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The Plant Viruses and Molecular Farming: How Beneficial They Might Be for Human and Animal Health? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021533. [PMID: 36675043 PMCID: PMC9863966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses have traditionally been studied as pathogens in the context of understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of a particular disease affecting crops. In recent years, viruses have emerged as a new alternative for producing biological nanomaterials and chimeric vaccines. Plant viruses were also used to generate highly efficient expression vectors, revolutionizing plant molecular farming (PMF). Several biological products, including recombinant vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, diagnostic reagents, and other pharmaceutical products produced in plants, have passed their clinical trials and are in their market implementation stage. PMF offers opportunities for fast, adaptive, and low-cost technology to meet ever-growing and critical global health needs. In this review, we summarized the advancements in the virus-like particles-based (VLPs-based) nanotechnologies and the role they played in the production of advanced vaccines, drugs, diagnostic bio-nanomaterials, and other bioactive cargos. We also highlighted various applications and advantages plant-produced vaccines have and their relevance for treating human and animal illnesses. Furthermore, we summarized the plant-based biologics that have passed through clinical trials, the unique challenges they faced, and the challenges they will face to qualify, become available, and succeed on the market.
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Improving Protein Quantity and Quality—The Next Level of Plant Molecular Farming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031326. [PMID: 35163249 PMCID: PMC8836236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants offer several unique advantages in the production of recombinant pharmaceuticals for humans and animals. Although numerous recombinant proteins have been expressed in plants, only a small fraction have been successfully put into use. The hugely distinct expression systems between plant and animal cells frequently cause insufficient yield of the recombinant proteins with poor or undesired activity. To overcome the issues that greatly constrain the development of plant-produced pharmaceuticals, great efforts have been made to improve expression systems and develop alternative strategies to increase both the quantity and quality of the recombinant proteins. Recent technological revolutions, such as targeted genome editing, deconstructed vectors, virus-like particles, and humanized glycosylation, have led to great advances in plant molecular farming to meet the industrial manufacturing and clinical application standards. In this review, we discuss the technological advances made in various plant expression platforms, with special focus on the upstream designs and milestone achievements in improving the yield and glycosylation of the plant-produced pharmaceutical proteins.
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Mushtaq M, Ahmad Dar A, Skalicky M, Tyagi A, Bhagat N, Basu U, Bhat BA, Zaid A, Ali S, Dar TUH, Rai GK, Wani SH, Habib-Ur-Rahman M, Hejnak V, Vachova P, Brestic M, Çığ A, Çığ F, Erman M, EL Sabagh A. CRISPR-Based Genome Editing Tools: Insights into Technological Breakthroughs and Future Challenges. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:797. [PMID: 34073848 PMCID: PMC8225059 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-editing (GE) is having a tremendous influence around the globe in the life science community. Among its versatile uses, the desired modifications of genes, and more importantly the transgene (DNA)-free approach to develop genetically modified organism (GMO), are of special interest. The recent and rapid developments in genome-editing technology have given rise to hopes to achieve global food security in a sustainable manner. We here discuss recent developments in CRISPR-based genome-editing tools for crop improvement concerning adaptation, opportunities, and challenges. Some of the notable advances highlighted here include the development of transgene (DNA)-free genome plants, the availability of compatible nucleases, and the development of safe and effective CRISPR delivery vehicles for plant genome editing, multi-gene targeting and complex genome editing, base editing and prime editing to achieve more complex genetic engineering. Additionally, new avenues that facilitate fine-tuning plant gene regulation have also been addressed. In spite of the tremendous potential of CRISPR and other gene editing tools, major challenges remain. Some of the challenges are related to the practical advances required for the efficient delivery of CRISPR reagents and for precision genome editing, while others come from government policies and public acceptance. This review will therefore be helpful to gain insights into technological advances, its applications, and future challenges for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntazir Mushtaq
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180009, India; (M.M.); (A.A.D.)
| | - Aejaz Ahmad Dar
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180009, India; (M.M.); (A.A.D.)
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (V.H.); (P.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Anshika Tyagi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Nancy Bhagat
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India;
| | - Umer Basu
- Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180009, India;
| | | | - Abbu Zaid
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University, Aigarh 202002, India;
| | - Sajad Ali
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India;
| | | | - Gyanendra Kumar Rai
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180009, India; (M.M.); (A.A.D.)
