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Keller JL, Kennedy KG, Hill EC, Fleming SR, Colquhoun RJ, Schwarz NA. Handgrip exercise induces sex-specific mean arterial pressure and oxygenation responses but similar performance fatigability. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:127-138. [PMID: 34979052 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Women exhibit an attenuated exercise pressor reflex (EPR) when compared to men. The influence of sex-specific mechanisms related to the EPR and performance fatigability remain to be fully elucidated. The purpose was to determine the impact of oxygenation and metabolic efficiency on sex-specific performance fatigability and increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) resulting from a fatiguing isometric handgrip (IHG). Twenty-four adults volunteered to perform an IHG at 25% at maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs). Pre- and posttest MVICs were conducted to quantify performance fatigability. MAP was collected at 3 timepoints. A near-infrared spectroscopy device was attached to the forearm to derive the following signals: oxy[haem], deoxy[haem], total[haem], and diff[haem]. These values were normalized and examined across time in 5% segments of time-to-task-failure. Metabolic efficiency was defined as the ratio force:deoxy[haem]. During the IHG, there was a decline in oxy[haem] for the men (b = -0.075), whereas the women demonstrated an increase (b = 0.117). For the men, the diff[haem] tracked the mean oxy[haem] response, but there was no change for the women. The men exhibited greater declines in metabolic efficiency, yet there were no sex differences in PF (46.6 ± 9.7% vs. 45.5 ± 14.2%). For relative MAP, the men (24.5 ± 15.1%) exhibited a greater (p = .03) increase than the women (11.0 ± 17.6%). These results indicated the EPR was more prominent for the men, perhaps due to differences in mechanical stimuli and a lack of ability to maintain metabolic efficiency. However, these physiological differences did not induce a sex difference in performance fatigability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Keller
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Katie G Kennedy
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sydnie R Fleming
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Neil A Schwarz
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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Magrini MA, Colquhoun RJ, Ferrell MC, Fleming SR, Mota JA, Siedlik JA, Poidomani NM, Jenkins NDM, DeFreitas JM. The Influence of Motor Unit Number and Muscle Activation on Early Phase Rate of Torque Development in Younger and Older Men. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:422-428. [PMID: 34763617 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.2001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of muscle activation and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) on early phase voluntary rate of torque development (RTD) in younger (YM) and older (OM) men. Thirty-two YM (n = 17; Age = 22 yrs) and OM (n = 15; Age = 74 yrs) volunteered to participate in this study. Early phase RTD (first 50 ms of a rapid isometric contraction; RTD50) and normalized surface electromyography (first 50 ms of muscle excitation; nEMG50) were recorded from the right quadricep muscle group. MUNE was examined from the right vastus lateralis. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that nEMG50 had a significant effect on RTD50 independent of age group (p ≤ 0.001). nEMG50 had a significant effect on RTD50 in the OM group (p = 0.037). MUNE had no effect on RTD50 independent of age. Older adults may depend more on muscle activation at contraction onset of early phase RTD compared to younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matt C Ferrell
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Jenkins NDM, Rogers EM, Banks NF, Muddle TWD, Colquhoun RJ. Increases in motor unit action potential amplitudes are related to muscle hypertrophy following eight weeks of high-intensity exercise training in females. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1403-1413. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1836262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D. M. Jenkins
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emily. M. Rogers
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nile F. Banks
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Tyler W. D. Muddle
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ryan J. Colquhoun
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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Magrini M, Colquhoun RJ, Fleming S, Ferrell MC, Jenkins ND, DeFreitas JM. Physiological Determinants Of The Rate Of Torque Development In Older Men: A Pilot Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000685784.82356.a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Muddle TW, Colquhoun RJ, Banks NF, Rogers EM, Bryan HF, Jenkins ND. The Impact Of Fatiguing, Intermittent Isometric Contractions On Muscle Force Variability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000682752.80860.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Barrera - Curiel A, Colquhoun RJ, Hernandez - Sarabia JA, DeFreitas JM. Quantifying The Relationship Between Contraction Efficiency And Muscle Size Across The Adult Lifespan. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000679216.93061.ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tomko PM, Colquhoun RJ, Banks NF, Magrini MA, Muddle TWD, Jenkins NDM. Maximal contraction methods influence the magnitude and reliability of global electromyographic signal characteristics. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2019; 48:121-127. [PMID: 31344640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose was two-fold: (1) to examine differences in maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIT) production, and electromyographic signal amplitude (EMGAMP) and mean power frequency (EMGMPF) values obtained during traditional (MVICTRAD), rapid (MVICRAPID), and ramp (MVICRAMP) maximal voluntary isometric contractions, and (2) to determine if there were differences in the reliability of MVIT, EMGAMP and EMGMPF among the three MVIC types. APPROACH Twenty-two young males and females completed MVICTRAD, MVICRAPID, and MVICRAMP muscle actions on two separate visits separated by 48 h. During all MVICs, MVIT and EMGAMP and EMGMPF of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) were quantified. MAIN RESULTS MVIT was greater during MVICTRAD and MVICRAPID than during MVITRAMP (both p < 0.001). VL and RF EMGAMP were greater during MVICRAMP than during MVICRAPID (p = 0.02 and 0.004). For EMGMPF, there were no significant differences among MVIC types. Although all MVIC types generally resulted in reliable measurements of MVIT and EMGAMP, reliability was stronger for EMGMPF quantified during the MVICRAMP. SIGNIFICANCE Investigators may choose MVIC type based on preference or equipment availability. However, investigators should note that MVICRAMP contractions will likely yield the greatest EMGAMP values and more reliable measurements of VL and RF EMGMPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Tomko
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Nile F Banks
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Mitchel A Magrini
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Tyler W D Muddle
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, United States.
