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Guitard D, Saint-Aubin J, Cowan N. Tradeoffs between Item and Order Information in Short-Term Memory. JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 2022; 122:104300. [PMID: 36061403 PMCID: PMC9435734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2021.104300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Guitard et al. (2021) used a two-list procedure and varied the kind of encoding carried out for each list (item or order encoding). They found dual-list impairment on an order test was consistently greater when the other list was also encoded for an order test, compared to when it was in the presence of another list encoded for an item test. They also found a dual-list cost relative to one list for both order and item information. Here we address the bases of the interference costs with a novel task in which, prior to each list presentation, participants are instructed to expect an item fragment completion test, an order reconstruction test, or either type of test. In five experiments, we contrast two competing accounts of item and order processing, the conflicting representation hypothesis and the common resource hypothesis. An asymmetry with larger dual-attention costs on order compared to item tests was found, with the effect magnitude changing with task conditions. Our results support a version of the common resource hypothesis in which both item and order processing occur no matter which test is expected, but in which additional processing is divided between item and order codes in a manner that depends on task demands.
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The distinct contribution of verbal and visuospatial short-term memory abilities to arithmetic development. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Nikravesh M, Aghajanzadeh M, Maroufizadeh S, Saffarian A, Jafari Z. Working memory training in post-stroke aphasia: Near and far transfer effects. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2021; 89:106077. [PMID: 33388697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Individuals with aphasia (IWA) show various impairments in speech, language, and cognitive functions. Working memory (WM), a cognitive system that functions to hold and manipulate information in support of complex, goal-directed behaviors, is one of the impaired cognitive domains in aphasia. The present study intended to examine the effects of a WM training program on both memory and language performance in IWA. METHOD This quasi-experimental study with an active control group was performed on 25 people with mild or moderate Broca's aphasia aged 29-61 years resulting from left hemisphere damage following ischemic stroke. Participants were assigned into two groups, including a training group (n = 13) and a control group (n = 12). The treatment and control groups received WM training and routine speech therapy, respectively. Two separate lists of WM tests, including one list for both pre-training assessment and training program and a second list for the post-training assessment, were used in this study. RESULTS The treatment group showed significant improvements in both trained and non-trained WM tasks (near transfer effect) and language performance (far transfer effect) compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Given the good generalizability of the WM training program on both WM and language performance, WM training is suggested as part of the rehabilitation program in aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nikravesh
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Aghajanzadeh
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Maroufizadeh
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Arezoo Saffarian
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Jafari
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Center for Behavioral Neuroscience (CCBN), University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada; Department of Basic Sciences in Rehabilitation, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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Guitard D, Saint-Aubin J, Cowan N. Asymmetrical interference between item and order information in short-term memory. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2020; 47:243-263. [PMID: 32833467 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To recall a list of items just after the end of the presentation, participants must encode both the items and the order in which they were presented. Despite a long history of studying item and order information, little is known regarding the relation between them. Here, we examined this issue with a novel task in which participants saw two 4- or 6-item lists on each trial, along with specific instructions for each list to be encoded for subsequent item information retrieval or order reconstruction. In Experiments 1, 2, and 5, words were used for both item and order lists, whereas in Experiments 3 and 4, words were used for one list and characters for the other. An item recognition task was used in Experiments 1-4, and item reconstruction from a fragment was used in Experiment 5. The general finding was that order retention was hindered when both lists required order reconstruction compared to when one list required item information only. In certain circumstances, retention of items in the first list was impaired when the second list also required item retention. We address the pattern of results with a new theoretical account in which overwriting occurs for similar materials and in which there is a capacity limit specific to order information. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nelson Cowan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
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Schwering SC, MacDonald MC. Verbal Working Memory as Emergent from Language Comprehension and Production. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:68. [PMID: 32226368 PMCID: PMC7081770 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews current models of verbal working memory and considers the role of language comprehension and long-term memory in the ability to maintain and order verbal information for short periods of time. While all models of verbal working memory posit some interaction with long-term memory, few have considered the character of these long-term representations or how they might affect performance on verbal working memory tasks. Similarly, few models have considered how comprehension processes and production processes might affect performance in verbal working memory tasks. Modern theories of comprehension emphasize that people learn a vast web of correlated information about the language and the world and must activate that information from long-term memory to cope with the demands of language input. To date, there has been little consideration in theories of verbal working memory for how this rich input from comprehension would affect the nature of temporary memory. There has also been relatively little attention to the degree to which language production processes naturally manage serial order of verbal information. The authors argue for an emergent model of verbal working memory supported by a rich, distributed long-term memory for language. On this view, comprehension processes provide encoding in verbal working memory tasks, and production processes maintenance, serial ordering, and recall. Moreover, the computational capacity to maintain and order information varies with language experience. Implications for theories of working memory, comprehension, and production are considered.
