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Murofushi K, Oshikawa T, Kaneoka K, Akuzawa H, Mitomo S, Hatano G, Furuya H, Hirohata K, Yagishita K. Light weights are as effective as heavy weights for muscle activation in the Hammerobics exercise. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308640. [PMID: 39288147 PMCID: PMC11407665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported that a Hammerobics exercise using weights can enhance trunk and lower extremity muscles, some studies suggested that training effects could also be expected without heavy weights. If the muscle activity induced by Hammerobics swinging with a 'light plastic ball' equals or surpasses that of the isometric static squat and synchronized squat with a heavy ball, this training approach could alleviate joint strain, fostering an exercise regimen universally accessible across generations, benefit for workouts sports and rehabilitation. METHODS Fifteen healthy men participated in this study. By using surface electromyography, muscle activities for the abductor hallucis, tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus, rectus femoris, biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus, multifidus, and internal oblique muscles were measured during a light Hammerobics synchronized squat (HSS-light), Hammerobics synchronized squat, and conventional isometric squat, and statistically compared. RESULTS The front-to-back tibialis anterior activity of HSS-light was significantly higher than that of conventional isometric squat. The activities of all other muscles, except for the multifidus, were not significantly different between these exercises in the front-to-back and back-to-front phases. Compared to the Hammerobics synchronized squat, the light Hammerobics synchronized squat showed no differences in front-to-back tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, biceps femoris long head, and internal oblique activities and back-to-front abductor hallucis, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, and internal oblique activities. CONCLUSION The HSS-light could stimulate muscles to the same level as the conventional isometric squat without weight bearing. While the HSS-light was less effective than the Hammerobics synchronized squat, there was no significant difference in internal oblique, rectus femoris, and tibialis anterior activities between these exercises. Hence, the HSS-light is an exercise method that can be viable approach to promoting accessible workouts sports and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Murofushi
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Sports Science Center, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Government of Japan Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology, Japan Sports Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Oshikawa
- Waseda University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Kaneoka
- Waseda University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sho Mitomo
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genki Hatano
- Institute of Sport Science, ASICS Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Furuya
- Iryo Hojin Shadan Sonodakai, Department of Rehabilitation, Sonoda Third Hospital, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirohata
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yagishita
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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López-de-Celis C, Sánchez-Alfonso N, Rodríguez-Sanz J, Romaní-Sánchez S, Labata-Lezaun N, Canet-Vintró M, Aiguadé R, Pérez-Bellmunt A. Quadriceps and gluteus medius activity during stable and unstable loading exercises in athletes. A cross-sectional study. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:317-325. [PMID: 37593805 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the muscle activation of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and gluteus medius during different strength and stability exercises with a water tank compared with a sandbag. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Functional Anatomy Laboratory, and the sample consisted of 28 athletes. The main outcome measures were surface electromyography (dependent variable), water tank and sandbag, and exercise type (independent variables): Isometric Single Leg Stance (ISLS), One Leg Deadlift (OLDL), Front Rack Forward Lunge (FRFL), and Lateral Lunge (LL). Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant Group × Time interaction in gluteus medius root mean square (RMS) (F = 14.198, p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.35), vastus lateralis RMS (F = 24.374, p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.47), and vastus medialis RMS (F = 27.261, p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.50). In the between-group analysis, statistically significant differences were observed in gluteus medius RMS in the ISLS: 28.5 ± 15.8 water tank and 20.8 ± 12.6 sandbag (p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.08) and OLDL: 29.7 ± 13.3 water tank and 26.5 ± 13.1 sandbag (p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.01). In vastus lateralis in ISLS: 30.4 ± 37.6 water tank and 19.0 ± 26.7 sandbag (p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.03). In vastus medialis in ISLS: 14.2 ± 13.0 water tank and 7.0 ± 5.6 sandbag (p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.12), OLDL: 21.5 ± 16.9 water tank and 15.5 ± 10.7 sandbag (p = 0.002, ŋ2 = 0.04), and LL: 51.8 ± 29.6 water tank and 54.3 ± 29.3 sandbag (p = 0.017, ŋ2 = 0.00). These results confirm significantly greater activation of the gluteus medius and vastus medialis in the ISLS and OLDL exercises, and of the vastus lateralis in the water tank ISLS exercise. However, the vastus medialis shows greater activation in the LL exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-de-Celis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Anatomy Group, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Sánchez-Alfonso
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Anatomy Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Anatomy Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Noé Labata-Lezaun
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Anatomy Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Max Canet-Vintró
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Anatomy Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Aiguadé