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Jammu 192101, India
| | - Muhammad Habib-Ur-Rahman
- Department of Crop Science, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Vaclav Hejnak
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (V.H.); (P.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Pavla Vachova
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (V.H.); (P.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (V.H.); (P.V.); (M.B.)
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Arzu Çığ
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University, Siirt 56100, Turkey;
| | - Fatih Çığ
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University, Siirt 56100, Turkey; (F.Ç.); (M.E.)
| | - Murat Erman
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University, Siirt 56100, Turkey; (F.Ç.); (M.E.)
| | - Ayman EL Sabagh
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University, Siirt 56100, Turkey; (F.Ç.); (M.E.)
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
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Lin Y, Schuphan J, Dickmeis C, Buhl EM, Commandeur U, Fischer H. Attachment of Ultralow Amount of Engineered Plant Viral Nanoparticles to Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances Osteogenesis and Mineralization. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001245. [PMID: 32940006 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based materials are widely used to mimic the extracellular matrix in bone tissue engineering, although they often lack biofunctional cues. In the authors' previous work, Potato virus X (PVX), a flexible rod-shaped biocompatible plant virus nanoparticle (VNP) with 1270 coat protein subunits, is genetically modified to present functional peptides for generating a bone substitute. Here, PVX is engineered to present mineralization- and osteogenesis-associated peptides and laden in hydrogels at a concentration lower by two orders of magnitude. Its competence in mineralization is demonstrated both on 2D surfaces and in hydrogels and the superiority of enriched peptides on VNPs is verified and compared with free peptides and VNPs presenting fewer functional peptides. Alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin red staining of human mesenchymal stem cells increase 1.2-1.7 times when stimulate by VNPs. Engineered PVX adheres to cells, exhibiting a stimulation of biomimetic peptides in close proximity to the cells. The retention of VNPs in hydrogels is monitored and more than 80% of VNPs remain inside after several washing steps. The mechanical properties of VNP-laden hydrogels are investigated, including viscosity, gelling temperature, and compressive tangent modulus. This study demonstrates that recombinant PVX nanoparticles are excellent candidates for hydrogel nanocomposites in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Ying Lin
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research RWTH Aachen University Hospital Pauwelsstrasse 30 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Juliane Schuphan
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility Institute of Pathology RWTH Aachen University Hospital Pauwelsstrasse 30 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research RWTH Aachen University Hospital Pauwelsstrasse 30 52074 Aachen Germany
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Current state-of-the-art in the use of plants for the production of recombinant vaccines against infectious bursal disease virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2287-2296. [PMID: 31980920 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease is a widely spread threatening contagious viral infection of chickens that induces major damages to the Bursa of Fabricius and leads to severe immunosuppression in young birds causing significant economic losses for poultry farming. The etiological agent is the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a non-enveloped virus belonging the family of Birnaviridae. At present, the treatment against the spread of this virus is represented by vaccination schedules mainly based on inactivated or live-attenuated viruses. However, these conventional vaccines present several drawbacks such as insufficient protection against very virulent strains and the impossibility to differentiate vaccinated animals from infected ones. To overcome these limitations, in the last years, several studies have explored the potentiality of recombinant subunit vaccines to provide an effective protection against IBDV infection. In this review, we will give an overview of these novel types of vaccines with special emphasis on current state-of-the-art in the use of plants as "biofactories" (plant molecular farming). In fact, plants have been thoroughly and successfully characterized as heterologous expression systems for the production of recombinant proteins for different applications showing several advantages compared with traditional expression systems (Escherichia coli, yeasts and insect cells) such as absence of animal pathogens in the production process, improved product quality and safety, reduction of manufacturing costs, and simplified scale-up.