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Attout L, Grégoire C, Majerus S. How robust is the link between working memory for serial order and lexical skills in children? COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Kowialiewski B, Van Calster L, Attout L, Phillips C, Majerus S. Neural Patterns in Linguistic Cortices Discriminate the Content of Verbal Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2997-3014. [PMID: 31813984 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An influential theoretical account of working memory (WM) considers that WM is based on direct activation of long-term memory knowledge. While there is empirical support for this position in the visual WM domain, direct evidence is scarce in the verbal WM domain. This question is critical for models of verbal WM, as the question of whether short-term maintenance of verbal information relies on direct activation within the long-term linguistic knowledge base or not is still debated. In this study, we examined the extent to which short-term maintenance of lexico-semantic knowledge relies on neural activation patterns in linguistic cortices, and this by using a fast encoding running span task for word and nonword stimuli minimizing strategic encoding mechanisms. Multivariate analyses showed specific neural patterns for the encoding and maintenance of word versus nonword stimuli. These patterns were not detectable anymore when participants were instructed to stop maintaining the memoranda. The patterns involved specific regions within the dorsal and ventral pathways, which are considered to support phonological and semantic processing to various degrees. This study provides novel evidence for a role of linguistic cortices in the representation of long-term memory linguistic knowledge during WM processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kowialiewski
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research-F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurens Van Calster
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe Phillips
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research-F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steve Majerus
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research-F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Martinez D. Immediate and long-term memory and their relation to crystallized and fluid intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2019.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Verbal and Musical Short-Term Memory: Evidence for Shared Serial Order Processes? Psychol Belg 2019; 59:177-205. [PMID: 31328016 PMCID: PMC6625548 DOI: 10.5334/pb.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the validity of an integrative framework for verbal and musical short-term memory (STM). Following this framework, access to domain-specific long-term knowledge bases supports the processing of musical and verbal item information in STM, while domain-general ordering processes support the representation of serial order information in the two domains. We exposed participants to verbal and musical STM tasks assessing either item information, order information, or both item and order information. Using an interindividual differences approach, we observed that performance in item-based STM tasks was not strongly associated between musical and verbal domains. In contrast, strong between-domain associations were observed for STM tasks assessing processing of verbal order and musical rhythm information. These preliminary results are overall in agreement with an integrative approach of verbal and musical STM. At the same time, the results highlight the difficulty of measuring serial order processing in the musical STM domain in a direct and specific manner.
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10
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Savill NJ, Cornelissen P, Pahor A, Jefferies E. rTMS evidence for a dissociation in short-term memory for spoken words and nonwords. Cortex 2019; 112:5-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Verbal working memory and the phonological buffer: The question of serial order. Cortex 2019; 112:122-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Attout L, Ordonez Magro L, Szmalec A, Majerus S. The developmental neural substrates of item and serial order components of verbal working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1541-1553. [PMID: 30430689 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and developmental studies have made a critical distinction between item and serial order processing components of verbal working memory (WM). This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study determined the extent to which item and serial order WM components are characterized by specialized neural networks already in young children or whether this specialization emerges at a later developmental stage. Total of 59 children aged 7-12 years performed item and serial order short-term probe recognition tasks in an fMRI experiment. While a left frontoparietal network was recruited in both item and serial order WM conditions, the right intraparietal sulcus was selectively involved in the serial order WM condition. This neural segregation was modulated by age, with both networks becoming increasingly separated in older children. Our results indicate a progressive specialization of networks involved in item and order WM processes during cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Attout
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laura Ordonez Magro
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Szmalec
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steve Majerus
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Ordonez Magro L, Attout L, Majerus S, Szmalec A. Short-and long-term memory determinants of novel word form learning. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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14
