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Li J, Soh KG, Loh SP. The impact of post-activation potentiation on explosive vertical jump after intermittent time: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17213. [PMID: 39060296 PMCID: PMC11282079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67995-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The optimal intermittent time for post-activation potentiation (PAP) training remains uncertain and contentious. This study employed a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the effect of different intermittent times on PAP in relation to explosive vertical jump height. Relevant literature was sourced from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases using keywords such as "postactivation potentiation," "activation enhancement effect," "PAP," "explosive vertical jump," "explosive vertical high jump," and "intermittent time." The search covered publications from the inception of each database until June 2024. Studies involving athletes (regardless of sport type) undergoing PAP training were included, with no restrictions on the methods used to induce PAP. Comparative analysis focused on the heights of countermovement jumps (CMJ) and peak ground reaction force (GRF) before and after interventions. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, and data were analyzed using RevMan5.3. The study included a total of 21 papers with 327 subjects, primarily using the squat as the method of PAP induction. The meta-analysis revealed that intermittent times of 4 min [MD = - 0.03, 95% CI: - 0.04 ~ - 0.01; Z = 2.71, P = 0.007] and 5-8 min [MD = - 0.03, 95% CI: - 0.04 ~ - 0.01; Z = 3.07, P = 0.002] significantly increased the height of explosive vertical CMJs. However, intermittent times of 1-3 min [MD = -0.00, 95% CI: - 0.01 ~ 0.01; Z = 0.38, P = 0.70] and 10-24 min [MD = - 0.01, 95% CI: - 0.02 ~ 0.00; Z = 1.43, P = 0.15] did not show significant effects on CMJ height. These findings indicate that 4-min and 5-8 min intervals significantly enhance CMJ height, while intervals shorter than 4 min or longer than 8 min do not have a significant impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhe Li
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Su Peng Loh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Beato M, de Keijzer KL, Muñoz-Lopez A, Raya-González J, Pozzo M, Alkner BA, Dello Iacono A, Vicens-Bordas J, Coratella G, Maroto-Izquierdo S, Gonzalo-Skok O, McErlain-Naylor SA, Martin-Rivera F, Hernandez-Davo JL, Arrones LS, Sabido R, de Hoyo M, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Norrbrand L. Current Guidelines for the Implementation of Flywheel Resistance Training Technology in Sports: A Consensus Statement. Sports Med 2024; 54:541-556. [PMID: 38175461 PMCID: PMC10978721 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flywheel resistance training has become more integrated within resistance training programs in a variety of sports due to the neuromuscular, strength, and task-specific enhancements reported with this training. OBJECTIVE This paper aimed to present the consensus reached by internationally recognized experts during a meeting on current definitions and guidelines for the implementation of flywheel resistance training technology in sports. METHODS Nineteen experts from different countries took part in the consensus process; 16 of them were present at the consensus meeting (18 May 2023) while three submitted their recommendations by e-mail. Prior to the meeting, evidence summaries were developed relating to areas of priority. This paper discusses the available evidence and consensus process from which recommendations were made regarding the appropriate use of flywheel resistance training technology in sports. The process to gain consensus had five steps: (1) performing a systematic review of systematic reviews, (2) updating the most recent umbrella review published on this topic, (3) first round discussion among a sample of the research group included in this consensus statement, (4) selection of research group members-process of the consensus meeting and formulation of the recommendations, and (5) the consensus process. The systematic analysis of the literature was performed to select the most up-to-date review papers available on the topic, which resulted in nine articles; their methodological quality was assessed according to AMSTAR 2 (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Review 2) and GRADE (Grading Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation). Statements and recommendations scoring 7-9 were considered appropriate. RESULTS The recommendations were based on the evidence summary and researchers' expertise; the consensus statement included three statements and seven recommendations for the use of flywheel resistance training technology. These statements and recommendations were anonymously voted on and qualitatively analyzed. The three statements reported a score ranging from 8.1 to 8.8, and therefore, all statements included in this consensus were considered appropriate. The recommendations (1-7) had a score ranging from 7.7 to 8.6, and therefore, all recommendations were considered appropriate. CONCLUSIONS Because of the consensus achieved among the experts in this project, it is suggested that practitioners and researchers should adopt the guidelines reported in this consensus statement regarding the use of flywheel resistance technology in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK.