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Khan MS, Joyia FA, Mustafa G. Seeds as Economical Production Platform for Recombinant Proteins. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:89-104. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666191014151237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
The cost-effective production of high-quality and biologically active recombinant
molecules especially proteins is extremely desirable. Seed-based recombinant protein production
platforms are considered as superior choice owing to lack of human/animal pathogenic organisms,
lack of cold chain requirements for transportation and long-term storage, easy scalability and
development of edible biopharmaceuticals in plants with objective to be used in purified or partially
processed form is desirable. This review article summarizes the exceptional features of seed-based
biopharming and highlights the needs of exploiting it for commercial purposes. Plant seeds offer a
perfect production platform for high-value molecules of industrial as well as therapeutic nature
owing to lower water contents, high protein storage capacity, weak protease activity and long-term
storage ability at ambient temperature. Exploiting extraordinarily high protein accumulation
potential, vaccine antigens, antibodies and other therapeutic proteins can be stored without effecting
their stability and functionality up to years in seeds. Moreover, ability of direct oral consumption
and post-harvest stabilizing effect of seeds offer unique feature of oral delivery of pharmaceutical
proteins and vaccine antigens for immunization and disease treatment through mucosal as well as
oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sarwar Khan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiz Ahmad Joyia
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Ruiz-Ramón F, Sempere RN, Méndez-López E, Sánchez-Pina MA, Aranda MA. Second generation of pepino mosaic virus vectors: improved stability in tomato and a wide range of reporter genes. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:58. [PMID: 31149024 PMCID: PMC6537163 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vectors based on plant viruses are important tools for functional genomics, cellular biology, plant genome engineering and molecular farming. We previously reported on the construction of PepGFP2a, a viral vector based on pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) which expressed GFP efficiently and stably in plants of its experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana, but not in its natural host tomato. We have prepared a new set of PepMV-based vectors with improved stability that are able to express a wide range of reporter genes, useful for both N. benthamiana and tomato. RESULTS We first tested PepGFPm1 and PepGFPm2, two variants of PepGFP2a in which we progressively reduced a duplication of nucleotides encoding the N-terminal region of the coat protein. The new vectors had improved GFP expression levels and stability in N. benthamiana but not in tomato plants. Next, we replaced GFP by DsRed or mCherry in the new vectors PepDsRed and PepmCherry, respectively; while PepmCherry behaved similarly to PepGFPm2, PepDsRed expressed the reporter gene efficiently also in tomato plants. We then used PepGFPm2 and PepDsRed to study the PepMV localization in both N. benthamiana and tomato cells. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we observed characteristic fluorescent bodies in PepMV-infected cells; these bodies had a cytoplasmic localization and appeared in close proximity to the cell nucleus. Already at 3 days post-agroinoculation there were fluorescent bodies in almost every cell of agroinoculated tissues of both hosts, and always one body per cell. When markers for the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus were co-expressed with PepGFPm2 or PepDsRed, a reorganisation of these organelles was observed, with images suggesting that both are intimately related but not the main constituents of the PepMV bodies. Altogether, this set of data suggested that the PepMV bodies are similar to the potato virus X (PVX) "X-bodies", which have been described as the PVX viral replication complexes (VRCs). To complete the set of PepMV-based vectors, we constructed a vector expressing the BAR herbicide resistance gene, useful for massive susceptibility screenings. CONCLUSIONS We have significantly expanded the PepMV tool box by producing a set of new vectors with improved stability and efficiency in both N. benthamiana and tomato plants. By using two of these vectors, we have described characteristic cellular bodies induced by PepMV infection; these bodies are likely the PepMV VRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Ruiz-Ramón
- Present Address: R + D+I Department, Abiopep S.L., Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Méndez-López
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Amelia Sánchez-Pina
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
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Kopertekh L, Schiemann J. Transient Production of Recombinant Pharmaceutical Proteins in Plants: Evolution and Perspectives. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:365-380. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170718114724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the last two decades, the production of pharmaceutical proteins in plants
evolved from proof of concept to established technology adopted by several biotechnological
companies. This progress is particularly based on intensive research starting stable genetic
transformation and moving to transient expression. Due to its advantages in yield and
speed of protein production transient expression platforms became the leading plant-based
manufacturing technology. Current transient expression methods rely on Agrobacteriummediated
delivery of expression vectors into plant cells. In recent years, great advances have
been made in the improvement of expression vectors, host cell engineering as well as in the
development of commercial manufacturing processes. Several GMP-certified large-scale
production facilities exist around the world to utilize agroinfiltration method. A number of
pharmaceutical proteins produced by transient expression are currently in clinical development.