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Keeping it together: Semantic coherence stabilizes phonological sequences in short-term memory. Mem Cognit 2017; 46:426-437. [DOI: 10.3758/s13421-017-0775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Savill N, Ellis AW, Jefferies E. Newly-acquired words are more phonologically robust in verbal short-term memory when they have associated semantic representations. Neuropsychologia 2017; 98:85-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Wang X, Xuan Y, Jarrold C. Using a Process Dissociation Approach to Assess Verbal Short-Term Memory for Item and Order Information in a Sample of Individuals with a Self-Reported Diagnosis of Dyslexia. Front Psychol 2016; 7:208. [PMID: 26941679 PMCID: PMC4764734 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have examined whether difficulties in short-term memory for verbal information, that might be associated with dyslexia, are driven by problems in retaining either information about to-be-remembered items or the order in which these items were presented. However, such studies have not used process-pure measures of short-term memory for item or order information. In this work we adapt a process dissociation procedure to properly distinguish the contributions of item and order processes to verbal short-term memory in a group of 28 adults with a self-reported diagnosis of dyslexia and a comparison sample of 29 adults without a dyslexia diagnosis. In contrast to previous work that has suggested that individuals with dyslexia experience item deficits resulting from inefficient phonological representation and language-independent order memory deficits, the results showed no evidence of specific problems in short-term retention of either item or order information among the individuals with a self-reported diagnosis of dyslexia, despite this group showing expected difficulties on separate measures of word and non-word reading. However, there was some suggestive evidence of a link between order memory for verbal material and individual differences in non-word reading, consistent with other claims for a role of order memory in phonologically mediated reading. The data from the current study therefore provide empirical evidence to question the extent to which item and order short-term memory are necessarily impaired in dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal UniversityLanzhou, China; School of Experimental Psychology, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - Yifu Xuan
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
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Verhaegen C, Poncelet M. The Effects of Aging on the Components of Auditory - Verbal Short-Term Memory. Psychol Belg 2015; 55:175-195. [PMID: 30479423 PMCID: PMC5854219 DOI: 10.5334/pb.bm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at exploring the effects of aging on the multiple components of the auditory-verbal short-term memory (STM). Participants of 45-54, 55-64, 65-74 and 75-84 years of age were presented STM tasks assessing short-term retention of order and item information, and of phonological and lexical-semantic information separately. Because older participants often present reduced hearing levels, we sought to control for an effect of hearing status on performance on STM tasks. Participants' hearing thresholds were measured with a pure-tone audiometer. The results showed age-related effects on all STM components. However, after hearing status was controlled for in analyses of covariance, the age-related differences became non-significant for all STM processes. The fact that age-related hearing loss may in large part explain decreases in performance on STM tasks with aging is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Verhaegen
- Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Martine Poncelet
- Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Majerus S, Attout L, Artielle MA, Van der Kaa MA. The heterogeneity of verbal short-term memory impairment in aphasia. Neuropsychologia 2015; 77:165-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Attout L, Majerus S. Working memory deficits in developmental dyscalculia: The importance of serial order. Child Neuropsychol 2014; 21:432-50. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2014.922170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Verhaegen C, Piertot F, Poncelet M. Dissociable components of phonological and lexical–semantic short-term memory and their relation to impaired word production in aphasia. Cogn Neuropsychol 2013; 30:544-63. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2014.884058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Majerus S, Boukebza C. Short-term memory for serial order supports vocabulary development: New evidence from a novel word learning paradigm. J Exp Child Psychol 2013; 116:811-28. [PMID: 24056204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Majerus
- Department of Psychology-Cognition and Behavior, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), B-1000 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Majerus S. Language repetition and short-term memory: an integrative framework. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:357. [PMID: 23874280 PMCID: PMC3709421 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term maintenance of verbal information is a core factor of language repetition, especially when reproducing multiple or unfamiliar stimuli. Many models of language processing locate the verbal short-term maintenance function in the left posterior superior temporo-parietal area and its connections with the inferior frontal gyrus. However, research in the field of short-term memory has implicated bilateral fronto-parietal networks, involved in attention and serial order processing, as being critical for the maintenance and reproduction of verbal sequences. We present here an integrative framework aimed at bridging research in the language processing and short-term memory fields. This framework considers verbal short-term maintenance as an emergent function resulting from synchronized and integrated activation in dorsal and ventral language processing networks as well as fronto-parietal attention and serial order processing networks. To-be-maintained item representations are temporarily activated in the dorsal and ventral language processing networks, novel phoneme and word serial order information is proposed to be maintained via a right fronto-parietal serial order processing network, and activation in these different networks is proposed to be coordinated and maintained via a left fronto-parietal attention processing network. This framework provides new perspectives for our understanding of information maintenance at the non-word-, word- and sentence-level as well as of verbal maintenance deficits in case of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Majerus
