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Verbal working memory and the phonological buffer: The question of serial order. Cortex 2019; 112:122-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ho DWL, Kong APH, Koon NT. Verbal short-term memory and language impairments in Cantonese speakers after stroke. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2018; 20:383-392. [PMID: 28425814 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2017.1287218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study examined the relationship between verbal short-term memory (STM) and language impairment in Cantonese speakers after stroke. It is hypothesised that Cantonese speakers with left-hemisphere (LH) stroke would perform worse than those with right hemisphere (RH) stroke and normal controls. Specific linguistic factors of Cantonese might affect results in the tasks. METHOD Fifteen participants with LH stroke, 10 with RH stroke and 25 healthy controls were tested with auditory-verbal immediate serial recall (ISR) tasks and auditory linguistic tasks. All stroke participants were assessed with the Cantonese version of Western Aphasia Battery (CAB). RESULT The LH group performed significantly worse than the RH and healthy control groups in the auditory verbal ISR and auditory linguistic tasks. There were significant lexicality, frequency and imageability effects in most tasks. Auditory discrimination and word comprehension tasks, but not the auditory word recognition task had correlations with ISR tasks. CONCLUSION Verbal STM and language performance of Cantonese-speakers with history of LH stroke were inferior to RH stroke and healthy controls. The effects of lexicality, word frequency and imageability on verbal STM memory performance were found. Cantonese tones have effects on performance in auditory word recognition task, similar to onset, nucleus and rime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Wai-Lam Ho
- a Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anthony Pak-Hin Kong
- b Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA , and
| | - Nim-Ting Koon
- c Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
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Majerus S, Attout L, Artielle MA, Van der Kaa MA. The heterogeneity of verbal short-term memory impairment in aphasia. Neuropsychologia 2015; 77:165-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Druks J, Weekes BS. Parallel deterioration to language processing in a bilingual speaker. Cogn Neuropsychol 2014; 30:578-96. [PMID: 24527801 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2014.882814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The convergence hypothesis [Green, D. W. (2003). The neural basis of the lexicon and the grammar in L2 acquisition: The convergence hypothesis. In R. van Hout, A. Hulk, F. Kuiken, & R. Towell (Eds.), The interface between syntax and the lexicon in second language acquisition (pp. 197-218). Amsterdam: John Benjamins] assumes that the neural substrates of language representations are shared between the languages of a bilingual speaker. One prediction of this hypothesis is that neurodegenerative disease should produce parallel deterioration to lexical and grammatical processing in bilingual aphasia. We tested this prediction with a late bilingual Hungarian (first language, L1)-English (second language, L2) speaker J.B. who had nonfluent progressive aphasia (NFPA). J.B. had acquired L2 in adolescence but was premorbidly proficient and used English as his dominant language throughout adult life. Our investigations showed comparable deterioration to lexical and grammatical knowledge in both languages during a one-year period. Parallel deterioration to language processing in a bilingual speaker with NFPA challenges the assumption that L1 and L2 rely on different brain mechanisms as assumed in some theories of bilingual language processing [Ullman, M. T. (2001). The neural basis of lexicon and grammar in first and second language: The declarative/procedural model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4(1), 105-122].