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Barrera-Curiel A, Colquhoun RJ, Hernandez-Sarabia JA, DeFreitas JM. The effects of vibration-induced altered stretch reflex sensitivity on maximal motor unit firing properties. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:2215-2221. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00326.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that muscle spindles have a monosynaptic, excitatory connection with α-motoneurons. However, the influence of muscle spindles on human motor unit behavior during maximal efforts remains untested. It has also been shown that muscle spindle function, as assessed by peripheral reflexes, can be systematically manipulated with muscle vibration. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of brief and prolonged vibration on maximal motor unit firing properties. A crossover design was used, in which each of the 24 participants performed one to three maximal knee extensions under three separate conditions: 1) control, 2) brief vibration that was applied during the contraction, and 3) after prolonged vibration that was applied for ~20 min before the contraction. Multichannel EMG was recorded from the vastus lateralis during each contraction and was decomposed into its constituent motor unit action potential trains. Surprisingly, an approximate 9% reduction in maximal voluntary strength was observed not only after prolonged vibration but also during brief vibration. In addition, both vibration conditions had a large, significant effect on firing rates (a decrease in the rates) and a small to moderate, nonsignificant effect on recruitment thresholds (a small increase in the thresholds). Therefore, vibration had a detrimental influence on both maximal voluntary strength and motor unit firing properties, which we propose is due to altered function of the stretch reflex pathway. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used vibration to alter muscle spindle function and examined the vibration’s influence on maximal motor unit properties. We discovered that vibration had a detrimental influence on motor unit behavior and motor output by decreasing motor unit firing rates, increasing recruitment thresholds, which led to decreased maximal strength. We believe that understanding the role of muscle spindles during maximal contractions provides a deeper insight into motor control and sensorimotor integration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan J. Colquhoun
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | | | - Jason M. DeFreitas
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Hernandez-Sarabia JA, Barrera-Curiel A, Colquhoun RJ, DeFreitas JM. Does Strict Validation Criteria for Individual Motor Units Alter Extrapolation Analyses of the Motor Unit Pool? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000561534.61729.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Curiel AB, Colquhoun RJ, Hernandez-Sarabia JA, DeFreitas JM. Effects of Brief and Prolonged Vibration on Longitudinally Tracked Motor Units. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000561540.99846.9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Muddle TW, Tomko PM, Colquhoun RJ, Magrini MA, Banks NF, Jenkins ND. Test-restest Reliability Of Bioimpedance Spectroscopy For The Analysis Of Body Composition In Physically Active Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000563226.54019.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Colquhoun RJ, Tomko PM, Magrini MA, Fleming SR, Ferrell MC, Banks NF, Gradnigo T, Jenkins ND. Reliability of Motor Unit Behavior during a Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction of the Knee Extensors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000561531.76976.a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tomko PM, Colquhoun RJ, Banks NF, Sciarrillo CM, Koemel NA, Emerson SR, Jenkins NDM. A Single Resistance Exercise Session Reduces High‐Fat Meal‐Induced Impairments in Conduit Artery Function and Microvascular Reactivity. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.699.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Tomko
- Health and Human PerformanceOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOK
| | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- Health and Human PerformanceOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOK
| | - Nile F Banks
- Health and Human PerformanceOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOK
| | | | | | - Sam R Emerson
- Nutritional SciencesOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOK
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Muddle TW, Magrini MA, Colquhoun RJ, Luera MJ, Tomko PM, Jenkins ND. Impact of Fatiguing, Submaximal High- vs. Low-Torque Isometric Exercise on Acute Muscle Swelling, and Echo Intensity in Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1007-1019. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Colquhoun RJ, Tomko PM, Magrini MA, Muddle TWD, Jenkins NDM. The influence of input excitation on the inter- and intra-day reliability of the motor unit firing rate versus recruitment threshold relationship. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:3131-3139. [PMID: 30355024 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00490.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Decomposition of the surface electromyographic (sEMG) signal is commonly used to examine motor unit (MU) firing behavior. However, the intra- and inter-day reliability of these measurements has yet to be quantified or reported. This investigation 1) examined the effect of input excitation on the mean firing rate (MFR) vs. recruitment threshold (RT) relationship and 2) determined the inter- and intra-day reliability of the MFR vs. RT relationship at 30%, 50%, and 70% of maximum voluntary isometric strength (MVIC). Twenty-eight healthy males (23 ± 3 yr) completed two experimental visits, during which they performed MVIC testing and isometric ramp contractions at 30%, 50%, and 70% MVIC. sEMG signals were recorded from the vastus lateralis during the ramp contractions and decomposed to establish the MFR vs. RT relationship for the detected MUs. Intra- and inter-day reliability was then established for the slopes and y-intercepts of the MFR vs. RT relationship at each contraction intensity. All participants displayed significant MFR vs. RT relationships ( r range: -0.662 to -0.999; P ≤ 0.001-0.006). Intra- and inter-day intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged from 0.766-0.824 and 0.867-0.919 for the slopes and from 0.780-0.915 and 0.804-0.927 for the y-intercepts, respectively. Furthermore, the slope coefficient was significantly greater at 70% than at 30% MVIC, and the y-intercepts increased with increasing contraction intensities. Changes in input excitation to the MU pool alter the magnitude, but not the reliability, of the slopes and y-intercepts of the MFR vs. RT relationship. