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Ramirez VJ, Bazrgari B, Spencer A, Gao F, Samaan MA. Influence of Repetitions-to-Failure Deadlift on Lumbo-Pelvic Coordination, With and Without Body Armor. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00461. [PMID: 38917029 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ramirez, VJ, Bazrgari, B, Spencer, A, Gao, F, and Samaan, MA. Influence of repetitions-to-failure deadlift on lumbo-pelvic coordination, with and without body armor. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Repetition-to-failure (RTF) deadlift is a training modality for building lifting capacity that is often implemented by service members to maintain a minimum level of physical fitness. Despite its physiological benefits, little is known about the effects of RTF on the biomechanics of lumbar spine. Additionally, the effects of heavy deadlift training with body armor are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of RTF deadlift on lumbo-pelvic coordination and posture, with and without body armor. Twenty-three healthy subjects, recreational powerlifters, were recruited for this study. Kinematics of the trunk and pelvis were measured using a 3D motion capture system while subjects conducted RTF deadlifts with a 68-kg low-handle hexagonal bar with and without a simulated body armor (22.68 kg). Lumbo-pelvic coordination was characterized using a vector coding approach and coupling angle variability (CAV) using circular statistics, over 3 equally divided segments of the lifting phase. More specifically, the coupling angle values were used to determine the coordination pattern between the thorax and pelvis. Trunk and pelvis ranges of motion and the amount of in-phase lumbo-pelvic coordination pattern increased with RTF deadlift. Additionally, CAV of the first and the third segments of deadlift cycle increased with RTF deadlift. Increase in variability of lumbo-pelvic coordination and peak trunk flexion (i.e., indication of increased mechanical demand of lifting on the spine), as a result of RTF deadlifting, can have deleterious soft tissue responses and contribute to an increase in risk of lower back injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Ramirez
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Babak Bazrgari
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Alexander Spencer
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Fan Gao
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Michael A Samaan
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Petre IM, Nobari H, Boscoianu M, Pelin B, Ionescu A, Prieto González P, Oliveira R, Oancea B. Differences in knee flexor and extensor force and kinematic variables in rural versus urban area female students in Romania. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1152119. [PMID: 38764860 PMCID: PMC11099611 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1152119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to identify and explain the typical differences in low-intensity high-volume resistance training (LIHV-RT) performances for major muscle groups between rural versus urban young female students to establish the relevant set of quantitative and qualitative resistance training parameters. The study sample included 46 recreational active female students at the Transilvania University of Brașov, (mean ± SD age, 20 ± 1 year; body mass, 60 ± 3 kg; height, 160 ± 4 cm) grouped urban vs. rural. The study used modified resistance exercise machines for the hamstring- and quadricep-group muscles, equipped with a dynamometer and sensors for identifying developed forces and accelerations. A number of 368 tests were performed, representing two attempts for each subject, for knee flexion and knee extension exercises, with two different loads. For the performance analysis some variables were considered: the maximum number of repetition until failure, maximum force developed, maximum acceleration, the duration of the set and the mean time per repetition. The maximum number of repetition to failure shows a significant higher value for rural than urban in case of knee flexion (d = 0.98 [0.32, 1.54] for load 1(L1) and d = 0.65 [0.03, 1.21] for load 2(L2)) and in case of knee extension (d = 1.89 [1.11, 2.48] for L1 and d = 1.67 [0.92, 2.25] for L2). The total duration of the sets shows a significant higher value for rural than urban in case of knee flexion (d = 0.84 [0.19, 1.39] for L2) and in case of knee extension (d = 1.46 [0.74, 2.03] for L1 and d = 1.56 [0.98, 2.14] for L2). Additionally we found differences in the quality of the relevant repetitions execution and in the impulse developed during the LIHV- MNRF sets. The study's main finding was that there are differences in LIHV-RT performances knee flexion and knee extension antagonistic exercises, between rural and urban female students. We concluded that the obtained results allow teachers to understand the optimal design of RT programs for the different groups of participants, in order to adapt their teaching techniques so that their final objectives are achieved, insisting on particular aspects of the theoretical or practical contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Mădălina Petre
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Motric Performance, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mircea Boscoianu
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | - Bogdan Pelin
- Department of Motric Performance, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | - Anca Ionescu
- Department of Motric Performance, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | - Pablo Prieto González
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Bogdan Oancea