The great potential of transient expression platform in respect to rapid response to
emerging pandemics was demonstrated by the production of experimental ZMapp antibodies
against Ebola virus as well as influenza vaccines. This review is focused on current design,
status and future perspectives of plant transient expression system for the production
of biopharmaceutical proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilya Kopertekh
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur- Str. 27, D-06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Schiemann
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur- Str. 27, D-06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
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Chabeda A, Yanez RJR, Lamprecht R, Meyers AE, Rybicki EP, Hitzeroth II. Therapeutic vaccines for high-risk HPV-associated diseases. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 5:46-58. [PMID: 29277575 PMCID: PMC5887015 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and it is estimated that Human papillomavirus (HPV) related cancers account for 5% of all human cancers. Current HPV vaccines are extremely effective at preventing infection and neoplastic disease; however, they are prophylactic and do not clear established infections. Therapeutic vaccines which trigger cell-mediated immune responses for the treatment of established infections and malignancies are therefore required. The E6 and E7 early genes are ideal targets for vaccine therapy due to their role in disruption of the cell cycle and their constitutive expression in premalignant and malignant tissues. Several strategies have been investigated for the development of therapeutic vaccines, including live-vector, nucleic acid, peptide, protein-based and cell-based vaccines as well as combinatorial approaches, with several vaccine candidates progressing to clinical trials. With the current understanding of the HPV life cycle, molecular mechanisms of infection, carcinogenesis, tumour biology, the tumour microenvironment and immune response mechanisms, an approved HPV therapeutic vaccine seems to be a goal not far from being achieved. In this article, the status of therapeutic HPV vaccines in clinical trials are reviewed, and the potential for plant-based vaccine production platforms described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyo Chabeda
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Romana J R Yanez
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Renate Lamprecht
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Ann E Meyers
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Inga I Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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Ataie Kachoie E, Behjatnia SAA, Kharazmi S. Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) coat protein genes in plants using cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite-based vector. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190403. [PMID: 29304063 PMCID: PMC5755781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has already been demonstrated that a betasatellite associated with cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMB) can be used as a plant and animal gene delivery vector to plants. To examine the ability of CLCuMB as a tool to transfer coat protein genes of HIV-1 to plants, two recombinant CLCuMB constructs in which the CLCuMB βC1 ORF was replaced with two HIV-1 genes fractions including a 696 bp DNA fragment related to the HIV-1 p24 gene and a 1501 bp DNA fragment related to the HIV-1 gag gene were constructed. Gag is the HIV-1 coat protein gene and p24 is a component of the particle capsid. Gag and p24 are used for vaccine production. Recombinant constructs were inoculated to Nicotiana glutinosa and N. benthamiana plants in the presence of an Iranian isolate of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-[Ab]) as a helper virus. PCR analysis of inoculated plants indicated that p24 gene was successfully replicated in inoculated plants, but the gag gene was not. Real-time PCR and ELISA analysis of N. glutinosa and N. benthamiana plants containing the replicative forms of recombinant construct of CLCuMB/p24 indicated that p24 was expressed in these plants. This CLCuMB-based expression system offers the possibility of mass production of recombinant HIV-1 p24 protein in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Kharazmi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Mendoza MR, Payne AN, Castillo S, Crocker M, Shaw BD, Scholthof HB. Expression of Separate Proteins in the Same Plant Leaves and Cells Using Two Independent Virus-Based Gene Vectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1808. [PMID: 29163561 PMCID: PMC5681929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant viral vectors enable the expression of proteins at high levels in a relatively short time. For many purposes (e.g., cell biological interaction studies) it may be desirable to express more than one protein in a single cell but that is often not feasible when using a single virus vector. Such a co-expression strategy requires the simultaneous delivery by two compatible and non-competitive viruses that can co-exist to each express a separate protein. Here, we report on the use of two agro-launchable coat-protein gene substitution GFP-expressing virus vector systems based on Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) referred to as TG, and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) annotated as TRBO-G. TG expressed GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato, lettuce and cowpea, whereas expression from TRBO-G was detected only in the first two species. Upon co-infiltration of the two vectors co-expression was monitored by: molecular detection of the two slightly differently sized GFPs, suppressor-complementation assays, and using TG in combination with TRBO-RFP. All the results revealed that in N. benthamiana and tomato the TBSV and TMV vectors accumulated and expressed proteins in the same plants, the same leaves, and in the same cells. Therefore, co-expression by these two vectors provides a platform for fast and high level expression of proteins to study their cell biology or other properties.