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The firing behavior of the motor unit (MU) pool is often characterized using the mean firing rate vs. recruitment threshold relationship of the active MUs. Although this relationship has been widely used, this is the first study to report the effects of input excitation (contraction intensity) on the intra- and inter-day reliability of this relationship. The criteria used for MU analysis and the model utilized in this study allow for generalization to outside investigators and laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Colquhoun
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Patrick M Tomko
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Mitchel A Magrini
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Tyler W D Muddle
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Tomko PM, Colquhoun RJ, Magrini MA, Muddle TW, Jenkins ND. Global electromyographic signal characteristics depend on maximal isometric contraction method in the knee extensors. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 42:111-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Jenkins NDM, Colquhoun RJ, Tomko PM, Gradnigo T, Magrini MA, Muddle TWD, Fleming S, Ferrell M, El-Sohemy A. Genetic variant in the β 2 -adrenergic receptor (Arg16Gly) influences fat-free mass, muscle strength and motor unit behaviour in young men. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1645-1655. [PMID: 30267546 DOI: 10.1113/ep087145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does a common genetic variant in the β2 -adrenergic receptor (β2 -AR) have effects on skeletal muscle function in young, healthy men? What is the main finding and its importance? This study provides preliminary evidence that β2 -AR Arg16Gly genotype has a significant effect on fat-free mass, muscle strength and motor unit behaviour in recreationally trained men. These data might have important clinical and exercise-related implications. For example, β2 -AR (rs1042713) genotype might influence the responsiveness of skeletal muscle to clinical or exercise-based interventions or β-AR agonist treatment. ABSTRACT This study explored whether the β2 -adrenergic receptor (β2 -AR) single nucleotide polymorphism at amino acid 16 (Arg16Gly) has functional effects on skeletal muscle mass, torque production and motor unit behaviour in young, healthy men. Twenty-eight recreationally active men (mean ± SD 23.1 ± 1.3 years of age) were genotyped for Arg16Gly polymorphisms of β2 -AR as arginine homozygous (ArgArg; n = 5), glycine homozygous (GlyGly; n = 11) or arginine-glycine heterozygous (ArgGly; n = 12). The participants then completed body composition testing, assessments of leg extensor size and echo intensity, and evoked and voluntary isometric leg-extension muscle actions. During the evoked muscle actions, peak twitch torque, peak rate of torque development and peak relaxation rate were assessed. During the voluntary muscle actions, maximal voluntary isometric (MVIC) strength was assessed, and surface EMG signals were obtained during submaximal isometric muscle actions and later decomposed to examine motor unit firing behaviour. Fat-free mass and MVIC strength were greater (P = 0.004, d = 1.74 and P = 0.026, d = 1.10, respectively) in those expressing the GlyGly versus ArgArg allele. The slope of the mean firing rate versus recruitment threshold relationship was more negative in the GlyGly than the ArgArg allele carriers (P = 0.012, d = 1.68) at 50% MVIC, but was less negative in GlyGly and ArgGly versus ArgArg allele carriers (P = 0.013 and 0.016, respectively; d = 1.34 and 1.20, respectively) at 70% MVIC. These data provide preliminary evidence that β2 -AR Arg16Gly genotype has a significant effect on fat-free mass, muscle strength and motor unit behaviour in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Applied, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.,Laboratory for Applied Nutrition and Exercise Science, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- Applied, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Patrick M Tomko
- Applied, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Trey Gradnigo
- Applied, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Mitchel A Magrini
- Applied, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Tyler W D Muddle
- Applied, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Sydnie Fleming
- Applied, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Matthew Ferrell
- Applied, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Magrini MA, Colquhoun RJ, Sellers JH, Conchola EC, Hester GM, Thiele RM, Pope ZK, Smith DB. Can Squat Jump Performance Differentiate Starters vs. Nonstarters in Division I Female Soccer Players? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2348-2355. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Magrini MA, Colquhoun RJ, Barrera-Curiel A, Thiele RM, DeFreitas JM, Smith DB, Jenkins ND. Muscle size, strength, power, and echo intensity, but not specific tension, are affected by age in physically active adults. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-172194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel A. Magrini
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ryan J. Colquhoun
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | - Ryan M. Thiele