- Department of Motric Performance, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
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Anderson OK, Voskuil CC, Byrd MT, Garver MJ, Rickard AJ, Miller WM, Bergstrom HC, Dinyer McNeely TK. Affective and Perceptual Responses During an 8-Week Resistance Training to Failure Intervention at Low vs. High Loads in Untrained Women. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:546-554. [PMID: 35947512 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Anderson, AlOK, Voskuil, CC, Byrd, MT, Garver, MJ, Rickard, AJ, Miller, WM, Bergstrom, HC, and Dinyer McNeely, TK. Affective and perceptual responses during an 8-week resistance training to failure intervention at low vs. high loads in untrained women. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 546-554, 2023-This study examined the effects of resistance training (RT) to failure on the perceptual and affective responses, intent-to-continue RT to failure in a self-initiated session, and affect-intent relationship. Twenty-three untrained women (mean ± SD : age 21.2 ± 2.2 years; height 167 ± 5.7 cm; body mass, 62.3 ± 16.2 kg) completed an 8-week, full-body RT to failure intervention at a low (30% 1RM; n = 11) or high (80% 1RM; n = 12) load. The Borg's rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale was used to assess the acute (aRPE) and session (sRPE) RPE immediately after repetition failure and each training session, respectively. Immediately, 15-minute, and 60-minute postsession affective responses were assessed using the feeling scale (FS; -5 to +5), and intent to continue to RT was assessed on a scale of 0-100% intention. During week 4 (W4) and week 8 (W8), aRPE (W4: 18 ± 2, W8: 18 ± 2; p ≤ 0.032) and sRPE (W4: 17 ± 2, W8: 18 ± 1; p ≤ 0.018) were greater than that during week 1 (W1; aRPE: 17 ± 2; sRPE: 16 ± 2). The FS responses increased from immediately to 60-minute postsession during W4 ( p ≤ 0.019) and W8 ( p ≤ 0.049). The correlation between affect and intent-to-continue RT increased from W1 ( r = 0.416) to W8 ( r = 0.777). Regardless of load, untrained women reported similar perceptual, affective, and intention responses. These variables should be considered to improve RT program adoption and adherence in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Anderson
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Caleb C Voskuil
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - M Travis Byrd
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Matthew J Garver
- School of Nutrition, Kinesiology, and Psychological Science, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Missouri
| | - Alex J Rickard
- School of Nutrition, Kinesiology, and Psychological Science, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Missouri
| | - William M Miller
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi; and
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Taylor K Dinyer McNeely
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Jung R, Gehlert S, Geisler S, Isenmann E, Eyre J, Zinner C. Muscle strength gains per week are higher in the lower-body than the upper-body in resistance training experienced healthy young women-A systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284216. [PMID: 37053143 PMCID: PMC10101404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are underrepresented in resistance exercise-related studies. To date only one meta-analysis provides concrete training recommendations for muscle strength gains through resistance training in eumenorrhoeic women. OBJECTIVE This review aims to identify research gaps to advance future study in this area to expand the knowledge concerning resistance exercise-induced strength gains in women and to provide guidelines on the number of repetitions per set and the training frequency per week to enhance maximal muscle strength. METHODS The electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched using a comprehensive list of relevant terms. After checking for exclusion criteria, 31 studies could be included in the final analysis using data from 621 subjects. From these data sets, the ideal number of repetitions per set and also the training frequency per week were analyzed. RESULTS In the lower body, the largest gains were achieved with 1 to 6 repetitions (17.4% 1RM increase). For lower-body exercises, the highest gains were achieved with 13 to 20 repetitions (8.7% 1RM increase). The lower body should be trained two times a week (8.5% 1RM increase). The upper body should be trained two (5.2% 1RM increase) to three times (4.5% 1RM increase) a week. CONCLUSION Women can increase their 1RM by 7.2% per week in the upper body and by 5.2% per week in the lower-body exercises. The upper body can be trained more than two times per week whereas the lower body should be trained two times. Women with intermediate experiences in RT and advanced performance level show more rapid increases in strength in the lower-body compared to the upper-body while no differences were found between upper and lower limb adaptations in RT-beginner subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Jung
- Department of Biosciences of Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Department of Biosciences of Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Stephan Geisler
- Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Isenmann
- Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Eyre
- Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Zinner
- Department of Sport, University of Applied Sciences for Police and Administration of Hesse, Wiesbaden, Germany