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Druks
- a Division of Psychology and Language Sciences , University College London , UK
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Verhaegen C, Piertot F, Poncelet M. Dissociable components of phonological and lexical–semantic short-term memory and their relation to impaired word production in aphasia. Cogn Neuropsychol 2013; 30:544-63. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2014.884058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Majerus S. Language repetition and short-term memory: an integrative framework. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:357. [PMID: 23874280 PMCID: PMC3709421 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term maintenance of verbal information is a core factor of language repetition, especially when reproducing multiple or unfamiliar stimuli. Many models of language processing locate the verbal short-term maintenance function in the left posterior superior temporo-parietal area and its connections with the inferior frontal gyrus. However, research in the field of short-term memory has implicated bilateral fronto-parietal networks, involved in attention and serial order processing, as being critical for the maintenance and reproduction of verbal sequences. We present here an integrative framework aimed at bridging research in the language processing and short-term memory fields. This framework considers verbal short-term maintenance as an emergent function resulting from synchronized and integrated activation in dorsal and ventral language processing networks as well as fronto-parietal attention and serial order processing networks. To-be-maintained item representations are temporarily activated in the dorsal and ventral language processing networks, novel phoneme and word serial order information is proposed to be maintained via a right fronto-parietal serial order processing network, and activation in these different networks is proposed to be coordinated and maintained via a left fronto-parietal attention processing network. This framework provides new perspectives for our understanding of information maintenance at the non-word-, word- and sentence-level as well as of verbal maintenance deficits in case of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Majerus
- Department of Psychology - Cognition and Behavior, Université de LiègeLiège, Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research - FNRSBrussels, Belgium
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether naming difficulties arise in individuals as young as their 50s. Participants of 25-35, 50-59, 60-69, and above 70 years of age were given a picture naming task. To uncover subtle naming difficulties, latencies were analyzed in addition to accuracy. To control whether the expected slower naming latencies could be due to a general slowing affecting all cognitive tasks, participants were also given an odd/even judgment task to assess cognitive processing speed. The results confirmed that participants in their 50s presented decline in naming performance, reflected by an increase in naming latencies, whereas adults in their 60s and their 70s showed both a decrease in accuracy and an increase in latency. Moreover, the increase in naming latencies remained significant even after controlling for odd/even judgment latencies, suggesting a degradation specific to the picture naming task. We assumed that these slower latencies may result from a language-specific impairment. As a further test for language-specific degradation, participants' semantic capacities were also assessed with a synonym judgment task and the Pyramids and Palm Trees test. The above-70 group showed semantic degradation. The contributions of multiple factors to naming difficulties in aging are discussed.
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Wilshire CE, Fisher CA. "Phonological" dysphasia: a cross-modal phonological impairment affecting repetition, production, and comprehension. Cogn Neuropsychol 2012; 21:187-210. [PMID: 21038199 DOI: 10.1080/02643290342000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we describe an aphasic patient, MS, who is impaired across a wide range of auditory input processing and spoken word production tasks. MS's performance on all these tasks shows phonological features: (1) his performance is poorest on auditory tasks with a strong phonological component, such as phoneme discrimination, auditory lexical decision, and word-picture matching featuring phono-logically related distractors; and (2) in spoken word production tasks, his errors are mainly phonemic and formal paraphasias. MS's single word repetition is particularly poor and exhibits some of the features of deep dysphasia, including lexicality effects (MS is unable to repeat nonwords) and image-ability effects. However, unlike in deep dysphasia, there are no semantic errors. We show that MS's condition, although apparently heterogeneous when viewed from a functional architecture perspective, can be described quite elegantly within an interactive-activation framework by proposing a single abnormality-a pathologically fast rate of decay within phonological representations.
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Snowden JS, Kindell J, Thompson JC, Richardson AMT, Neary D. Progressive aphasia presenting with deep dyslexia and dysgraphia. Cortex 2012; 48:1234-9. [PMID: 22465163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary progressive aphasia is clinically heterogeneous. We report a patient, alias Don, with a novel form of progressive aphasia, characterised by deep dyslexia and dysgraphia and dissociated access to phonological and orthographic word forms. The hallmarks of deep dyslexia and dysgraphia were present early in the course and persisted over time. Writing was initially poorer than reading, but this reversed over time. There was a lack of concordance between reading and writing errors. Don benefited from a semantic mediation strategy to learn letter sounds, involving associating letters with a country name (e.g., A=Afghanistan). Remarkably, he continued to be able to generate those phonologically complex country names when no longer able to name or sound letters. Don's performance is compatible with a traditional dual-route account of deep dyslexia and dysgraphia. The findings have potential practical implications for speech and language therapy in progressive aphasia. Moreover, they illustrate both the remarkable specificity yet clinical diversity in presentation of progressive aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Snowden
- Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.