| | | | - Alejandro Muñoz-Lopez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Marco Pozzo
- Master de Fútbol, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- SmartCoach Technologies, Inc., Seville, Spain
| | - Björn A Alkner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eksjö, Region Jönköping County, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland
| | - Jordi Vicens-Bordas
- Sport, Exercise, and Human Movement (SEaHM), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Martin-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Sabido
- Sport Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Moises de Hoyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Performance Department, Aston Villa Football Club, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Norrbrand
- Division of Environmental Physiology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
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Herrera E, Osorio-Fuentealba C. Impact of warm-up methods on strength-speed for sprinters in athletics: a mini review. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1360414. [PMID: 38476581 PMCID: PMC10927743 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1360414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In athletics, achieving peak performance during competitions is crucial. Warm-up strategies play a crucial role in optimizing the strength-speed performance of sprinters in athletics, especially tailored to the physiological demands of speed events. The need to balance flexibility, prevent injuries, and enhance power output makes the selection of an effective warm-up protocol essential. This narrative review examines different warm-up methods used by athletes and their effects on strength-speed in sprinters in athletics. The main findings indicate that Foam Rolling (FR), Isometric Exercises and Pre-Competitive Massages have no significant effects on sprint performance. Static stretching and prolonged Pre-Competitive Massages have negative impacts on strength and power. The Vibration Platform enhances step length, step rate and running velocity, jump height and total number of jumps performed in a 30-s period in non-experienced sprinters. Eccentric Exercise increases vertical force, Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) demonstrates a reduction in 100-meter time and short-term improvement in vertical and horizontal jumps. Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) significantly improving jump height and flight time. Various warm-up methods have been identified, some focusing on flexibility, others potentially detrimental, and some enhancing strength and power. Implementing effective warm-ups, particularly those promoting strength and power, poses a challenge for coaches seeking reliable alternatives to boost performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Herrera
- Programa de Magíster en Ciencias Aplicadas al Movimiento y la Cognición Humana, Departamento de Kinesiología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar Osorio-Fuentealba
- Programa de Magíster en Ciencias Aplicadas al Movimiento y la Cognición Humana, Departamento de Kinesiología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
- Núcleo de Bienestar y Desarrollo Humano (NUBIDEH), Centro de Investigación en Educación (CIE-UMCE), Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
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Fu K, Chen L, Poon ETC, Wang R, Li Q, Liu H, Ho IMK. Post-activation performance enhancement of flywheel training on lower limb explosive power performance. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1217045. [PMID: 37534366 PMCID: PMC10390728 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1217045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) of flywheel training (FT) on lower limb explosive power performance. Using a randomized crossover design, 20 trained men (age = 21.5 ± 1.4 years; training experience 5.5 ± 1.2 years) completed seven main conditions after three familiarization sessions. The first three conditions tested the PAPE of the FT on the counter movement jump (CMJ) under three different inertial loads (0.041 kg·m2 as L; 0.057 kg·m2 as ML; and 0.122 kg·m2 as P), whereas the following four conditions tested the PAPE of FT on the 30 m sprint, which consisted of three inertial loads (L, ML, and P) and a control condition. Participants were required to perform the CMJ or 30 m sprint at baseline (Tb) and immediately (T0), 4 min (T4), 8 min (T8), 12 min (T12), and 16 min (T16) after exercise, respectively. The results of the CMJ conditions showed that PAPE peaked at T4 (p < 0.01) and almost subsided at T12 (p > 0.05) in ML and P conditions. Meanwhile, PAPE appeared earlier in the P condition, and the effect was more significant (P:ES = 1.09; ML:ES = 0.79). 30 m sprint results showed significant improvement only in the ML condition. The PAPE peaked at T4 (p < 0.05, ES = -0.47) and almost subsided at T8 (p > 0.05). It was mainly due to the significant enhancement of the 10-30 m segmental timing performance at T4 (p < 0.05, ES = -0.49). This study indicates that the size of the inertial load could influence the magnitude of the PAPE produced by the explosive force of the lower limb. The PAPE of the vertical explosive force increased with increasing inertial load, but the PAPE of the horizontal explosive force did not appear at the maximum inertial load. The most effective elicitation of the PAPE was at 4-8 min after the FT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqi Fu
- Department of Public Physical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingying Chen
- Department of Public Physical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rou Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Haochong Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Indy Man Kit Ho
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