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jason M. DeFreitas
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Doug B. Smith
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Nathaniel D.M. Jenkins
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Tomko PM, Muddle TW, Magrini MA, Colquhoun RJ, Luera MJ, Jenkins ND. Reliability and differences in quadriceps femoris muscle morphology using ultrasonography: The effects of body position and rest time. Ultrasound 2018; 26:214-221. [PMID: 30479636 DOI: 10.1177/1742271x18780127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this investigation was to: (1) to determine the reliability of rectus femoris muscle cross-sectional area and echo intensity obtained using panoramic ultrasound imaging during seated and supine lying positions before and after a 5-minute rest period and (2) to determine the influence of body position and rest period on the magnitude of rectus femoris muscle cross-sectional area and echo intensity measurements. Methods A total of 23 males and females (age = 21.5 ± 1.9 years) visited the laboratory on two separate occasions. During each visit, panoramic ultrasound images of the rectus femoris were obtained in both a seated and a supine position before (T1) and after a 5-minute (T2) rest period to quantify any potential changes in either muscle cross-sectional area and/or echo intensity. Results None of the muscle cross-sectional area or echo intensity measurements exhibited systematic variability, and the ICCs were 0.98-0.99 and 0.88-0.91, and the coefficients of variation were ≤ 3.9% and ≤ 8.2% for muscle cross-sectional area and echo intensity, respectively. Our results indicated that muscle cross-sectional area was greater in the seated than supine position, whereas echo intensity was greater in the supine position. Further, echo intensity increased in the seated position from T1 to T2. Conclusion Both rectus femoris muscle cross-sectional area and echo intensity may be reliably measured in either a seated or supine lying position before or after a 5-minute rest period. Aside from echo intensity in the seated position, rest period had no influence on the magnitude of muscle cross-sectional area or echo intensity. Comparison of muscle cross-sectional area values that are obtained in different body positions is ill-advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Tomko
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, USA
| | - Tyler Wd Muddle
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, USA
| | - Mitchel A Magrini
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, USA
| | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, USA
| | - Micheal J Luera
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, USA
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Ha PL, Hester GM, Colquhoun RJ, Magrini MA, Pope ZK, Barrera-Curiel A, Estrada CA, DeFreitas JM. Effects Of Resistance Training On Maximal Motor Unit Firing Rates In Young And Older Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536499.08903.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tomko PM, Miramonti A, Hill EC, Smith CM, Cochrane-Snyman KC, Colquhoun RJ, Housh TJ, Cramer JT, Jenkins ND. Mechanomyographic Amplitude Is Sensitive To Neuromuscular Adaptations Following High- Versus Low-load Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536508.41183.4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Colquhoun RJ, Magrini MA, Haun CT, Muddle TW, Tomko PM, Luera MJ, Mackey CS, Vann CG, Martin JS, Young KC, DeFreitas JM, Roberts MD, Jenkins ND. Relationships between Motor Unit Behavior during Maximal Effort Contractions and Skeletal Muscle Phenotype. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000535746.29814.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Barrera-Curiel A, Magrini MA, Thiele RM, Hernandez-Sarabia JA, Colquhoun RJ, Tomko PM, Jenkins NDM, DeFreitas JM. Antagonist Coactivation During A Reactive Leg Drop In Young And Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536922.37587.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Olmos AA, Hester GM, Pope ZK, Magrini MA, Colquhoun RJ, Barrera-Curiel A, Estrada CA, DeFreitas JM. Ipsilateral and Contralateral Rapid Torque Adaptations To Unilateral Resistance Training In Young and Older Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536281.52104.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Colquhoun RJ, Gai CM, Aguilar D, Bove D, Dolan J, Vargas A, Couvillion K, Jenkins ND, Campbell BI. Training Volume, Not Frequency, Indicative of Maximal Strength Adaptations to Resistance Training. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1207-1213. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Magrini MA, Barrera-Curiel A, Thiele RM, Hernandez-Sarabia JA, Colquhoun RJ, Tomko PM, Jenkins ND, DeFreitas JM. Both Slower Sensory Response Time and Electromechanical Delay Explain Age-related Differences in the Reactive Leg Drop. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536969.04414.4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Magrini MA, Thiele RM, Colquhoun RJ, Barrera-Curiel A, Blackstock TS, DeFreitas JM. The reactive leg drop: a simple and novel sensory-motor assessment to predict fall risk in older individuals. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:1556-1561. [PMID: 29357449 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00713.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is need for a functional ability test that appropriately assesses the rapid integration of the sensory and motor systems required for older adults to recover from a slip. