1
|
Burton S, Newell KM, Exell T, Williams GKR, Irwin G. The evolving high bar longswing in elite gymnasts of three age groups. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1008-1017. [PMID: 37724819 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2259201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronological age classifies elite male gymnasts into developmental performance classifications: senior (18+ years), junior (14-18 years) and development (8-14 years). Here, we examine the influence of age and experience on the biomechanics of the high bar longswing across classifications. Joint angular kinematics and kinetics were obtained from 30 gymnasts performing three sets each of eight consecutive longswings. Differences between groups and relations between age, experience and key biomechanical variables were correlated. Kinetic variables and range of motion of the hip and knee were highest for development gymnasts. In all age groups, a dominant shoulder kinetic contribution was found, although circle location of the peak joint kinetics occurred earliest for junior gymnasts. Hip work contributed more prominently in development gymnasts. Age and experience were positively correlated to an increase in peak shoulder moments and powers and negatively correlated to peak hip and knee moments. The findings reveal that age and experience combine to influence the functional phase, joint kinematics and relative joint kinetic contribution, particularly with the senior group demonstrating a shoulder dominant technique. Changes in musculoskeletal loading across the age groups suggest that factors such as relative strength and practice may have influenced this joint mode transition of the longswing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Burton
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Timothy Exell
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Gareth Irwin
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farana R, Williams G, Fujihara T, Wyatt HE, Naundorf F, Irwin G. Current issues and future directions in gymnastics research: biomechanics, motor control and coaching interface. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:161-185. [PMID: 34962219 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2016928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sport of gymnastics is undergoing a global examination of its culture and the relationship between the gymnast, coach and environment is a central focus. The aim of this review is to explore biomechanics and motor control research in skill development and technique selection in artistic gymnastics with a focus on the underlying concepts and scientific principles that allow performance enhancement, skill development and injury risk reduction. The current review examines peer reviewed papers from 2000 onwards, with a focus on contemporary approaches in the field of gymnastics research, and highlights several key directions for future gymnastics research. Based on our review and the integration of the models of Newell (1986) and Irwin et al. (2005), we recommend that future gymnastics research should embrace at the very least a multidisciplinary approach and aim for an interdisciplinary paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Farana
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - T Fujihara
- Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - H E Wyatt
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - F Naundorf
- Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Irwin
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Irwin G, Williams GKR, Kerwin DG, von Lieres Und Wilkau H, Newell KM. Learning the High Bar Longswing:I. Task Dynamics and Emergence of the Coordination Pattern. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2683-2697. [PMID: 34308780 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1953828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We studied novice gymnasts (N = 25) learning to form the longswing movement coordination pattern. The focus was the emerging behavioural organisation of centre of mass (CM) dynamics and the relative phase of the bar-CM angular motion. Seven novices learned a complete longswing by the end of the study, 8 novices showed no improvement in proportion of circle completed, and the remainder produced modest but persistent increments of final swing height without achieving a full circle. The radial angular velocity generated in the free fall phase and the circle location of bar-CM relative phase progressively and predominantly predicted circle completion. Bar-CM relative phase produced a consistent qualitative relation within- and between-subjects characteristic of a collective variable with the bar leading the CM on the initial downward antiphase segment and the CM leading on the upward antiphase segment. The ratio of these phases was related by the last practice session to degree of circle completion. The findings showed strong individual differences in the effect of practice on the early steps of learning the movement coordination where the progressive emergence of the longswing circle is driven by exploiting the positive- and minimising the negative-influence of gravity on the bar-CM coordination dynamics (candidate collective variable).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Irwin
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - David G Kerwin