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Javaran VJ, Shafeinia A, Javaran MJ, Gojani EG, Mirzaee M. Transient expression of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) gene in cucurbit plants using viral vector. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:607-612. [PMID: 28091772 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use a transient expression system to express a truncated human tissue plasminogen activator (K2S) gene in cucurbit plants. RESULTS The recombinant tissue plasminogen activator protein (K2S form) was expressed in active form in cucurbit plants. Its molecular weight was 43 kDa. The plant-derived rt-PA was determined using goat anti-rabbit antibody by western blotting. Among the infected lines, the highest expression of rt-PA was 62 ng/100 mg per leaf tissue as measured by ELISA. The enzymatic activity of the plant-derived rt-PA was 0.8 IU/ml. CONCLUSIONS The K25 form of rt-PA was expressed for the first time using the viral expression system. Plant-derived rt-PA showed similar potency to commercially-available PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jalali Javaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ahwaz, 63417-711, Iran
| | - Alireza Shafeinia
- Department of Biotechnology, Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ahwaz, 63417-711, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeil Ghasemi Gojani
- Department of Biotechnology, Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ahwaz, 63417-711, Iran
| | - Malihe Mirzaee
- Department of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-336, Iran
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Gasanova TV, Petukhova NV, Ivanov PA. Chimeric particles of tobacco mosaic virus as a platform for the development of next-generation nanovaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078016020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Molecular pharming - VLPs made in plants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 37:201-206. [PMID: 26773389 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based expression offers a safe, inexpensive and potentially limitless way to produce therapeutics in a quick and flexible manner. Plants require only simple inorganic nutrients, water, carbon dioxide and sunlight for efficient growth. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are convincing look-alikes of viruses but without carrying infectious genomic material. However, they can still elicit a very potent immune response which makes them ideal vaccine candidates. In this review the different methods of plant expression are described together with the most recent developments in the field of transiently-expressed plant-made VLPs.
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Peyret H, Lomonossoff GP. When plant virology met Agrobacterium: the rise of the deconstructed clones. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1121-35. [PMID: 26073158 PMCID: PMC4744784 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the early days of molecular farming, Agrobacterium-mediated stable genetic transformation and the use of plant virus-based vectors were considered separate and competing technologies with complementary strengths and weaknesses. The demonstration that 'agroinfection' was the most efficient way of delivering virus-based vectors to their target plants blurred the distinction between the two technologies and permitted the development of 'deconstructed' vectors based on a number of plant viruses. The tobamoviruses, potexviruses, tobraviruses, geminiviruses and comoviruses have all been shown to be particularly well suited to the development of such vectors in dicotyledonous plants, while the development of equivalent vectors for use in monocotyledonous plants has lagged behind. Deconstructed viral vectors have proved extremely effective at the rapid, high-level production of a number of pharmaceutical proteins, some of which are currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Peyret
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Aboul-Ata AAE, Vitti A, Nuzzaci M, El-Attar AK, Piazzolla G, Tortorella C, Harandi AM, Olson O, Wright SA, Piazzolla P. Plant-based vaccines: novel and low-cost possible route for Mediterranean innovative vaccination strategies. Adv Virus Res 2014; 89:1-37. [PMID: 24751193 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800172-1.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A plant bioreactor has enormous capability as a system that supports many biological activities, that is, production of plant bodies, virus-like particles (VLPs), and vaccines. Foreign gene expression is an efficient mechanism for getting protein vaccines against different human viral and nonviral diseases. Plants make it easy to deal with safe, inexpensive, and provide trouble-free storage. The broad spectrum of safe gene promoters is being used to avoid risk assessments. Engineered virus-based vectors have no side effect. The process can be manipulated as follows: (a) retrieve and select gene encoding, use an antigenic protein from GenBank and/or from a viral-genome sequence, (b) design and construct hybrid-virus vectors (viral vector with a gene of interest) eventually flanked by plant-specific genetic regulatory elements for constitutive expression for obtaining chimeric virus, (c) gene transformation and/or transfection, for transient expression, into a plant-host model, that is, tobacco, to get protocols processed positively, and then moving into edible host plants, (d) confirmation of protein expression by bioassay, PCR-associated tests (RT-PCR), Northern and Western blotting analysis, and serological assay (ELISA), (e) expression for adjuvant recombinant protein seeking better antigenicity, (f) extraction and purification of expressed protein for identification and dosing, (g) antigenicity capability evaluated using parental or oral delivery in animal models (mice and/or rabbit immunization), and (h) growing of construct-treated edible crops in protective green houses. Some successful cases of heterologous gene-expressed protein, as edible vaccine, are being discussed, that is, hepatitis C virus (HCV). R9 mimotope, also named hypervariable region 1 (HVR1), was derived from the HVR1 of HCV. It was used as a potential neutralizing epitope of HCV. The mimotope was expressed using cucumber mosaic virus coat protein (CP), alfalfa mosaic virus CP P3/RNA3, and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) CP-tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) CP as expression vectors into tobacco plants. Expressed recombinant protein has not only been confirmed as a therapeutic but also as a diagnostic tool. Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), HSV-2 gD, and HSV-2 VP16 subunits were transfected into tobacco plants, using TMV CP-TMGMV CP expression vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboul-Ata E Aboul-Ata