- Asian Academy for Sports and Fitness Professionals, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Masel S, Maciejczyk M. Post-activation effects of accommodating resistance and different rest intervals on vertical jump performance in strength trained males. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:65. [PMID: 37095566 PMCID: PMC10123974 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-activation potentiation performance (PAPE) is a physiological phenomenon that has been studied numerously but the researchers are still seeking for the optimal application methods. The accommodating resistance was found to be an effective training method to acutely enhance subsequent explosive performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of performing a trap bar deadlift with accommodating resistance on squat jump (SJ) performance with different rest intervals (90, 120, 150s). METHODS The study had a cross-over design and fifteen strength-trained males (age 22.9 ± 2.1 years; body height 182 ± 6.5 cm; body mass: 80.4 ± 9.8 kg; body fat 15.8 ± 7.0%; BMI 24.1 ± 2.8; lean body mass 67.5 ± 8.8 kg) participated in one familiarization, three experimental and three control sessions within three weeks. The conditioning activity (CA) used in the study was a single set of 3 repetitions of a trap bar deadlift at 80% 1RM with approximately 15% 1RM of an elastic band. The SJ measurements were performed at the baseline and post-CA after 90 or 120 or 150s. RESULTS The 90s experimental protocol significantly improved (p < 0.05, effect size 0.34) acute SJ performance whereas 120 and 150 s experimental protocols did not significantly improve performance. The following tendency was observed - the longer the rest interval, the smaller the potentiation effect; p value for 90s (0.046), 120s (0.166), 150s (0.745). CONCLUSIONS A trap bar deadlift with accommodating resistance and 90s rest interval can be used to acutely enhance jump performance. A 90s rest interval was found to be optimal to enhance subsequent SJ performance, but the potential rest interval extension to 120s could also be taken by strength and conditioning coaches as the PAPE effect is highly individual. However, exceeding the rest interval to more than 120s may not be effective in optimising the PAPE effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Masel
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
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Santos CC, Barbosa TM, Marinho DA, Costa MJ. Association between the dry-land strength & power and the kick start kinetics in elite male and female swimmers. Sports Biomech 2022:1-11. [PMID: 36579929 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2158921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine the association between dry-land exercises and the start kinetics in elite swimmers. Fourteen swimmers (eight males and six females) included in a national team took part in this study. A fixed smith-machine was used to measure the maximal full squat strength (Smax). The height of squat (SJ) and countermovement (CMJ) jumps were collected with a contact mat. The ground reaction force of the kick starts in the three-dimensional axis (Fz horizontal; Fy, vertical; Fx, lateral) was obtained by an instrumented force plate in the starting block. Overall, the Smax showed a high and significant association with Fz (r = 0.60) and Fy (r = 0.87). Moderate and significant associations were found between Fy and SJ (r = 0.51) and CMJ (r = 0.57). While Smax in males showed high association with Fy (r = 0.77), the Smax for females showed greater association with Fz (r = 0.84). As conclusion, the full back squat seems to be the dry-land exercise with higher association with the kick start kinetics. While in males the full squat defines better the vertical component, for females it defines the horizontal one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C Santos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário J Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Pisz A, Kolinger D, Tsoukos A, Aschenbrenner P, Stastny P, Bogdanis GC. Effects of Unilateral Conditioning Activity on Acute Performance Enhancement: A Systematic Review. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:625-639. [PMID: 36523899 PMCID: PMC9741717 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to summarize the reported effects of unilateral conditioning activity (CA) on unilateral performance, bilateral performance, and the contribution of activated body limb to bilateral performance. A systematic search on MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted on February 2022. Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Throwing, jumping, swimming, change of direction, and isokinetic performance were used as outcome measures to assess the impact of unilateral CAs on inducing post-activation performance enhancement. Eleven studies examined the effectiveness of resistance exercises as a CA, seven investigated plyometric exercises, and five used isokinetic muscle actions as CAs. Notably, only three studies directly compared the effects of bilateral and unilateral CA, and no study reported possible changes in the contribution of each limb during bilateral exercises executed following unilateral CA. Split squats were the most often studied CA (7), and it was shown that multiple sets of high-loaded split squats (85% one-repetition maximum) executed as CA, improve vertical jumping and change of direction after 4 to 8 min of recovery. At the same time, multiple sets of alternate leg bounds performed with ~10% body weight or without any external load result in an improvement of sprint performance, 2 and 8 min later, with the effect being greater when loaded jumps are used. The unilateral CAs such as split squats, alternate leg bounds, and drop jumps can be effectively used to acutely improve a wide variety of athletic tasks, including jumping, sprinting, change of direction, and swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Krzysztofik
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic,Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Wilk
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic,Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Pisz
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Kolinger
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Piotr Aschenbrenner
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Biomechanics and Sport Engineering Department, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Cuenca-Fernández F, Boullosa D, López-Belmonte Ó, Gay A, Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Arellano R. Swimming Warm-Up and Beyond: Dryland Protocols and Their Related Mechanisms—A Scoping Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:120. [PMID: 36153425 PMCID: PMC9509505 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In swimming, the beneficial effects of the in-water warm-up are often undermined by the long transition periods before competition (≥ 20 min). For that reason, studies comparing the effects of in-water warm-ups followed by dryland activities have been conducted in the swimming literature. This has brought conflicting evidence due to large combinations of supervised and unsupervised warm-up procedures used. Therefore, a scoping review was performed to discuss (1) why warm-up strategies are important for competitive swimming; to identify (2) what are the different warm-up approaches available in the literature, and; to establish (3) what are the main conclusions, considerations and gaps that should be