- Department of Psychology - Cognition and Behavior, Université de LiègeLiège, Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research - FNRSBrussels, Belgium
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Trecy MP, Steve M, Martine P. Impaired short-term memory for order in adults with dyslexia. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:2211-23. [PMID: 23644228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Verbal short-term memory (STM) deficits are consistently associated with dyslexia, but the nature of these deficits remains poorly understood. This study used the distinction between item and order retention processes to achieve a better understanding of STM deficits in adults with dyslexia. STM for item information has been shown to depend on the quality of underlying phonological representations, and hence should be impaired in dyslexia, which is characterized by poorly developed phonological representations. On the other hand, STM for order information is considered to reflect core STM processes, which are independent from language processing. Thirty adults with dyslexia and thirty control participants matched for age, education, vocabulary, and IQ were presented STM tasks, which distinguished item and order STM capacities. We observed not only impaired order STM in adults with dyslexia, but this impairment was independent of item STM impairment. This study shows that adults with dyslexia present a deficit in core verbal STM processes, a deficit which cannot be accounted for by the language processing difficulties that characterize dyslexia. Moreover, these results support recent theoretical accounts considering independent order STM and item STM processes, with a potentially causal involvement of order STM processes in reading acquisition.
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Papagno C, Vernice M, Cecchetto C. Phonology without semantics? Good enough for verbal short-term memory. Evidence from a patient with semantic dementia. Cortex 2012; 49:626-36. [PMID: 22664140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is considerable evidence that long-term knowledge has an influence on short-term memory (STM) performance. This reflects the activation of long-term representations involved in perceiving and comprehending spoken language. Still, this type of long-term knowledge might be of two different kinds. STM performance might be facilitated by information about the meaning of the word, or, alternatively, by familiarity with its phonological form. METHODS We investigated these two alternatives by assessing word span in MC, a patient with semantic dementia. Four different lists of words were used: known words, words whose phonological form was known by the patient although she could not report its meaning, words that the patient did not recognize as words and judged as nonwords, nonwords. The patient's performance was compared to that of six matched controls. RESULTS MC did not differ from controls in the first two types of lists and performed at the same level with both, while for words whose phonological form was unknown (and therefore not recognized as words) her performance was comparable to that with nonwords; also, with this type of item, she produced significantly more phonemic substitutions than controls. CONCLUSIONS The results show that long-term knowledge facilitates immediate serial recall. However, this facilitation is due to familiarity with phonological representations rather than to knowledge of meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Papagno
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy.
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Martinez Perez T, Majerus S, Mahot A, Poncelet M. Evidence for a specific impairment of serial order short-term memory in dyslexic children. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:94-109. [PMID: 22389071 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to better understand the nature of verbal short-term memory (STM) deficits in dyslexic children, the present study used the distinction between item and serial order retention capacities in STM tasks. According to recent STM models, storage of verbal item information depends very directly upon the richness of underlying phonological and semantic representations. On the other hand, storage of serial order information appears to reflect a language-independent system. Hence, if there is a fundamental STM deficit in dyslexia that is not to be explained only by the poor phonological processing abilities that characterize dyslexia, then difficulties in serial order STM should also be observed in dyslexic children. We administered tasks maximizing either serial order or item retention capacities to dyslexic children and reading age (RA) and chronological age (CA) matched controls. Dyslexic children performed significantly poorer than the CA controls on the item STM measure. Furthermore, the dyslexic group obtained inferior performance than both CA and RA control groups on the serial order STM measure. These findings highlight a severe impairment of STM for serial order information in dyslexia that cannot be reduced to a phonological processing impairment. Implications of serial order retention deficits for reading acquisition and dyslexia are discussed.