- Molecular Biology Laboratory II, Plant Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Antonella Vitti
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Nuzzaci
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Ahmad K El-Attar
- Molecular Biology Laboratory II, Plant Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt
| | - Giuseppina Piazzolla
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Allergology and Immunology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Cosimo Tortorella
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Allergology and Immunology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ali M Harandi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olof Olson
- Department of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandra A Wright
- Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Pasquale Piazzolla
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Hajeri S, Killiny N, El-Mohtar C, Dawson WO, Gowda S. Citrus tristeza virus-based RNAi in citrus plants induces gene silencing in Diaphorina citri, a phloem-sap sucking insect vector of citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing). J Biotechnol 2014; 176:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Dawson WO, Folimonova SY. Virus-based transient expression vectors for woody crops: a new frontier for vector design and use. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:321-37. [PMID: 23682912 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Virus-based expression vectors are commonplace tools for the production of proteins or the induction of RNA silencing in herbaceous plants. This review considers a completely different set of uses for viral vectors in perennial fruit and nut crops, which can be productive for periods of up to 100 years. Viral vectors could be used in the field to modify existing plants. Furthermore, with continually emerging pathogens and pests, viral vectors could express genes to protect the plants or even to treat plants after they become infected. As technologies develop during the life span of these crops, viral vectors can be used for adding new genes as an alternative to pushing up the crop and replanting with transgenic plants. Another value of virus-based vectors is that they add nothing permanently to the environment. This requires that effective and stable viral vectors be developed for specific crops from endemic viruses. Studies using viruses from perennial hosts suggest that these objectives could be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- William O Dawson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA.
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19
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Kuo YC, Tan CC, Ku JT, Hsu WC, Su SC, Lu CA, Huang LF. Improving pharmaceutical protein production in Oryza sativa. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8719-39. [PMID: 23615467 PMCID: PMC3676753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14058719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of plant expression systems in the production of recombinant proteins has several advantages, such as low maintenance cost, absence of human pathogens, and possession of complex post-translational glycosylation capabilities. Plants have been successfully used to produce recombinant cytokines, vaccines, antibodies, and other proteins, and rice (Oryza sativa) is a potential plant used as recombinant protein expression system. After successful transformation, transgenic rice cells can be either regenerated into whole plants or grown as cell cultures that can be upscaled into bioreactors. This review summarizes recent advances in the production of different recombinant protein produced in rice and describes their production methods as well as methods to improve protein yield and quality. Glycosylation and its impact in plant development and protein production are discussed, and several methods of improving yield and quality that have not been incorporated in rice expression systems are also proposed. Finally, different bioreactor options are explored and their advantages are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Kuo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.K.); (C.-C.T.); (J.-T.K.); (W.-C.H.); (S.-C.S.)
| | - Chia-Chun Tan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.K.); (C.-C.T.); (J.-T.K.); (W.-C.H.); (S.-C.S.)
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, 300, Jhongda Rd., Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Jung-Ting Ku
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.K.); (C.-C.T.); (J.-T.K.); (W.-C.H.); (S.-C.S.)
| | - Wei-Cho Hsu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.K.); (C.-C.T.); (J.-T.K.); (W.-C.H.); (S.-C.S.)
| | - Sung-Chieh Su
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.K.); (C.-C.T.); (J.-T.K.); (W.-C.H.); (S.-C.S.)
| | - Chung-An Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, 300, Jhongda Rd., Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Li-Fen Huang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-C.K.); (C.-C.T.); (J.-T.K.); (W.-C.H.); (S.-C.S.)