addressed in further research to provide clearer guidance for interventions. The search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. To be considered eligible, studies must have assessed acute short-term responses of warm-up procedures in swimmers by using randomized controlled trials or pre-post study designs. A total of 42 articles were included in this review. The effectiveness of warm-up responses was evaluated based on the inclusion or not of warm-up, the type of conditioning activity (in-water exercise, in-water exercise combined with dryland or dryland exercise only), its duration, and intensity. (1) Warm-up mechanisms have been mainly related to temperature changes associated to cardiovascular adaptations and short-term specific neuromuscular adaptations. Thus, maintaining muscle activity and body temperature during the transition phase immediately prior to competition could help swimmers' performance; (2) the most common approach before a race usually included a moderate mileage of in-water warm-up (~ 1000 m) performed at an intensity of ≤ 60% of the maximal oxygen consumption, followed by dryland protocols to keep the muscle activity and body temperature raised during the transition phase. Dryland activities could only optimize performance in sprint swimming if performed after the in-water warm-up, especially if heated clothing elements are worn. Using tethered swimming and hand-paddles during warm-ups does not provide superior muscular responses to those achieved by traditional in-water warm-ups, possibly because of acute alterations in swimming technique. In contrast, semi-tethered resisted swimming may be considered as an appropriate stimulus to generate post-activation performance enhancements; (3) nothing has yet been investigated in backstroke, butterfly or individual medley, and there is a paucity of research on the effects of experimental warm-ups over distances greater than 100 m. Women are very under-represented in warm-up research, which prevents conclusions about possible sex-regulated effects on specific responses to the warm-up procedures.
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McKenzie MR, McKean MR, Doyle DP, Hogarth LW, Burkett BJ. Swimming performance, physiology, and post-activation performance enhancement following dryland transition phase warmup: A systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273248. [PMID: 35980952 PMCID: PMC9387820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In swimming, the period between the end of the swimming warmup and the beginning of competition is critical to performance, here termed the transition phase. Several options are available during this phase, necessitating a systematic review to understand if optimal strategies exist. Objectives To synthesise and critically evaluate the current literature investigating land-based warmup interventions on subsequent performance in competitive swimmers. Methods A search of three electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCO SPORTDiscus and Web of Science) was conducted to identify original studies until February 2022. Selection criteria dictated that (i) a control condition was used, (ii) participants were ≥ 15 years of age, (iii) a pool-based warmup was done prior to the land-based warmup. A total of 25 articles met the selection criteria. Results Reducing the transition phase duration by at least half led to consistently faster time-trial times of between 1.1–1.5% for all included studies. Passive warmups using clothing interventions resulted in mostly faster time-trial’s of 0.4–0.8% with increases in skin temperature frequent, though little change occurred in core temperature. The methodology of passive respiratory warmups were vastly different with positive time-trial’s effects ranging between 0.9–1.1% for two studies, though one reported no meaningful difference. Active warmups led to consistently faster time-trial’s between 0.7–0.9%, though the unpinning factors are not clear. Warmups which combined passive and active options frequently led to faster time-trial’s between 0.8–3%. Upper and combined limb post-activation performance enhancement led to mostly unfavourable time-trial changes. Lower limb exclusive protocols results were inconsistent, with limited beneficial effects on time-trial or start performance reported following plyometric protocols. However, there does appear merit in heavier loaded lower limb protocols. Conclusion Each of a reduced transition phase length, and passive, active or combination warmup have demonstrated improvements in swimming performance. Conversely, PAPE protocols should be used with caution, especially when including the upper limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R. McKenzie
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark R. McKean
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danielle P. Doyle
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke W. Hogarth
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brendan J. Burkett
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Swimming Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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The effects of post-activation performance enhancement and different warm-up protocols on swim start performance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9038. [PMID: 35641619 PMCID: PMC9156704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) on swim start performance and lower body power performance after different warm-up protocols. Ten male national-level swimmers performed three different warm-ups: (i) a swim-specific warm-up (SW, control protocol); (ii) PAPE (an experimental protocol); and (iii) SW followed by PAPE (SW + PAPE, an experimental protocol). PAPE consisted of performing three series of 5 drop jumps. A repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant differences between the protocols in the swim start performance (F = 8.89; P < 0.001) and countermovement jump (F = 2.22; P = 0.047). SW + PAPE induced greater improvements in swim start time to 15 m (ES = − 0.47, P = 0.017) and entry time (ES = − 1.83, P < 0.001), the countermovement jump reactive strength index modified (ES = − 1.83, P < 0.001), eccentric rate of force development (ES = 0.69, P = 0.047), and index of explosive strength (ES = 0.94, P = 0.005) compared to SW. The current findings of this study indicate that the drop jump PAPE protocol, in addition to SW, is an effective tool because it could improve athletes' capacity for a more efficient swim start and their countermovement jump performance. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that PAPE induced by drop jumps could be time-efficient and practically applicable in facilities with limited resources.