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Costa BDDV, Kassiano W, Nunes JP, Kunevaliki G, Castro-E-Souza P, Sugihara Junior P, Fernandes RR, Cyrino ES, Fortes LDS. Does Varying Resistance Exercises for the Same Muscle Group Promote Greater Strength Gains? J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3032-3039. [PMID: 35481889 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Costa, BDV, Kassiano, W, Nunes, JP, Kunevaliki, G, Castro-E-Souza, P, Sugihara-Junior, P, Fernandes, RR, Cyrino, ES, and de Fortes, LS. Does varying resistance exercises for the same muscle group promote greater strength gains? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-Two of the foremost principles of progression are progressive overload and variation. A way to vary within a resistance training (RT) program is to perform different exercises for the same muscle group; however, this strategy is still overlooked. The purpose of the present study was to compare strength adaptations between an RT routine that maintained the exercises fixed (N-VAR) and another that varied the exercises for the same muscle group during the weekly sessions (VAR). Twenty-three young men (23.3 ± 4.1 years) were randomly allocated to N-VAR (n = 11) and VAR (n = 12) conditions. The RT was performed 3 times a week for 9 weeks and consisted of a whole-body routine (3 sets of 8-12 repetitions). Maximum dynamic strength was assessed using the 1-repetition maximum test (1RM), and the isometric strength was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer, before and after training. Following the training period, both groups increased the 1RM values in all exercises (p ≤ 0.002), without significant differences between them (p ≥ 0.20). In contrast, a greater increase (p = 0.02) in isometric knee extension strength was showed to N-VAR (+12%) compared with VAR (+7%). There was no significant increase in both groups for isometric knee flexion strength (N-VAR, p = 0.10; VAR, p = 0.18). Our findings indicate that maintaining or varying the exercises for the same muscle group promotes similar adaptations in the maximum dynamic strength. In contrast, for the isometric strength in knee extension, maintaining the fixed exercises seems to be more interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Witalo Kassiano
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Gabriel Kunevaliki
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Pâmela Castro-E-Souza
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Paulo Sugihara Junior
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Rodrigo R Fernandes
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Edilson Serpeloni Cyrino
- GEPEMENE, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Leonardo de Sousa Fortes
- Graduate Program in Physical Education of Federal, University of Paraíba (UFPB), Paraíba, Brazil
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Ramirez VJ, Bazrgari B, Gao F, Samaan M. Low Back Biomechanics during Repetitive Deadlifts: A Narrative Review. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2022. [PMID: 34875981 DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2021.2015642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONSHeavy deadlifting is used as a screening tool or training protocol for recruitment and retention in physically-demanding occupations, especially in the military. Spinal loads experienced during heavy deadlifts, particularly shearing forces, are well above recommended thresholds for lumbar spine injury in occupational settings. Although members of the noted occupation likely have stronger musculoskeletal systems compared to the general population, experiencing shearing forces that are 2 to 4 times larger than the threshold of injury, particularly under repetitive deadlift, may transform a screening tool or training protocol to an occupationally-harmful physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babak Bazrgari
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael Samaan
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Marshall-McKenna R, Campbell E, Ho F, Banger M, Ireland J, Rowe P, McAlpine C, McArthur K, Quinn TJ, Gray SR. Resistance exercise training at different loads in frail and healthy older adults: A randomised feasibility trial. Exp Gerontol 2021; 153:111496. [PMID: 34302941 PMCID: PMC8434423 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This trial aimed to determine the feasibility of recruitment, retention, adherence, and safety of a resistance training (RT) intervention to skeletal muscle failure in both frail and non-frail older adults. Design An 8-week randomised feasibility trial. Setting and participants Older adults, with and without frailty, recruited from both clinics and community. Methods Recruitment was based on the number of participants enrolled from those provided with a Patient Information Sheet (PIS). Retention was based on the number of participants who completed the trial. Adherence was based on the number of RT sessions attended out of 16. Outcomes included frailty (Fried criteria), muscle strength (maximal voluntary contraction), functional abilities (Short Physical Performance battery), quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), activities of daily living (LIADL) and safety (diary). Results Recruitment target (n = 60) was achieved within 15 months, 58 were randomised to high (n = 30) or low repetition-load (n = 28) groups. Mean age of participants was 72 years (range 65–93). Adherence and retention rate for the RT intervention was ≥70%. There was one serious adverse experience due to the RT intervention. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in effects of RT on outcome variables between low and high repetition-load groups. Conclusions and implications Recruitment of frail people was challenging. Older adults performing supervised RT to skeletal muscle failure was feasible and safe, with appropriate caution, and the repetition-load did not appear to influence its efficacy. Future research into the effectiveness of this simplified model of RT is warranted. Resistance exercise is the most effective way to increase muscle mass. This is particularly important in older adults. Recruitment of older adults, particularly with frailty, is challenging. We found recruitment of older adults feasible, but less so for those with frailty. The load for exercise did not appear to influence efficacy of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Marshall-McKenna