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Peters F, Majerus S, De Baerdemaeker J, Salmon E, Collette F. Impaired semantic knowledge underlies the reduced verbal short-term storage capacity in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:3067-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Majerus S, Lorent J. Is phonological short-term memory related to phonological analysis stages in auditory sentence processing? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440902733216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Word frequency and word concreteness are language attributes that have been shown to independently influence the recall of items in verbal short-term memory (STM). It has been argued that such effects are evidence for the action of long-term memory knowledge on STM traces. However, research to date has not investigated whether these variables interact in serial recall. In two experiments, we examined the behavior of these variables under factorial manipulation and demonstrated that the effect of word frequency is dependent on the level of concreteness of items. Serial recall performance is examined with reference to two explanatory approaches: Walker and Hulme's (1999) dual-redintegration account and language-based models of STM. The data indicate that language-based models are more compatible with the observed effects and challenge the view that frequency and concreteness effects in STM are the products of distinct mechanisms.
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The problem of aphasia in the assessment of consciousness in brain-damaged patients. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 177:49-61. [PMID: 19818894 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of the level and content of consciousness in brain-damaged patients relies to a large extent on behavioral assessment techniques. The limited behavioral repertoire displayed by vegetative and minimally conscious states requires the use of highly sensitive and reliable behavioral assessment methods, allowing the detection of subtle changes in behavior and associated level of consciousness. This situation is further complicated when patients with such disorders of consciousness have underlying deficits in the domain of communication functions, such as aphasia. The present paper examines the consequences of receptive and/or productive aphasia on the already limited behavioral repertoire presented in these patients and discusses a number of behavioral and neuroimaging assessment procedures designed to: (1) detect the presence of aphasia in patients with disorders of consciousness, and (2) reliably assess the level of consciousness of brain-damaged patients while taking into account the existence of receptive and/or expressive language deficits. The combined use of behavioral and neuroimaging assessment techniques appears to be particularly promising for disentangling impaired consciousness and aphasia.
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Majerus S. La mémoire verbale à court terme : un simple produit des interactions entre systèmes langagiers, attentionnels et de traitement de l’ordre sériel ? PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
We report B.R.B., a bilingual Turkish-English speaker with deep dysphasia. B.R.B. shows the typical pattern of semantic errors in repetition with effects of lexicality and imageability on performance in both languages. The question we asked is whether language type (Turkish or English) or language status--that is, first acquired (L1) or second acquired (L2)--has a greater impact on performance. Results showed that repetition in L1 (Turkish) was better than that in L2 (English). We also observed effects of language status on oral reading, writing to dictation, and naming (spoken and written) with greater impairment to repetition than other tasks in both languages. An additional finding was that spoken-word translation in both directions was worse than written-word translation, and word class had an effect on translation from L1 to L2. We argue that interactive activation models of deep dysphasia could explain deep dysphasia in bilingual speakers and interactions between task and language, if the weighted connections that support language processing in L2 are assumed to be weaker, thus causing rapid phonological decay to have more impact on task performance in L2. Implications of the results for models of bilingual language processing are also considered.
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Tree JJ, Kay J. Longitudinal assessment of language and memory impairments in pathologically confirmed cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration. Cortex 2007; 44:1234-47. [PMID: 18761137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a longitudinal case study (patient EP) of histologically confirmed cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration (CBD) who presented with non-fluent progressive aphasia (NFPA). While NFPA has been documented in clinical descriptions of other reports of CBD, details are often limited and the majority of studies are cross-sectional in nature. The present study conducted detailed longitudinal assessment with EP over a period of two years that revealed substantial impairments of episodic memory, semantic memory, naming and particular aspects of reading and spelling. Our investigations identify key features of EP's pattern of impairment that warrant further examination with other cases of CBD. In particular, testing of EP's nonword reading and spelling found that both were impaired and declined over time. In addition, verbal recognition deteriorated faster than non-verbal recognition through the course of the disease. Our review of the literature suggests that poor nonword reading and spelling may be consistent features of CBD, but more studies are needed to confirm this suggestion, and to determine whether they warrant inclusion in profiling CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Tree
- Washington Singer Laboratories, School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Perry Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QG, United Kingdom.