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de Keijzer KL, Gonzalez JR, Beato M. The effect of flywheel training on strength and physical capacities in sporting and healthy populations: An umbrella review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264375. [PMID: 35213634 PMCID: PMC8880830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this umbrella review was to provide a detailed summary of how flywheel training enhances strength and physical capacities in healthy and athletic populations. The eleven reviews included were analyzed for methodological quality according to the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Review 2 (AMSTAR 2) and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Two were systematic reviews, six were systematic reviews with meta-analyses and three were narrative reviews. Although the included reviews support use of flywheel training with athletic and healthy populations, the umbrella review highlights disparity in methodological quality and over-reporting of studies (38 studies were included overall). Flywheel post-activation performance enhancement protocols can effectively enhance strength and physical capacities acutely with athletes and healthy populations. All relevant reviews support flywheel training as a valid alternative to traditional resistance training for enhancing muscular strength, power, and jump performance with untrained and trained populations alike. Similarly, reviews included report flywheel training enhances change of direction performance—although conclusions are based on a limited number of investigations. However, the reviews investigating the effect of flywheel training on sprint performance highlight some inconsistency in attained improvements with elite athletes (e.g., soccer players). To optimize training outcomes, it is recommended practitioners individualize (i.e., create inertia-power or inertia-velocity profiles) and periodize flywheel training using the latest guidelines. This umbrella review provides an analysis of the literature’s strengths and limitations, creating a clear scope for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Rudnik D, Rejman M, Machado L, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Does the Back Plate Position Influence Swimming Start Temporal Characteristics? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052722. [PMID: 35270414 PMCID: PMC8910538 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the back plate position impact on the block phase movement pattern and total starting performance with a distinction for sex. Thirty-eight swimmers performed starts changing the back plate position (preferred position, one position forward and one position backward), with the data being assessed using a 3D dynamometric central and a video camera. In males, the 15 m start time was 0.1 s shorter for the preferred position compared with the backward position (p < 0.05). Regardless of the back plate positioning, the swimmers spent a similar time on the block. A more forward position of the back plate postponed the rear foot take-off and consequently reduced the front foot stand duration. A back plate position effect was revealed for those variables with a larger effect size in males whereas in females, a change of about two positions was needed to reach a significance level. Probably due to the specification of physical domains, a greater impact on the changes introduced was noted for males. Therefore, whilst searching for the optimal starting position, adjustments to the back plate placement might affect a greater number of males than females. To reinforce the starting optimization during the training process and its monitoring, the effect of personal preference toward the starting block setting was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Rudnik
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland;
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics, Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (L.M.); (R.J.F.); (J.P.V.-B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marek Rejman
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Leandro Machado
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics, Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (L.M.); (R.J.F.); (J.P.V.-B.)
| | - Ricardo J. Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics, Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (L.M.); (R.J.F.); (J.P.V.-B.)
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D) and Porto Biomechanics, Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (L.M.); (R.J.F.); (J.P.V.-B.)
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13
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The Flywheel Device Shaft Shape Determines Force and Velocity Profiles in the Half Squat Exercise. J Hum Kinet 2022; 81:15-25. [PMID: 35291636 PMCID: PMC8884883 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Flywheel resistance training devices can be classified by their shaft shape. The objective of this study was to analyze whether using two flywheel resistance training devices shaft shapes can influence force and velocity production, regardless of the inertia used. Thirty-nine (n = 39) healthy active men participated in this study. They were randomized to perform 3 sets of 7 repetitions at maximal concentric voluntary execution, followed by a break in the last third of the eccentric phase in the half squat exercise. A progressive rotational inertial setting of 0.11, 0.22, and 0.33 kg·m2 was used. Force- and velocity-time profiles were captured using two force plates and a synchronized linear encoder. Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare biomechanical output between the flywheel devices. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Force application was significantly higher in the horizontal cylinder-shaped device for the three moments of inertia used in the eccentric phase (p < 0.001). In the concentric phase, force application was significantly higher in the horizontal cylinder-shaped device in 0.11 (p < 0.001) and 0.22 kg·m2 (p < 0.001). The resultant speed was higher in the vertical cone-shaped device in the concentric phase and the eccentric phase for the three moments of inertia (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the flywheel shaft type determines the mechanical output of the half squat exercise, regardless of the moment of inertia used. While a horizontal cylinder-shaped device is more suitable to achieve higher forces, especially in the eccentric phase, a vertical cone-shaped device can be used to achieve higher speeds during the execution of the exercise.
