × 23.8 m; intermediate: 47.3 × 30.6 and large: 57.8 × 37.4 m). Team tactical performance was assessed through established dynamic team variables (effective playing space, playing length per width ratio and team separateness) and nonlinear signal processing techniques (sample entropy of distances to nearest opponents and the teams' centroids' mutual information). Results showed that the effective playing space and team separateness increased significantly with pitch size regardless of participant skill level (P < 0.001, η2 = 0.78 and P < 0.001, η2 = 0.65, respectively). Playing length per width ratio increased with pitch size for the NLP but was maintained at a relatively constant level by RLP across treatments indicating different playing shapes. There was significantly more irregularity in distances to nearest opponents for the NLP in small (P = 0.003) and intermediate fields (P = 0.01). Findings suggest that tactical behaviours in SSCGs are constrained by field size and skill level, which need to be considered by coaches when designing training practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva
- a Faculdade de Desporto, Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Abstract
The present study aimed to compare players' tactical behaviour in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 soccer small-sided games (SSGs). The sample comprised 3,482 tactical actions performed by 18 U-11 youth soccer players from a Portuguese club, in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 SSGs. All participants played eight minutes in both situations and field size was adapted according to the number of players involved (30 m × 19.5 m for 3 vs. 3 and 60 m × 39 m for 6 vs. 6). The System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT) was used for data collection and analyses. Descriptive analysis was conducted to verify frequencies and percentages of the variables assessed. The chi-squared (χ(2)) test was performed to compare the frequencies of the variables between 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 SSGs and Standardized Residuals (e) were used to examine the influence of the frequency of one or more variables within 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 SSGs. Data treatment was performed through SPSS for Windows®, version 18.0. Results indicated that players displayed safer behaviours in 6 vs. 6 SSG and more aggressive behaviours in 3 vs. 3 SSG. Findings can aid coaches and teachers to develop different players' tactical skills according to the chosen SSG (3 vs. 3 or 6 vs. 6) form.
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Halouani J, Chtourou H, Dellal A, Chaouachi A, Chamari K. Physiological responses according to rules changes during 3 vs. 3 small-sided games in youth soccer players: stop-ball vs. small-goals rules. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1485-90. [PMID: 24716549 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.899707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Small-sided games (SSGs) are effective for soccer-specific aerobic endurance training. To date, no study has investigated the effect of stop-ball (SB-SSG) rule on the physiological responses to SSG. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of SB-SSG vs. small-goals (SG-SSG) rules on physiological responses during a 3 vs. 3 SSG in young soccer players. Twelve male amateur young soccer players (age, 14.0 ± 0.7 years; body mass, 51.8 ± 8.0 kg; height, 164 ± 7 cm) randomly performed either SB-SSG or SG-SSG for 4 × 4 min separated by 2 min of recovery on a 20 × 15 m pitch. During the SB-SSG, participants were instructed to stop the ball with the soles of their boots in a 15 × 1 m surface behind the pitch bottom line; whereas during the SG-SSG, the participants were instructed to score to a mini-goal (i.e., 1 × 0.5 m). During each test session, the mean heart rate (HR), the post-SSG rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scores and blood lactate concentrations ([La(-)]) were recorded. Results showed that SB-SSG induced significantly higher mean HR (178 ± 3 vs. 174 ± 3 bpm; P < 0.05) and [La(-)] (4.66 ± 0.98 vs. 4.16 ± 1.02 mol · L(-1); P < 0.05) than SG-SSG. However, there was no significant difference between SB-SSG and SG-SSG for the RPE scores. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the effectiveness of SB-SSG in SSG training. Indeed, SB-SSG can influence the effort intensity in SSG (i.e., resulted in a higher intensity than SG-SSG). Therefore, coaches have the possibility to choose between SB-SSG and SG-SSG rules during training sessions according to their physical and technical objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel Halouani
- a Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimisation" , National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sports Tunis - El Menzah , Tunisia
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Katis A, Kellis E. Effects of small-sided games on physical conditioning and performance in young soccer players. J Sports Sci Med 2009; 8:374-380. [PMID: 24150000 PMCID: PMC3763282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine, first, the movement actions performed during two different small-sided games and, second, their effects on a series of field endurance and technical tests. Thirty-four young soccer players (age: 13 ± 0.9 yrs; body mass: 62.3 ± 15.1 kg; height: 1.65 ± 0.06 m) participated in the study. Small-sided games included three-a-side (3 versus 3 players) and six-a-side (6 versus 6 players) games consisting of 10 bouts of 4 min duration with 3 min active recovery between bouts. Soccer player performance was evaluated using five field tests: a) 30m sprint, b) throw-in for distance, c) Illinois Agility Test, d) dribbling the ball and e) horizontal jump before, in the middle and after the implementation of both game situations. Heart rate was monitored during the entire testing session. Each game was also filmed to measure soccer movements within the game. The ANOVA analysis indicated that the three-a- side games displayed significantly higher heart rate values compared with the six-a-side games (p < 0.05). The number of short passes, kicks, tackles, dribbles and scoring goals were significantly higher during the three-a-side compared with the six-a-side game condition (p < 0. 05) while players performed more long passes and headed the ball more often during the six-a-side (p < 0.05). After the three-a-side games, there was a significant decline in sprint and agility performance (p < 0.05), while after both game conditions significant alterations in the throw-in and the horizontal jump performance were observed (p < 0.05). The results of the present study indicated that three-a-side games provide higher stimulus for physical conditioning and technical improvement than six-a-side games and their use for training young soccer players is recommended. Key pointsThree-a-side games display higher HR compared with six-a-side games.In the three-a-side games players performed more short passes, kicks, dribbles, tackles and scored more goals compared with the six-a-side games.Impairment in endurance and field test performance was observed mainly after three-a-side games.The use of the three-a-side games to develop physical fitness and technique in young soccer players is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Katis
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Control and Therapeutic Exercise, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Greece
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