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and reliability of a novel test, the reactive leg drop, for assessing sensory-motor function in older adults. Fourteen young (YW; mean age = 20 yr) and 11 older women (OW; mean age = 76 yr) participated in this study. For each drop, the leg was passively moved to full extension and then released. The subjects had to recognize their leg was free-falling and reactively kick up as quickly as possible during varying sensory conditions. To assess the leg drop's reliance on proprioception, other proprioceptive tests (e.g., patellar tendon reflexes and balance) were separately performed. Leg drops performed with the eyes closed ( P = 0.011) and with a blocked view of the leg ( P = 0.033) showed significant differences in drop angle between YW and OW. Significant relationships between leg drop conditions and balance were observed in OW that were not present within YW. When collapsed across groups, reflex latency was correlated with drop angle when the eyes were closed. The reactive leg drop was age sensitive, reliable, and likely reliant on proprioception, as shown by relationships to other sensory-motor assessments, such as balance and the patellar reflex. Although more research is needed, we propose that the reactive leg drop is an effective tool to assess sensory-motor integration in a manner that may mimic fall recovery. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The reactive leg drop was age sensitive and was significantly related to other sensory-motor assessments. The ability to accurately assess sensory-motor integration may aid clinicians, practitioners, and researchers in developing new interventions. The reactive leg drop presented in the current study is a potentially effective tool to assess sensory and motor integration in a manner that may mimic fall recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel A Magrini
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Ryan M Thiele
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | | | - Taryn S Blackstock
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Jason M DeFreitas
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Muddle TWD, Colquhoun RJ, Magrini MA, Luera MJ, DeFreitas JM, Jenkins NDM. Effects of fatiguing, submaximal high- versus low-torque isometric exercise on motor unit recruitment and firing behavior. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13675. [PMID: 29673119 PMCID: PMC5907942 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of repeated, high- (HT: 70% MVIC) versus low-torque (LT: 30% MVIC) isometric exercise performed to failure on motor unit (MU) recruitment and firing behavior of the vastus lateralis. Eighteen resistance-trained males (23.1 ± 3.8 years) completed familiarization, followed by separate experimental sessions in which they completed either HT or LT exercise to failure in random order. LT exercise resulted in a greater time to task failure and a more dramatic decline in the muscle's force capacity, but the total work completed was similar for HT and LT exercise. An examination of the firing trains from 4670 MUs recorded during exercise revealed that firing rates generally increased during HT and LT exercise, but were higher during HT than LT exercise. Furthermore, recruitment thresholds (RT) did not significantly change during HT exercise, whereas the RT of the smallest MUs increased and the RT for the moderate to large MUs decreased during LT exercise. Both HT and LT exercise resulted in the recruitment of additional higher threshold MUs in order to maintain torque production. However, throughout exercise, HT required the recruitment of larger MUs than did LT exercise. In a few cases, however, MUs were recruited by individuals during LT exercise that were similar in size and original (pre) RT to those detected during HT exercise. Thus, the ability to achieve full MU recruitment during LT exercise may be dependent on the subject. Consequently, our data emphasize the task and subject dependency of muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W. D. Muddle
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology LaboratoryOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Ryan J. Colquhoun
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology LaboratoryOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Mitchel A. Magrini
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology LaboratoryOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Micheal J. Luera
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology LaboratoryOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Jason M. DeFreitas
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology LaboratoryOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
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Luera MJ, Dowling B, Magrini MA, Muddle TWD, Colquhoun RJ, Jenkins NDM. Role of Rotational Kinematics in Minimizing Elbow Varus Torques for Professional Versus High School Pitchers. Orthop J Sports Med 2018; 6:2325967118760780. [PMID: 29581995 PMCID: PMC5863871 DOI: 10.1177/2325967118760780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Elbow injury rates among baseball pitchers are rapidly rising. However, this increase has been most dramatic among high school (HS) pitchers. Purpose: To examine pitch velocity and the kinetic and kinematic characteristics of HS versus professional (PRO) pitchers to identify potential differences that may play a role in the increased risk of ulnar collateral ligament injury in youth pitchers. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 37 HS (mean ± SD: age, 16 ± 1 years) and 40 PRO (age, 21 ± 2 years) baseball pitchers completed maximal-effort baseball pitches during a single testing session, from which pitch velocity (PV), absolute and normalized elbow varus torque (EVTA and EVTN, respectively) during arm cocking and at maximum shoulder external rotation (MER), and 8 other elbow and shoulder torques or forces and rotational kinematics of the pelvis and trunk were analyzed, recorded, and compared. Results: PV was greater in PRO than HS athletes; EVTA was greater in PRO than HS athletes during arm cocking and at MER; but EVTN was similar during arm cocking and greater in HS than PRO athletes at MER. In PRO athletes, PV was not related to EVTA during arm cocking or MER (r = 0.01-0.05). Furthermore, in PRO athletes, EVTA during arm cocking and at MER were inversely related to upper trunk rotation at hand separation and foot contact and to pelvis rotation at elbow extension (r = –0.30 to –0.33). In contrast, in HS athletes, PV was strongly related to EVTA during arm