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Martinez Perez T, Majerus S, Poncelet M. The contribution of short-term memory for serial order to early reading acquisition: Evidence from a longitudinal study. J Exp Child Psychol 2012; 111:708-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Paced reading in semantic dementia: Word knowledge contributes to phoneme binding in rapid speech production. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:723-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jefferies E, Bott S, Ehsan S, Lambon Ralph MA. Phonological learning in semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:1208-1218. [PMID: 21277879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with semantic dementia (SD) have anterior temporal lobe (ATL) atrophy that gives rise to a highly selective deterioration of semantic knowledge. Despite pronounced anomia and poor comprehension of words and pictures, SD patients have well-formed, fluent speech and normal digit span. Given the intimate connection between phonological STM and word learning revealed by both neuropsychological and developmental studies, SD patients might be expected to show good acquisition of new phonological forms, even though their ability to map these onto meanings is impaired. In contradiction of these predictions, a limited amount of previous research has found poor learning of new phonological forms in SD. In a series of experiments, we examined whether SD patient, GE, could learn novel phonological sequences and, if so, under which circumstances. GE showed normal benefits of phonological knowledge in STM (i.e., normal phonotactic frequency and phonological similarity effects) but reduced support from semantic memory (i.e., poor immediate serial recall for semantically degraded words, characterised by frequent item errors). Next, we demonstrated normal learning of serial order information for repeated lists of single-digit number words using the Hebb paradigm: these items were well-understood allowing them to be repeated without frequent item errors. In contrast, patient GE showed little learning of nonsense syllable sequences using the same Hebb paradigm. Detailed analysis revealed that both GE and the controls showed a tendency to learn their own errors as opposed to the target items. Finally, we showed normal learning of phonological sequences for GE when he was prevented from repeating his errors. These findings confirm that the ATL atrophy in SD disrupts phonological processing for semantically degraded words but leaves the phonological architecture intact. Consequently, when item errors are minimised, phonological STM can support the acquisition of new phoneme sequences in patients with SD.
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Majerus S. Les multiples déterminants de la mémoire à court terme verbale : Implications théoriques et évaluatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3917/devel.004.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Graham KS, Barense MD, Lee ACH. Going beyond LTM in the MTL: a synthesis of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings on the role of the medial temporal lobe in memory and perception. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:831-53. [PMID: 20074580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies in rats and non-human primates suggest that medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures play a role in perceptual processing, with the hippocampus necessary for spatial discrimination, and the perirhinal cortex for object discrimination. Until recently, there was little convergent evidence for analogous functional specialisation in humans, or for a role of the MTL in processes beyond long-term memory. A recent series of novel human neuropsychological studies, however, in which paradigms from the animal literature were adapted and extended, have revealed findings remarkably similar to those seen in rats and monkeys. These experiments have demonstrated differential effects of distinct stimulus categories on performance in tasks for which there was no explicit requirement to remember information across trials. There is also accruing complementary evidence from functional neuroimaging that MTL structures show differential patterns of activation for scenes and objects, even on simple visual discrimination tasks. This article reviews some of these key studies and discusses the implications of these new findings for existing accounts of memory. A non-modular view of memory is proposed in which memory and perception depend upon the same anatomically distributed representations (emergent memory account). The limitations and criticisms of this theory are discussed and a number of outstanding questions proposed, including key predictions that can be tested by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Graham
- Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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Peters F, Majerus S, De Baerdemaeker J, Salmon E, Collette F. Impaired semantic knowledge underlies the reduced verbal short-term storage capacity in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:3067-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Meteyard L, Patterson K. The relation between content and structure in language production: an analysis of speech errors in semantic dementia. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2009; 110:121-134. [PMID: 19477502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the impact of a degraded semantic system on the structure of language production, we analysed transcripts from autobiographical memory interviews to identify naturally-occurring speech errors by eight patients with semantic dementia (SD) and eight age-matched normal speakers. Relative to controls, patients were significantly more likely to (a) substitute and omit open class words, (b) substitute (but not omit) closed class words, (c) substitute incorrect complex morphological forms and (d) produce semantically and/or syntactically anomalous sentences. Phonological errors were scarce in both groups. The study confirms previous evidence of SD patients' problems with open class content words which are replaced by higher frequency, less specific terms. It presents the first evidence that SD patients have problems with closed class items and make syntactic as well as semantic speech errors, although these grammatical abnormalities are mostly subtle rather than gross. The results can be explained by the semantic deficit which disrupts the representation of a pre-verbal message, lexical retrieval and the early stages of grammatical encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Meteyard
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom.