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14
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Beato M, Maroto-Izquierdo S, Hernández-Davó JL, Raya-González J. Flywheel Training Periodization in Team Sports. Front Physiol 2021; 12:732802. [PMID: 34819871 PMCID: PMC8606557 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.732802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom.,Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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15
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Jimenez-Perez I, Gil-Calvo M, Vardasca R, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Pre-exercise skin temperature evolution is not related with 100 m front crawl performance. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102926. [PMID: 34016349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During the transition between warm-up and competition there is a change in core, muscle and (eventually) skin temperature that may affect swimming performance. We have aimed to assess skin temperature evolution during transition phases of different durations before a typical front crawl effort and to investigate its relationship with performance. Following a standardized warm-up, nine adolescent male swimmers performed three maximal randomized 100 m maximum front crawl trials after 10, 20 and 45 min transition phases. Skin temperature, performance (time, stroke frequency, length and index, and propelling efficiency), heart rate, lactate and perceived effort were assessed. Data showed a skin temperature log increase over time (R2 > 0.96, p < 0.01) without differences from the 15 min with the following instants. Performance and psychophysiological variables were similar between transition phases. However, skin temperature at the end of the transition periods, i.e., just before the 100 m trials, was lower in the 10 min than the 20 and 45 min transitions (32.0 ± 0.6 vs 33.0 ± 0.4 and 33.5 ± 0.5 °C, respectively). The main finding was that no relevant relationships were observed between pre-test skin temperature and performance times (|r| < 0.6, p > 0.05) for the studied transition phases. We have concluded that transitions longer than 10 min will not present thermal changes and that, within the physiologic limits studied, pre-exercise skin temperature does not influence swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Jimenez-Perez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Gil-Calvo
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of health and Sport Sciences, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Vardasca
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ISLA Santarem, Santarem, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Sánchez L, Arellano R, Cuenca-Fernández F. Analysis and influence of the underwater phase of breaststroke on short-course 50 and 100m performance. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1885838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Sánchez
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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17
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Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) after a single bout of high-intensity flywheel resistance training. Biol Sport 2020; 37:343-350. [PMID: 33343067 PMCID: PMC7725046 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.96318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the post-activation performance enhancements (PAPE) induced by a high-intensity single set of accentuated eccentric isoinertial resistance exercise on vertical jump performance. Twenty physically active male university students performed, in randomized counterbalanced order, two different conditioning activities (CA) after a general preestablished warm-up: a conditioning set of 6 maximum repetitions at high intensity (i.e., individualized optimal moment of inertia [0.083 ± 0.03 kg·m-2]) of the flywheel half-squat exercise in the experimental condition, or a set of 6 maximal countermovement jumps (CMJ) instead of the flywheel exercise in the control condition. CMJ height, CMJ concentric peak power and CMJ concentric peak velocity were assessed at baseline (i.e., 3 minutes after the warm-up) and 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 minutes after the CA in both experimental and control protocols. Only after the experimental protocol were significant gains in vertical jump performance (p < 0.05, ES range 0.10–1.34) at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 minutes after the CA observed. In fact, the experimental protocol showed greater (p < 0.05) CMJ height, concentric peak power and concentric peak velocity enhancements compared to the control condition. In conclusion, a single set of high-intensity flywheel training led to PAPE in CMJ performance after 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 minutes in physically active young men.
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18
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Sañudo B, de Hoyo M, Haff GG, Muñoz-López A. Influence of Strength Level on the Acute Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Following Flywheel and Free Weight Resistance Training. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20247156. [PMID: 33327405 PMCID: PMC7764837 DOI: 10.3390/s20247156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the post-activation potentiation performance enhancement (PAPE) response to the acute inertial flywheel (FW) and free weight resistance training (TRA) on subsequent countermovement jump (CMJ) and sprint performance (10 m sprint). This study used a randomized crossover design including twenty-eight healthy males that were divided into strong (relative one-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat > 2.0 × body mass) and weak (relative 1RM back squat < 2.0 × body mass) groups. All participants performed the following: (a) three reps at 90% of their 1RM back squat (TRA) and (b) three reps on an inertial FW (plus one repetition to initiate flywheel movement) with an intensity that generated a mean propulsive velocity equal to that achieved with 90% of the 1RM back squat. Before and after the conditioning activity, participants performed two CMJs and two 10 m sprints. Within-group analyses showed significantly greater CMJ (d > 0.9, p < 0.001) and sprint performance (d > 0.5, p < 0.05) in the FW and the TRA group. Between-group analysis showed that sprint changes were significantly greater in the FW-strong group when compared with the TRA (F1,18 = 5.11, p = 0.036, η2p = 0.221-large) group. These results suggest that using a squat activation protocol on a FW may lead to an acute positive effect on jump and sprint performance, especially in stronger individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.S.); (M.d.H.)
| | - Moisés de Hoyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (B.S.); (M.d.H.)