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Evan Campbell
- Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Frederick Ho
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Matthew Banger
- Biomedical Engineering, Graham Hills Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jane Ireland
- Clinical Research Facility, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Philip Rowe
- Biomedical Engineering, Graham Hills Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Christine McAlpine
- Department of Medicine for the Elderly, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kate McArthur
- Department of Medicine for the Elderly, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Terence J Quinn
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Medicine for the Elderly, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stuart R Gray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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LOPEZ PEDRO, RADAELLI RÉGIS, TAAFFE DENNISR, NEWTON ROBERTU, GALVÃO DANIELA, TRAJANO GABRIELS, TEODORO JULIANAL, KRAEMER WILLIAMJ, HÄKKINEN KEIJO, PINTO RONEIS. Resistance Training Load Effects on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gain: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1206-1216. [PMID: 33433148 PMCID: PMC8126497 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze the effect of resistance training (RT) performed until volitional failure with low, moderate, and high loads on muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength in healthy adults and to assess the possible participant-, design-, and training-related covariates that may affect the adaptations. METHODS Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases were searched. Including only studies that performed sets to volitional failure, the effects of low- (>15 repetitions maximum (RM)), moderate- (9-15 RM), and high-load (≤8 RM) RTs were examined in healthy adults. Network meta-analysis was undertaken to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) between RT loads in overall and subgroup analyses involving studies deemed of high quality. Associations between participant-, design-, and training-related covariates with SMD were assessed by univariate and multivariate network meta-regression analyses. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies involving 747 healthy adults were included. Although no differences in muscle hypertrophy between RT loads were found in overall (P = 0.113-0.469) or subgroup analysis (P = 0.871-0.995), greater effects were observed in untrained participants (P = 0.033) and participants with some training background who undertook more RT sessions (P = 0.031-0.045). Muscle strength improvement was superior for both high-load and moderate-load compared with low-load RT in overall and subgroup analysis (SMD, 0.60-0.63 and 0.34-0.35, respectively; P < 0.001-0.003), with a nonsignificant but superior effect for high compared with moderate load (SMD, 0.26-0.28, P = 0.068). CONCLUSIONS Although muscle hypertrophy improvements seem to be load independent, increases in muscle strength are superior in high-load RT programs. Untrained participants exhibit greater muscle hypertrophy, whereas undertaking more RT sessions provides superior gains in those with previous training experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- PEDRO LOPEZ
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
| | - RÉGIS RADAELLI
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BRAZIL
| | - DENNIS R. TAAFFE
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
| | - ROBERT U. NEWTON
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - DANIEL A. GALVÃO
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
| | - GABRIEL S. TRAJANO
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - JULIANA L. TEODORO
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BRAZIL
| | | | - KEIJO HÄKKINEN
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - RONEI S. PINTO
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BRAZIL
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Refalo MC, Hamilton DL, Paval DR, Gallagher IJ, Feros SA, Fyfe JJ. Influence of resistance training load on measures of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improvements in maximal strength and neuromuscular task performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1723-1745. [PMID: 33874848 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1898094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis determined resistance training (RT) load effects on various muscle hypertrophy, strength, and neuromuscular performance task [e.g., countermovement jump (CMJ)] outcomes. Relevent studies comparing higher-load [>60% 1-repetition maximum (RM) or <15-RM] and lower-load (≤60% 1-RM or ≥ 15-RM) RT were identified, with 45 studies (from 4713 total) included in the meta-analysis. Higher- and lower-load RT induced similar muscle hypertrophy at the whole-body (lean/fat-free mass; [ES (95% CI) = 0.05 (-0.20 to 0.29), P = 0.70]), whole-muscle [ES = 0.06 (-0.11 to 0.24), P = 0.47], and muscle fibre [ES = 0.29 (-0.09 to 0.66), P = 0.13] levels. Higher-load RT further improved 1-RM [ES = 0.34 (0.15 to 0.52), P = 0.0003] and isometric [ES = 0.41 (0.07 to 0.76), P = 0.02] strength. The superiority of higher-load RT on 1-RM strength was greater in younger [ES = 0.34 (0.12 to 0.55), P = 0.002] versus older [ES = 0.20 (-0.00 to 0.41), P = 0.05] participants. Higher- and lower-load RT therefore induce similar muscle hypertrophy (at multiple physiological levels), while higher-load RT elicits superior 1-RM and isometric strength. The influence of RT loads on neuromuscular task performance is however unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Refalo