cocking and MER (r = 0.76-0.77). Furthermore, in HS athletes, PV and EVTA during arm cocking and at MER were moderately or strongly related to the other elbow and shoulder torques and forces (r = 0.424-0.991), and EVTA was not related to upper trunk rotation or pelvis rotation throughout the throwing motion (r = –0.16 to 0.15). Conclusion: The kinetic and rotational kinematic differences observed between PRO and HS pitchers in this study may help explain the greater performance of PRO pitchers while allowing them to minimize EVT during pitching. HS pitchers, however, do not appear to be as capable of utilizing the forces generated by rotation of their trunk and pelvis to aid in pitching, and those who throw the hardest generate the greatest forces at the shoulder and elbow. As a result, they experience higher EVTs relative to their body size, which may place them at an increased risk of injury. Clinical Relevance: HS pitchers throw harder primarily by generating larger forces in the arm and shoulder. Thus, owing to the relative physical immaturity of HS versus PRO pitchers, these factors may place them at an increased risk of injury. Coaches may first wish to focus on improving the rotational kinematics of HS pitchers rather than first focusing on achieving greater pitch velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheal J Luera
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Brittany Dowling
- Motus Global, IMG Academy Campus, Rockville Centre, New York, USA
| | - Mitchel A Magrini
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Tyler W D Muddle
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Colquhoun RJ, Magrini MA, Haun CT, Muddle TWD, Tomko PM, Luera MJ, Mackey CS, Vann CG, Martin JS, Young KC, DeFreitas JM, Roberts MD, Jenkins NDM. Muscle phenotype is related to motor unit behavior of the vastus lateralis during maximal isometric contractions. Physiol Rep 2018. [PMID: 29527830 PMCID: PMC5845862 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous investigations have reported a relationship between skeletal muscle phenotype and motor unit (MU) firing parameters during submaximal contractions. The purpose of the current investigation, however, was to examine the relationships between motor unit firing behavior during a maximal voluntary contraction, Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) isoform content, and various molecular neuromuscular targets of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle in resistance-trained men. Ten resistance-trained males completed a trapezoidal ramp contraction up to 100% of their maximal voluntary isometric strength (MVIC). Surface electromyography was recorded from the VL using a multichannel electrode array and decomposed to examine the firing characteristics of individual MUs. A skeletal muscle biopsy of the VL was also collected from each subject. Regression analyses were performed to identify relationships between type II fiber area and the slopes and/or intercepts of the mean firing rate (FRMEAN ) versus recruitment threshold (RT), max firing rate (FRMAX ) versus RT, and RT versus MU action potential amplitude (MUAPPP ) relationships. There were significant inverse relationships between type II fiber area and the y-intercept of the FR versus RT relationship (P < 0.05). Additionally, strong relationships (r > 0.5) were found between type II fiber area and FRMEAN versus RT slope and RT versus MUAPPP slope and intercept. These data further support the hypothesis that skeletal muscle phenotype is related to MU behavior during isometric contraction. However, our data, in concert with previous investigations, may suggest that these relationships are influenced by the intensity of the contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Colquhoun
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Mitchel A Magrini
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Cody T Haun
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Tyler W D Muddle
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Patrick M Tomko
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Micheal J Luera
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Cameron S Mackey
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Christopher G Vann
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Kaelin C Young
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jason M DeFreitas
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Michael D Roberts
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Haun CT, Mumford PW, Roberson PA, Romero MA, Mobley CB, Kephart WC, Anderson RG, Colquhoun RJ, Muddle TWD, Luera MJ, Mackey CS, Pascoe DD, Young KC, Martin JS, DeFreitas JM, Jenkins NDM, Roberts MD. Molecular, neuromuscular, and recovery responses to light versus heavy resistance exercise in young men. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/18/e13457. [PMID: 28963127 PMCID: PMC5617935 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that resistance training with light or heavy loads to failure results in similar adaptations. Herein, we compared how both training modalities affect the molecular, neuromuscular, and recovery responses following exercise. Resistance‐trained males (mean ± SE: 22 ± 2 years, 84.8 ± 9.0 kg, 1.79 ± 0.06 m; n = 15) performed a crossover design of four sets of leg extensor exercise at 30% (light RE) or 80% (heavy RE) one repetition maximum (1RM) to repetition failure, and heavy RE or light RE 1 week later. Surface electromyography (EMG) was monitored during exercise, and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected at baseline (PRE), 15 min (15mPOST), and 90 min following RE (90mPOST) for examination of molecular targets and fiber typing. Isokinetic dynamometry was also performed before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 48 h after (48hPOST) exercise. Dependent variables were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVAs and significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Repetitions completed were greater during light RE (P < 0.01), while EMG amplitude was greater during heavy RE (P ≤ 0.01). POST isokinetic torque was reduced following light versus heavy RE (P < 0.05). Postexercise expression of mRNAs and phosphoproteins associated with muscle hypertrophy were similar between load conditions. Additionally, p70s6k (Thr389) phosphorylation and fast‐twitch fiber proportion exhibited a strong relationship after both light and heavy RE (r > 0.5). While similar mRNA and phosphoprotein responses to both modalities occurred, we posit that heavy RE is a more time‐efficient training method given the differences in total repetitions completed, lower EMG amplitude during light RE, and impaired recovery response after light RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody T Haun