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6065, Australia;
| | - Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Education Sciences School, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-699-66-14-47
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19
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Arsenis S, Gioftsidou A, Smilios I, Malliou P, Chatzinikolaou A. The effect of periodized flywheel training on power of lower limbs. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:1563-1569. [PMID: 33305551 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the effects of semi-squat exercise with a flywheel device and free weights on parameters of physical performance. METHODS 48 well-trained male athletes were randomly divided into three subject groups (N.=16 each), two training groups (DT and RT) and one control group (CON). The duration of the intervention program was 8 weeks with frequency 2 times per week. Squat (SJ), countermovement (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) tests were evaluated pre- and postprogram. Additionally, sprint performance in 10 (T10) and 30 meters (T30) was evaluated. The mechanical parameters of semi-squat exercise were analyzed pre- and postintervention program. Specifically, the optimum power load (OPL) and the average power output during semi-squat were evaluated. RESULTS Statistically significant differences showed on 1RM between RT and CON group (P<0.05). Statistically significant difference in SJ and CMJ were showed between DT and CON group. Also, DT decrease significant the time of 10m and 30m sprint in compare with CON group (P<0.05). These results demonstrate that flywheel training has similar effects with resistance training on power of lower limbs muscles. CONCLUSIONS Flywheel training can be used as alternative training in periodized programs that aim to enhance sports performance. Finally, these findings can be useful for strength and conditioning coaches to understand the function of flywheel device and the design of resistance training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Arsenis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Komotini, Greece -
| | - Asimenia Gioftsidou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Komotini, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Komotini, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Malliou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Komotini, Greece
| | - Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Komotini, Greece
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20
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de Arruda TB, Barbieri RA, de Andrade VL, Cursiol JA, Kalva-Filho CA, Bertucci DR, Papoti M. Proposal of a Conditioning Activity Model on Sprint Swimming Performance. Front Physiol 2020; 11:580711. [PMID: 33192588 PMCID: PMC7642208 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.580711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to propose a conditioning activity (CA) model to stimulate improvement on neuromuscular responses, mechanical parameters and for the 50-m freestyle swimming. Thirteen male swimmers (19 ± 3 years and performances of 77% in relation to World Championship records) performed four CA protocols followed by a maximum performance in the 50-m freestyle. In the first protocol (P1) swimmers performed a standard warm-up (∼15 min); in the second protocol (P2) lunges (3 × 85% of the one-repetition maximum); in the third (P3) pull-ups (3 maximum repetitions) and box jumps 40 cm high and 60 cm deep (1 × 5 with 10% of the corporal weight); and in the fourth protocol (P4) a combination of exercises from the second and third protocols. CA protocols had no effect on the standard warm-up. However, P2 performance (27.01 ± 1.25 s) was similar to P1 (27.01 ± 1.18 s) and presented higher positive effects in mechanical parameters for the swim start performance in comparison to other protocols, contributing to improvements in the 50-m freestyle. In addition, turnaround time also had a negative effect, mainly in P3 (3.12 ± 0.28 s), signaling the improvement of this variable in all protocols (P1: 3.30 ± 0.38 s; P2: 3.17 ± 0.30 s; P4: 3.17 ± 0.34 s). P2 (after: 80 ± 11%; before: 82.7 ± 9.9%) and P3 (after: 82.7 ± 9.9%; before: 85.1 ± 9.7%) presented a possible positive effect on the percentage of voluntary activation in relation to P1 (after: 79.3 ± 10.7%; before: 76.3 ± 12%). In conclusion, the proposed conditioning activity protocols were not efficient for performance improvement in the 50-m freestyle compared to the standard model and seem to specifically influence each phase of the event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarine Botta de Arruda
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, EEFERP-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Barbieri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, EEFERP-USP, São Paulo, Brazil.,Estácio University Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vitor Luiz de Andrade
- Bioscience Institute, Physical Education Department, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Augusto Cursiol
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, EEFERP-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho
- Human Movement Research Laboratory, Post-graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Danilo Rodrigues Bertucci
- Bioscience Institute, Physical Education Department, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, EEFERP-USP, São Paulo, Brazil.,Bioscience Institute, Physical Education Department, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Beato M, Dello Iacono A. Implementing Flywheel (Isoinertial) Exercise in Strength Training: Current Evidence, Practical Recommendations, and Future Directions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:569. [PMID: 32581845 PMCID: PMC7283738 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
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22