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Anatomy Group, Barcelona, Spain
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Glass SC, Wisneski KA. Effect of Instability Training on Compensatory Muscle Activation during Perturbation Challenge in Young Adults. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:136. [PMID: 37754969 PMCID: PMC10531879 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Balance requires constant adjustments in muscle activation to attain force steadiness. Creating appropriate training can be challenging. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 2 weeks of front squat instability training using a water-filled training tube on force steadiness during an instability challenge. Control (CON, n = 13) and experimental (EXP, n = 17) subjects completed pre- and post-testing for EMG variability by completing one set of 10 repetitions with a stable and unstable training tube. Electrodes were placed bilaterally on the anterior deltoid, paraspinal, and vastus lateralis muscles. CON subjects completed 2 weeks of training using a stable training tube, while EXP subjects trained with a water-filled instability tube. EMG data were integrated for each contraction, and force steadiness was computed using the natural log of coefficient of variation. CON results showed no changes in force steadiness for any condition. EXP showed significant reductions in EMG activation variability across all muscles. These results indicate a significant training effect in reducing muscle activation variability in subjects training with a water-filled instability training device. Improvements seen in these healthy subjects support the development of training implements for a more clinical population to help improve force steadiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Glass
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Movement Science, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA;
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Peroneal muscle activity during stable and unstable load exercises. A cross-sectional study. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 60:84-90. [PMID: 36738669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the muscle activity of the peroneus longus during the execution of different unstable load exercises compared to stable load exercises. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Functional Anatomy Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS 28 healthy athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Surface electromyography (sEMG), unstable load (water tank), Stable Load (Sandbag), type of exercise (Isometric single leg stance, single-leg Romanian deadlift, front rack forward lunge and lateral lunge). RESULTS The repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant Group ∗ Time interaction in Root Mean Square (RMS) (F = 51.307, P < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.70). In the between-group analysis there were statistically significant differences in RMS isometric single leg stance in favor to unstable load (P < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.07). In the within-group analysis of RMS statistically significant differences were found in the stable load group between isometric single leg stance and single-leg Romanian deadlift (P < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Single leg stance exercise with unstable load showed higher peroneus muscle activity than stable load. However, no peroneus muscle activity differences were found between unstable and stable loads for single-leg Romanian deadlift, frontal rack forward lunge and lateral lunge. Single-leg Romanian deadlift with stable load showed higher peroneus muscle activity than isometric single leg stance with stable load.
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Park JH, Lee SJ, Shin HJ, Cho HY. Influence of Loads and Loading Position on the Muscle Activity of the Trunk and Lower Extremity during Squat Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013480. [PMID: 36294056 PMCID: PMC9602963 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of the load and bar position on trunk and lower extremity muscle activity during squat exercise. High bar back squats (HBBS) and low bar back squats (LBBS) were performed in random order at 50%, 60%, and 70% loads of one repetition maximum by 28 experienced healthy adult men who had been performing squats for at least one year. Before the experiment, the maximal voluntary contraction of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, external oblique, and erector spinae muscles was measured by means of surface electromyography. In addition, eccentric and concentric exercises were performed for 3 s each to measure the muscle activity. There was a significant difference in muscle activity according to the load for all muscles in the eccentric and concentric phases (p < 0.05), indicating that muscle activity increased as the load increased. In addition, in the comparison between HBBS and LBBS, significant differences were shown in all lower extremity muscles and all trunk muscles except for the external oblique in the concentric phase according to the bar position (p < 0.05). HBBS showed a higher muscle activity of the lower extremity in the eccentric and concentric phases than in LBBS, while LBBS showed a higher muscle activity of the trunk muscle in the eccentric and concentric phases than in HBBS (p < 0.05). HBBS requires more force in the lower extremity than LBBS and is particularly advantageous in strengthening the muscular strength of the quadriceps. In contrast, LBBS requires more muscle activity in the trunk than HBBS and is more effective in carrying heavier loads because of the advantage of body stability. This study suggests that rehabilitation experts apply the bar position and load as important variables affecting the intensity and method of training for target muscle strengthening of the lower extremities and trunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyung Park
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Seung-Jea Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Shin
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-J.S.); (H.-Y.C.); Tel.: +82-32-820-4420 (H.-J.S.); +82-32-820-4560 (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Hwi-Young Cho
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-J.S.); (H.-Y.C.); Tel.: +82-32-820-4420 (H.-J.S.); +82-32-820-4560 (H.-Y.C.)