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Irwin G, Williams GKR, Kerwin DG, von Lieres Und Wilkau H, Newell KM. Learning the high bar longswing:II. energetics and the emergence of the coordination pattern. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2698-2705. [PMID: 34278943 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1953829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper is Part II of a study of the effects of practice on young adult novice gymnasts learning the movement coordination pattern of the longswing. The focus was the early stage of learning a critical component of the longswing, namely: through joint motion to inject mechanical energy into the upswing segment effectively to complete the longswing circle. Twenty-five novice male gymnasts received expert instruction while practicing two sessions a week for 3 weeks between a pre- and a post-practice assessment test trial. Seven novices completed a full circle by the end of Test 4. Completion of the longswing was positively related to the angular velocity generated in the gravity driven free fall of the initial segment and the greater rate of energy input in the upward segment. A successful performance in terms of the emergent movement pattern requires coordination of the onset, rate and level of energy input to counterbalance the negative influence of gravity on the second half upwards segment. The development of the complete longswing through the emergence of the collective variable dynamics (Paper 1) and biomechanical energetics of the gymnast (Paper 2) informs coaches, scientists and clinicians regarding task decomposition and learning the longswing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Irwin
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - David G Kerwin
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Task and Skill Level Constraints on the Generality of the Proximal–Distal Principle for Within-Limb Movement Coordination. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2020-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the influence of task and skill level constraints on the generality of proximal–distal control for within-limb movement coordination. Analysis and synthesis of the experimental findings leads to the proposition that proximal–distal is one of several within-limb patterns of coordination, including: the reverse distal–proximal sequence, simultaneous activation of segments, and other sequence variations of this. The probability of particular patterns occurring is induced by task constraints and skill level of the individual, together with their evolving biomechanical consequences, including: open/closed chain, absorption/propulsion of force, magnitude of momentum, and accuracy/timing. We develop the theoretical perspective that classes of task constraints induce particular types of neuromechanical organization to within-arm or within-leg segment coordination. In this task constraint framework, proximal–distal within-limb organization is a particular rather than a general case for within-limb coordination. The limitations of anatomically-based accounts of directional change for within-limb organization are discussed with reference to a general functional degrees of freedom task constraint framework for movement coordination and control.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hiley MJ, Schmid N, Yeadon MR. How do technique and coordination change during learning of a whole-body task: Application to the upstart in gymnastics. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2374-2380. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1634413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Hiley
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nicole Schmid
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurice R. Yeadon
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Irwin G, Kerwin DG, Williams G, Van Emmerik REA, Newell KM, Hamill J. Multidimensional joint coupling: a case study visualisation approach to movement coordination and variability. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:322-332. [PMID: 29912644 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1475579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A case study visualisation approach to examining the coordination and variability of multiple interacting segments is presented using a whole-body gymnastic skill as the task example. One elite male gymnast performed 10 trials of 10 longswings whilst three-dimensional locations of joint centres were tracked using a motion analysis system. Segment angles were used to define coupling between the arms and trunk, trunk and thighs and thighs and shanks. Rectified continuous relative phase profiles for each interacting couple for 80 longswings were produced. Graphical representations of coordination couplings are presented that include the traditional single coupling, followed by the relational dynamics of two couplings and finally three couplings simultaneously plotted. This method highlights the power of visualisation of movement dynamics and identifies properties of the global interacting segmental couplings that a more formal analysis may not reveal. Visualisation precedes and informs the appropriate qualitative and quantitative analysis of the dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Irwin
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David G Kerwin
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Genevieve Williams
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Richard E A Van Emmerik
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vicinanza D, Newell KM, Irwin G, Smith L, Williams GK. Limit cycle dynamics of the gymnastics longswing. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 57:217-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Milanese C, Corte S, Salvetti L, Cavedon V, Agostini T. Correction of a Technical Error in the Golf Swing: Error Amplification Versus Direct Instruction. J Mot Behav 2016; 48:365-76. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2015.1102699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Williams GK, Irwin G, Kerwin DG, Hamill J, Van Emmerik REA, Newell KM. Coordination as a function of skill level in the gymnastics longswing. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:429-39. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1057209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|