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Drury B, Ratel S, Clark CC, Fernandes JF, Moran J, Behm DG. Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: Perspectives for Long-Term Athletic Development. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E70. [PMID: 33467385 PMCID: PMC7739302 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the role of eccentric resistance training in youth and how this training modality can be utilized within long-term physical development. Current literature on responses to eccentric exercise in youth has demonstrated that potential concerns, such as fatigue and muscle damage, compared to adults are not supported. Considering the importance of resistance training for youth athletes and the benefits of eccentric training in enhancing strength, power, speed, and resistance to injury, its inclusion throughout youth may be warranted. In this review we provide a brief overview of the physiological responses to exercise in youth with specific reference to the different responses to eccentric resistance training between children, adolescents, and adults. Thereafter, we discuss the importance of ensuring that force absorption qualities are trained throughout youth and how these may be influenced by growth and maturation. In particular, we propose practical methods on how eccentric resistance training methods can be implemented in youth via the inclusion of efficient landing mechanics, eccentric hamstrings strengthening and flywheel inertia training. This article proposes that the use of eccentric resistance training in youth should be considered a necessity to help develop both physical qualities that underpin sporting performance, as well as reducing injury risk. However, as with any other training modality implemented within youth, careful consideration should be given in accordance with an individual's maturity status, training history and technical competency as well as being underpinned by current long-term physical development guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P, EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Cain C.T. Clark
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5RW, England, UK;
| | - John F.T. Fernandes
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3WA, UK;
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7C, Canada;
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Current Evidence and Practical Applications of Flywheel Eccentric Overload Exercises as Postactivation Potentiation Protocols: A Brief Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 15:154-161. [PMID: 31743092 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize the evidence on postactivation potentiation (PAP) protocols using flywheel eccentric overload (EOL) exercises. METHODS Studies were searched using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge. RESULTS In total, 7 eligible studies were identified based on the following results: First, practitioners can use different inertia intensities (eg, 0.03-0.88 kg·m2), based on the exercise selected, to enhance sport-specific performance. Second, the PAP time window following EOL exercise seems to be consistent with traditional PAP literature, where acute fatigue is dominant in the early part of the recovery period (eg, 30 s), and PAP is dominant in the second part (eg, 3 and 6 min). Third, as EOL exercises require large force and power outputs, a volume of 3 sets with the conditioning activity (eg, half-squat or lunge) seems to be a sensible approach. This could reduce the transitory muscle fatigue and thereby allow for a stronger potentiation effect compared with larger exercise volumes. Fourth, athletes should gain experience by performing EOL exercises before using the tool as part of a PAP protocol (3 or 4 sessions of familiarization). Finally, the dimensions of common flywheel devices offer useful and practical solutions to induce PAP effects outside of normal training environments and prior to competitions. CONCLUSIONS EOL exercise can be used to stimulate PAP responses to obtain performance advantages in various sports. However, future research is needed to determine which EOL exercise modalities among intensity, volume, and rest intervals optimally induce the PAP phenomenon and facilitate transfer effects on athletic performances.
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Suchomel TJ, Wagle JP, Douglas J, Taber CB, Harden M, Haff GG, Stone MH. Implementing Eccentric Resistance Training-Part 2: Practical Recommendations. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E55. [PMID: 33467370 PMCID: PMC7739265 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide strength and conditioning practitioners with recommendations on how best to implement tempo eccentric training (TEMPO), flywheel inertial training (FIT), accentuated eccentric loading (AEL), and plyometric training (PT) into resistance training programs that seek to improve an athlete's hypertrophy, strength, and power output. Based on the existing literature, TEMPO may be best implemented with weaker athletes to benefit positional strength and hypertrophy due to the time under tension. FIT may provide an effective hypertrophy, strength, and power stimulus for untrained and weaker individuals; however, stronger individuals may not receive the same eccentric (ECC) overload stimulus. Although AEL may be implemented throughout the training year to benefit hypertrophy, strength, and power output, this strategy is better suited for stronger individuals. When weaker and stronger individuals are exposed to PT, they are exposed to an ECC overload stimulus as a result of increases in the ECC force and ECC rate of force development. In conclusion, when choosing to utilize ECC training methods, the practitioner must integrate these methods into a holistic training program that is designed to improve the athlete's performance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
| | | | - Jamie Douglas
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Mairangi Bay, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Christopher B. Taber
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA
| | - Mellissa Harden
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Michael H. Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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25
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Afonso J, Buzzachera CF, Fernandes RJ. Commentary: Do Thirty-Second Post-activation Potentiation Exercises Improve the 50-m Freestyle Sprint Performance in Adolescent Swimmers? Front Physiol 2019; 10:215. [PMID: 30936834 PMCID: PMC6431658 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José Afonso
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cosme F Buzzachera
- Department of Physical Education, North University of Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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