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Murofushi K, Oshikawa T, Kaneoka K, Akuzawa H, Yamaguchi D, Mitomo S, Furuya H, Hirohata K, Yagishita K. Differences in trunk and lower extremity muscle activity during squatting exercise with and without hammer swing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13387. [PMID: 35927570 PMCID: PMC9352780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation exercises enhance lower limb and trunk muscles, and adding swing perturbation while loading during exercise might improve muscle activation or strength. This study aimed to check variations in trunk and lower limb muscle activity during conventional isometric squats, and whether it will change with or without swing using the Hammerobics-synchronized squat method. Twelve healthy men participated in this study. Activities for the abductor hallucis, tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus, rectus femoris, biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus, multifidus, and internal oblique muscles were measured using surface electromyography during a Hammerobics-synchronized squat and conventional isometric squat. Muscle activities were statistically compared between squat methods. Hammerobics-synchronized squats significantly activated the abductor hallucis, tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus, semitendinosus, and multifidus muscles, in both phases, compared with the conventional isometric squats. The Hammerobics-synchronized squat exercise can be considered for trunk and foot stability exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Murofushi
- Sports Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Zip code 113-8510, Japan. .,Japan Sports Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Koji Kaneoka
- Faculty of Sport Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Yamaguchi
- Sports Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Zip code 113-8510, Japan
| | - Sho Mitomo
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Furuya
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sonoda Third Hospital/Tokyo Medical Institute Tokyo Spine Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirohata
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yagishita
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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The Effect of Aquabag Use on Muscle Activation in Functional Strength Training. J Sport Rehabil 2022; 31:420-427. [DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Context: Although training with an aquabag (AB) has gained popularity, there is a lack of evidence of its effect. This study wanted to evaluate the effect of AB implementation on muscle activity of core and lower limb muscles during 3 functional exercises. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects performed a squat, lunge, and step-up, while using a stick and an AB. Surface electromyography signals were recorded from the trunk, pelvis, and thigh muscles in the dominant leg. Linear-mixed models were used to analyze the normalized surface electromyography signals. Results: Results demonstrated a significant increase in muscle activity of the back muscles during all 3 exercises (P < .001 to P = .003), abdominals during squat (P = .034) and step-up (P = .046), hamstrings during lunge (P = .008) and step-up (P = .008), and gluteal muscles during lunge (P < .001 and P = .010, respectively). Conclusions: These results indicate that an AB promotes functional strength training by demanding compensatory/additional activity of both stabilizing muscles (specifically in the core and pelvis regions) and prime movers of the lower limb. The authors recommend the use of an AB to enhance training and rehabilitation effects.
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Baritello O, Khajooei M, Engel T, Kopinski S, Quarmby A, Mueller S, Mayer F. Neuromuscular shoulder activity during exercises with different combinations of stable and unstable weight mass. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2020; 12:21. [PMID: 32226628 PMCID: PMC7098120 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-020-00168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent shoulder injury prevention programs have utilized resistance exercises combined with different forms of instability, with the goal of eliciting functional adaptations and thereby reducing the risk of injury. However, it is still unknown how an unstable weight mass (UWM) affects the muscular activity of the shoulder stabilizers. Aim of the study was to assess neuromuscular activity of dynamic shoulder stabilizers under four conditions of stable and UWM during three shoulder exercises. It was hypothesized that a combined condition of weight with UWM would elicit greater activation due to the increased stabilization demand. METHODS Sixteen participants (7 m/9 f) were included in this cross-sectional study and prepared with an EMG-setup for the: Mm. upper/lower trapezius (U.TA/L.TA), lateral deltoid (DE), latissimus dorsi (LD), serratus anterior (SA) and pectoralis major (PE). A maximal voluntary isometric contraction test (MVIC; 5 s.) was performed on an isokinetic dynamometer. Next, internal/external rotation (In/Ex), abduction/adduction (Ab/Ad) and diagonal flexion/extension (F/E) exercises (5 reps.) were performed with four custom-made-pipes representing different exercise conditions. First, the empty-pipe (P; 0.5 kg) and then, randomly ordered, water-filled-pipe (PW; 1 kg), weight-pipe (PG; 4.5 kg) and weight + water-filled-pipe (PWG; 4.5 kg), while EMG was recorded. Raw root-mean-square values (RMS) were normalized to MVIC (%MVIC). Differences between conditions for RMS%MVIC, scapular stabilizer (SR: U.TA/L.TA; U.TA/SA) and contraction (CR: concentric/eccentric) ratios were analyzed (paired t-test; p ≤ 0.05; Bonferroni adjusted α = 0.008). RESULTS PWG showed significantly greater muscle activity for all exercises and all muscles except for PE compared to P and PW. Condition PG elicited muscular activity comparable to PWG (p > 0.008) with significantly lower activation of L.TA and SA in the In/Ex rotation. The SR ratio was significantly higher in PWG compared to P and PW. No significant differences were found for the CR ratio in all exercises and for all muscles. CONCLUSION Higher weight generated greater muscle activation whereas an UWM raised the neuromuscular activity, increasing the stabilization demands. Especially in the In/Ex rotation, an UWM increased the RMS%MVIC and SR ratio. This might improve training effects in shoulder prevention and rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Baritello
- Clinical Exercise Science, Department Sports and Health Science Medicine, University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mina Khajooei
- Clinical Exercise Science, Department Sports and Health Science Medicine, University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tilman Engel
- Clinical Exercise Science, Department Sports and Health Science Medicine, University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stephan Kopinski
- Clinical Exercise Science, Department Sports and Health Science Medicine, University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andrew Quarmby
- Clinical Exercise Science, Department Sports and Health Science Medicine, University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Steffen Mueller
- Computer Science and Therapy Science, Trier University of Applied Science, Schneidershof, 54293 Trier, Germany
| | - Frank Mayer
- Clinical Exercise Science, Department Sports and Health Science Medicine, University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
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Stability Training and Effectiveness of Playing Basketball. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2020.2-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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