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Peters F, Majerus S, Olivier L, van der Linden M, Salmon E, Collette F. A multicomponent exploration of verbal short-term storage deficits in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2007; 29:405-17. [PMID: 17497564 DOI: 10.1080/13803390600733064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies have shown diminished performance in verbal short-term memory tasks in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), the cognitive processes responsible for this verbal short-term storage (STS) impairment are still unclear for both populations. We explored verbal STS functioning in patients with AD, elderly participants, and young participants, by investigating a series of processes that could underlie STS impairments in normal elderly and AD populations. The processes we investigated were (a) the influence of lexical and sublexical language knowledge on short-term storage performance, (b) functioning of the phonological loop component via word length and phonological similarity effects, and (c) executive control processes (coordination and integration). For the AD and elderly groups, the influence of language knowledge on verbal STS performance and the functioning of the phonological loop were preserved. In contrast, the AD group showed deficits for coordination and integration processes. Our results suggest that the verbal STS deficit observed in AD patients is related to impaired executive control processes. On the other hand, language-related processes underlying passive storage capacity seem to be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Peters
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Jefferies E, Sage K, Ralph MAL. Do deep dyslexia, dysphasia and dysgraphia share a common phonological impairment? Neuropsychologia 2007; 45:1553-70. [PMID: 17227679 PMCID: PMC1894936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study directly compared four patients who, to varying degrees, showed the characteristics of deep dyslexia, dysphasia and/or dysgraphia--i.e., they made semantic errors in oral reading, repetition and/or spelling to dictation. The "primary systems" hypothesis proposes that these different conditions result from severe impairment to a common phonological system, rather than damage to task-specific mechanisms (i.e. grapheme-phoneme conversion). By this view, deep dyslexic/dysphasic patients should show overlapping deficits but previous studies have not directly compared them. All four patients in the current study showed poor phonological production across different tasks, including repetition, reading aloud and spoken picture naming, in line with the primary systems hypothesis. They also showed severe deficits in tasks that required the manipulation of phonology, such as phoneme addition and deletion. Some of the characteristics of the deep syndromes - namely lexicality and imageability effects - were typically observed in all of the tasks, regardless of whether semantic errors occurred or not, suggesting that the patients' phonological deficits impacted on repetition, reading aloud and spelling to dictation in similar ways. Differences between the syndromes were accounted for by variation in other primary systems--particularly auditory processing. Deep dysphasic symptoms occurred when the impact of phonological input on spoken output was disrupted or reduced, either as a result of auditory/phonological impairment, or for patients with good phonological input analysis, when repetition was delayed. 'Deep' disorders of reading aloud, repetition and spelling can therefore be explained in terms of damage to interacting primary systems such as phonology, semantics and vision, with phonology playing a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jefferies
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
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Majerus S, Norris D, Patterson K. What does a patient with semantic dementia remember in verbal short-term memory? Order and sound but not words. Cogn Neuropsychol 2007; 24:131-51. [DOI: 10.1080/02643290600989376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tree JJ, Kay J, Perfect TJ. “Deep” language disorders in nonfluent progressive Aphasia: an evaluation of the “summation” account of semantic errors across language production tasks. Cogn Neuropsychol 2005; 22:643-59. [DOI: 10.1080/02643290442000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Raman I, Weekes BS. Acquired dyslexia in a Turkish-English speaker. ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 2005; 55:79-104. [PMID: 16107781 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-005-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Turkish script is characterised by completely transparent bidirectional mappings between orthography and phonology. To date, there has been no reported evidence of acquired dyslexia in Turkish speakers leading to the naïve view that reading and writing problems in Turkish are probably rare. We examined the extent to which phonological impairment and orthographic transparency influence reading disorders in a native Turkish speaker. BRB is a bilingual Turkish-English speaker with deep dysphasia accompanied by acquired dyslexia in both languages. The main findings are an effect of imageability on reading in Turkish coincident with surface dyslexia in English and preserved nonword reading. BRB's acquired dyslexia suggests that damage to phonological representations might have a consequence for learning to read in Turkish. We argue that BRB's acquired dyslexia has a common locus in chronic underactivation of phonological representations in Turkish and English. Despite a common locus, reading problems manifest themselves differently according to properties of the script and the type of task.
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