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - D Robert Paval
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon A Feros
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jackson J Fyfe
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Hatanaka S, Ishii N. Proposal and validation of mathematical model for resistance training. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Hatanaka
- Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Naokata Ishii
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Van Every DW, Plotkin DL. Loading Recommendations for Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy, and Local Endurance: A Re-Examination of the Repetition Continuum. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9020032. [PMID: 33671664 PMCID: PMC7927075 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loading recommendations for resistance training are typically prescribed along what has come to be known as the “repetition continuum”, which proposes that the number of repetitions performed at a given magnitude of load will result in specific adaptations. Specifically, the theory postulates that heavy load training optimizes increases maximal strength, moderate load training optimizes increases muscle hypertrophy, and low-load training optimizes increases local muscular endurance. However, despite the widespread acceptance of this theory, current research fails to support some of its underlying presumptions. Based on the emerging evidence, we propose a new paradigm whereby muscular adaptations can be obtained, and in some cases optimized, across a wide spectrum of loading zones. The nuances and implications of this paradigm are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (D.W.V.E.); (D.L.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
| | - Derrick W. Van Every
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (D.W.V.E.); (D.L.P.)
| | - Daniel L. Plotkin
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (D.W.V.E.); (D.L.P.)
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Jenkins NDM, Rogers EM, Banks NF, Muddle TWD, Colquhoun RJ. Increases in motor unit action potential amplitudes are related to muscle hypertrophy following eight weeks of high-intensity exercise training in females. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1403-1413. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1836262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D. M. Jenkins
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emily. M. Rogers
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nile F. Banks
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Tyler W. D. Muddle
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ryan J. Colquhoun
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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Spitz RW, Bell ZW, Wong V, Yamada Y, Song JS, Buckner SL, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Strength testing or strength training: considerations for future research. Physiol Meas 2020; 41:09TR01. [PMID: 33017302 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/abb1fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maximal strength testing is often performed to assess the efficacy of training programs or as a way to prescribe exercise load. Generally, it is believed that high load exercise is superior to low load exercise at increasing absolute strength, however this is not always the case (i.e. strength increases similarly between groups). We hypothesized that some of the discrepancy in the literature may be related to performing the strength test itself. To investigate this further we reviewed the literature looking for studies comparing high load and low load exercise. The included studies were separated into 'no extra practice' and 'practice'. No extra practice means the strength test was only performed at pre and post whereas practice refers to additional strength tests performed throughout the training intervention. Our results indicated that the differences between high load and low load exercise can be reduced when the group training with a low load is allowed additional exposure to the maximal strength test. This suggests that repeated exposure to strength tests may augment low load training adaptations and influence the outcomes. We discuss potential moderators of this relationship (e.g. how low is the low load, complexity of the skill) and offer considerations for future research. Based on this it would be recommended that when investigating the effects of low load training strength tests should be limited to pre and post intervention or if a control group is utilized then the control group should receive the same number of exposures to the strength test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America
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