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Serial order short-term memory capacities and specific language impairment: No evidence for a causal association. Cortex 2009; 45:708-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hoffman P, Jefferies E, Ehsan S, Jones RW, Lambon Ralph MA. Semantic memory is key to binding phonology: converging evidence from immediate serial recall in semantic dementia and healthy participants. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:747-60. [PMID: 19114052 PMCID: PMC2648866 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with semantic dementia (SD) make numerous phoneme migration errors when recalling lists of words they no longer fully understand, suggesting that word meaning makes a critical contribution to phoneme binding in verbal short-term memory. Healthy individuals make errors that appear similar when recalling lists of nonwords, which also lack semantic support. Although previous studies have assumed that the errors in these two groups stem from the same underlying cause, they have never been directly compared. We tackled this issue by examining immediate serial recall for SD patients and controls on "pure" word lists and "mixed" lists that contained a mixture of words and nonwords. SD patients were equally poor at pure and mixed lists and made numerous phoneme migration errors in both conditions. In contrast, controls recalled pure lists better than mixed lists and only produced phoneme migrations for mixed lists. We also examined the claim that semantic activation is critical for words in the primacy portion of the list. In fact, the effect of mixed lists was greatest for later serial positions in the control group and in the SD group recall was poorest towards the ends of lists. These results suggest that mixing nonwords with words in healthy participants closely mimics the impact of semantic degradation in SD on word list recall. The study provides converging evidence for the idea that lexical/semantic knowledge is an important source of constraint on phonological coherence, ensuring that phonemes in familiar words are bound to each other and emerge together in recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hoffman
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences, Zochonis Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Majerus S, Heiligenstein L, Gautherot N, Poncelet M, Van der Linden M. Impact of auditory selective attention on verbal short-term memory and vocabulary development. J Exp Child Psychol 2008; 103:66-86. [PMID: 18778836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of auditory selective attention capacities as a possible mediator of the well-established association between verbal short-term memory (STM) and vocabulary development. A total of 47 6- and 7-year-olds were administered verbal immediate serial recall and auditory attention tasks. Both task types probed processing of item and serial order information because recent studies have shown this distinction to be critical when exploring relations between STM and lexical development. Multiple regression and variance partitioning analyses highlighted two variables as determinants of vocabulary development: (a) a serial order processing variable shared by STM order recall and a selective attention task for sequence information and (b) an attentional variable shared by selective attention measures targeting item or sequence information. The current study highlights the need for integrative STM models, accounting for conjoined influences of attentional capacities and serial order processing capacities on STM performance and the establishment of the lexical language network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Majerus
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Université de Liège, Boulevard du Rectorat, B33, Liege 4000, Belgium.
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Majerus S, Poncelet M, Van der Linden M, Weekes BS. Lexical learning in bilingual adults: The relative importance of short-term memory for serial order and phonological knowledge. Cognition 2008; 107:395-419. [PMID: 18036515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Majerus
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Université de Liège, Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Boulevard du Rectorat, B33, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Jefferies E, Hoffman P, Jones R, Ralph MAL. The impact of semantic impairment on verbal short-term memory in stroke aphasia and semantic dementia: A comparative study. JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 2008; 58:66-87. [PMID: 18438454 PMCID: PMC2344152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the first direct comparison of immediate serial recall in semantic dementia (SD) and transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA). Previous studies of the effect of semantic impairment on verbal short-term memory (STM) have led to important theoretical advances. However, different conclusions have been drawn from these two groups. This research aimed to explain these inconsistencies. We observed (a) qualitative differences between SD and TSA in the nature of the verbal STM impairment and (b) considerable variation within the TSA group. The SD and TSA patients all had poor semantic processing and good phonology. Reflecting this, both groups remained sensitive to phonological similarity and showed a reduced effect of lexicality in immediate serial recall. The SD patients showed normal serial position effects; in contrast, the TSA patients had poor recall of the initial list items and exhibited large recency effects on longer lists. The error patterns of the two groups differed: the SD patients made numerous phoneme migration errors whereas the TSA group were more likely to produce entire words in the wrong order, often initiating recall with terminal list items. The SD cases also showed somewhat larger effects of word frequency and imageability. We propose that these contrasting performance patterns are explicable in terms of the nature of the underlying semantic impairment. SD is associated with anterior lobe atrophy and produces degradation of semantic knowledge - this is more striking for less frequent/imageable items, accentuating the effects of these lexical/semantic variables in STM. SD patients frequently recombine the phonemes of different list items due to the reduced semantic constraint upon phonology (semantic binding: Patterson et al., 1994). In contrast, the semantic impairment in TSA follows frontal or temporoparietal lesions and is associated with poor executive control of semantic processing (deregulated semantic cognition: Jefferies and Lambon Ralph, 2006), explaining why these patients are liable to recall entire words out of serial order.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roy Jones
- Research Institute for the Care of the Elderly, Bath, UK
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