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
| | - Tyler W D Muddle
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
| | - Michael J Luera
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
| | - Cameron S Mackey
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
| | - David D Pascoe
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jason M DeFreitas
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
| | | | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama .,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
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Martin JS, Mumford PW, Haun CT, Luera MJ, Muddle TWD, Colquhoun RJ, Feeney MP, Mackey CS, Roberson PA, Young KC, Pascoe DD, DeFreitas JM, Jenkins NDM, Roberts MD. Effects of a pre-workout supplement on hyperemia following leg extension resistance exercise to failure with different resistance loads. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:38. [PMID: 28959158 PMCID: PMC5615454 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We sought to determine if a pre-workout supplement (PWS), containing multiple ingredients thought to enhance blood flow, increases hyperemia associated with resistance training compared to placebo (PBO). Given the potential interaction with training loads/time-under-tension, we evaluated the hyperemic response at two different loads to failure. Methods Thirty males participated in this double-blinded study. At visit 1, participants were randomly assigned to consume PWS (Reckless™) or PBO (maltodextrin and glycine) and performed four sets of leg extensions to failure at 30% or 80% of their 1-RM 45-min thereafter. 1-wk. later (visit 2), participants consumed the same supplement as before, but exercised at the alternate load. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), femoral artery blood flow, and plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx) were assessed at baseline (BL), 45-min post-PWS/PBO consumption (PRE), and 5-min following the last set of leg extensions (POST). Vastus lateralis near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was employed during leg extension exercise. Repeated measures ANOVAs were performed with time, supplement, and load as independent variables and Bonferroni correction applied for multiple post-hoc comparisons. Data are reported as mean ± SD. Results With the 30% training load compared to 80%, significantly more repetitions were performed (p < 0.05), but there was no difference in total volume load (p > 0.05). NIRS derived minimum oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) was lower in the 80% load condition compared to 30% for all rest intervals between sets of exercise (p < 0.0167). HR and BP did not vary as a function of supplement or load. Femoral artery blood flow at POST was higher independent of exercise load and treatment. However, a time*supplement*load interaction was observed revealing greater femoral artery blood flow with PWS compared to PBO at POST in the 80% (+56.8%; p = 0.006) but not 30% load condition (+12.7%; p = 0.476). Plasma NOx was ~3-fold higher with PWS compared to PBO at PRE and POST (p < 0.001). Conclusions Compared to PBO, the PWS consumed herein augmented hyperemia following multiple sets to failure at 80% of 1-RM, but not 30%. This specificity may be a product of interaction with local perturbations (e.g., reduced tissue oxygenation levels [minimum O2Hb] in the 80% load condition) and/or muscle fiber recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Martin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, 910 S. Donahue Drive, Auburn, AL 36832 USA
| | - Petey W Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Cody T Haun
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Micheal J Luera
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Tyler W D Muddle
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Mary P Feeney
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Cameron S Mackey
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Paul A Roberson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, 910 S. Donahue Drive, Auburn, AL 36832 USA
| | - David D Pascoe
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Jason M DeFreitas
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, 910 S. Donahue Drive, Auburn, AL 36832 USA
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Barrera-Curiel A, Colquhoun RJ, Pope ZK, DeFreitas JM. An Examination of Patellar Tendon Reflex Pre-Motor Conduction Velocity across the Adult Lifespan. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000519836.70695.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Olmos AA, Hester GG, Pope ZK, Colquhoun RJ, Magrini MA, Barrera-Curiel A, Estrada CA, DeFreitas JM. Maximal Velocity Adaptions During Unilateral Resistance Training In Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000516959.37989.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Martin JS, Mumford PW, Haun CT, Roberson PA, Colquhoun RJ, Freeney MP, Luera MJ, Mackey CS, Muddle TWD, Riffe JJ, Young KC, Pascoe DD, Defreitas JM, Jenkins NDM, Roberts MD. Effects of a Pre-Workout Supplement on Hyperemia Following Leg Extension Resistance Exercise at Different Intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517053.94521.e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Muddle TW, Magrini MA, Colquhoun RJ, Thiele RM, M Jenkins ND. Comparison Of Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Morphology Using Ultrasonography During Two Different Body Positions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518167.99497.8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Colquhoun RJ, Haun CT, Mumford PW, Roberson PA, Pascoe DD, Feeney MP, Young KC, Martin JS, Roberts MD, Muddle TW, Riffe JJ, Luera MJ, Magrini MA, Mackey CS, Stock MS, Jenkins ND, DeFreitas JM. The Effects Of A Muscle Biopsy On Motor Unit Firing Properties. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518606.24233.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Luera MJ, Magrini MA, Muddle TW, Colquhoun RJ, DeFreitas JM, Dowling B, Jenkins ND. Differences Among Kinetics, Kinematics, Performance, and Elbow Varus Torque in Professional Versus High School Pitchers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518959.90165.ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Magrini MA, Colquhoun RJ, Barrera-Curiel A, Thiele RM, Muddle TW, DeFreitas JM, Smith DB, Jenkins ND. Relationships Among and Differences between Muscle Quality and Functional Performance in Younger and Older Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000516965.76107.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Estrada CA, Colquhoun RJ, Magrini MA, Speer AG, Jacobson BH, DeFreitas JM. Intra- And Inter-set Velocity Characteristics During High- And Low-load Resistance Training To Failure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517183.45883.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Colquhoun RJ, Gai CM, Walters J, Brannon AR, Kilpatrick MW, D'Agostino DP, Campbell WI. Comparison of Powerlifting Performance in Trained Men Using Traditional and Flexible Daily Undulating Periodization. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:283-291. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mackey CS, Hester GM, Pope ZK, Benik FM, Colquhoun RJ, DeFreitas JM. Effects of Short-Term Strength Training on Maximal Velocity Parameters and Rate of Muscle Activation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486432.87696.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Campbell BI, Colquhoun RJ, Zito G, Martinez N, Kendall K, Buchanan L, Lehn M, Johnson M, St Louis C, Smith Y, Cloer B. The effects of a fat loss supplement on resting metabolic rate and hemodynamic variables in resistance trained males: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:14. [PMID: 27042166 PMCID: PMC4818444 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is known that dietary supplements containing a combination of thermogenic ingredients can increase resting metabolic rate (RMR), the magnitude can vary based on the active ingredient and/or combination of active ingredients. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a commercially available thermogenic fat loss supplement on RMR and hemodynamic variables in healthy, resistance trained males. METHODS Ten resistance-trained male participants (29 ± 9 years; 178 ± 4 cm; 85.7 ± 11 kg, and BMI = 26.8 ± 3.7) volunteered to participate in this randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled cross-over study. Participants underwent two testing sessions separated by at least 24 h. On their first visit, participants arrived to the laboratory after an overnight fast and a 24-h avoidance of exercise, and underwent a baseline RMR, HR, and BP assessment. Next, each participant ingested a thermogenic fat loss supplement (TFLS) or a placebo (PLA) and repeated the RMR, HR, and BP assessments at 60, 120, and 180 min post-ingestion. During the second visit the alternative supplement was ingested and the assessments were repeated in the exact same manner. Data were analyzed via a 2-factor [2x4] within-subjects repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Post-hoc tests were analyzed via paired samples t-tests. The criterion for significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS A significant main effect for time relative to raw RMR data (p = 0.014) was observed. Post-hoc analysis revealed that the TFLS significantly increased RMR at 60-min, 120-min, and 180-min post ingestion (p < 0.05) as compared to baseline RMR values. No significant changes in RMR were observed for the PLA treatment (p > 0.05). Specifically, RMR was increased by 7.8 % (from 1,906 to 2,057 kcal), 6.9 % (from 1,906 to 2,037 kcal), and 9.1 % (from 1,906 to 2,081 kcal) in the TFLS, while the PLA treatment increased RMR by 3.3 % (from 1,919 to 1,981 kcal), 3.1 % (from 1,919 to 1,978 kcal), and 2.1 % (from 1,919 to 1,959 kcal) above baseline at 60, 120, and 180-min post ingestion, respectively. Additionally, the TFLS significantly elevated RMR at the 3-h time point as compared to the PLA treatment (2,081 vs 1,959 kcal, p = 0.034). A main effect for groups was observed for systolic blood pressure, and a significant interaction and main effect for time were observed for diastolic blood pressure. It should be noted that although changes in diastolic blood pressure were significant, all values stayed within normal clinical ranges (<80 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS The TFLS led to significant elevations in RMR as compared to baseline. These elevations came with no adverse effect relative to resting heart rate, but a slight increase in blood pressure values. Taken on a daily basis, this TFLS may increase an individual's overall energy expenditure, however; future studies should investigate if this leads to a reduction in fat mass loss over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill I Campbell
- Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Gina Zito
- Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Nic Martinez
- Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | | | - Laura Buchanan
- Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Matt Lehn
- Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Mallory Johnson
- Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Courtney St Louis
- Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Yasmin Smith
- Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Brad Cloer
- Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
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