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Cerovska N, Hoffmeisterova H, Moravec T, Plchova H, Folwarczna J, Synkova H, Ryslava H, Ludvikova V, Smahel M. Transient expression of Human papillomavirus type 16 L2 epitope fused to N- and C-terminus of coat protein of Potato virus X in plants. J Biosci 2012; 37:125-33. [PMID: 22357210 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transient expression of foreign genes based on plant viral vectors is a suitable system for the production of relevant immunogens that can be used for the development of a new generation of vaccines against a variety of infectious diseases. In the present study the epitope derived from HPV-16 L2 minor capsid protein (amino acids 108-120) was expressed from Potato virus X (PVX)-based vector pGR106 as N- or C-terminal fusion with the PVX coat protein (PVX CP) in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The fusion protein L2 108-120-PVX CP was successfully expressed in plants at a level of 170 mg/kg of fresh leaf tissue. The C-terminal fusion protein PVX CP- L2 108-120 was expressed using mutated vector sequence to avoid homologous recombination at a level of 8 mg/kg of fresh leaf tissue. Immunogenicity of L2 108-120-PVX CP virus-like particles was tested after immunization of mice by subcutaneous injection or tattoo administration. In animal sera the antibodies against the PVX CP and the L2 108-120 epitope were found after both methods of vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Cerovska
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Na Karlovce 1a, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Sainsbury F, Saxena P, Geisler K, Osbourn A, Lomonossoff GP. Using a virus-derived system to manipulate plant natural product biosynthetic pathways. Methods Enzymol 2012; 517:185-202. [PMID: 23084939 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404634-4.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of vectors (the pEAQ series) based on cowpea mosaic virus has been developed which allows the rapid transient expression of high levels of foreign protein in plants without the need for viral replication. The plasmids are small binary vectors, which are introduced into plant leaves by agroinfiltration. They are modular in design and allow the insertion of multiple coding sequences on the same segment of T-DNA. These properties make the pEAQ vectors particularly suitable for use in situations, such as the investigation and manipulation of metabolic pathways, where the coexpression of multiple proteins within a cell is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sainsbury
- Département de Phytologie, Pavillon des Services, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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22
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Obembe OO, Popoola JO, Leelavathi S, Reddy SV. Advances in plant molecular farming. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 29:210-22. [PMID: 21115109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant molecular farming (PMF) is a new branch of plant biotechnology, where plants are engineered to produce recombinant pharmaceutical and industrial proteins in large quantities. As an emerging subdivision of the biopharmaceutical industry, PMF is still trying to gain comparable social acceptance as the already established production systems that produce these high valued proteins in microbial, yeast, or mammalian expression systems. This article reviews the various cost-effective technologies and strategies, which are being developed to improve yield and quality of the plant-derived pharmaceuticals, thereby making plant-based production system suitable alternatives to the existing systems. It also attempts to overview the different novel plant-derived pharmaceuticals and non-pharmaceutical protein products that are at various stages of clinical development or commercialization. It then discusses the biosafety and regulatory issues, which are crucial (if strictly adhered to) to eliminating potential health and environmental risks, which in turn is necessary to earning favorable public perception, thus ensuring the success of the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawole O Obembe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, PMB 1023 Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
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23
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Meyers B, Zaltsman A, Lacroix B, Kozlovsky SV, Krichevsky A. Nuclear and plastid genetic engineering of plants: Comparison of opportunities and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:747-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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24
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Sainsbury F, Cañizares MC, Lomonossoff GP. Cowpea mosaic virus: the plant virus-based biotechnology workhorse. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2010; 48:437-55. [PMID: 20455698 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the 50 years since it was first described, Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has become one of the most intensely studied plant viruses. Research in the past 15 to 20 years has shifted from studying the underlying genetics and structure of the virus to focusing on ways in which it can be exploited in biotechnology. This work led first to the use of virus particles to present peptides, then to the creation of a variety of replicating virus vectors and finally to the development of a highly efficient protein expression system that does not require viral replication. The circle has been completed by the use of the latter system to create empty particles for peptide presentation and other novel uses. The history of CPMV in biotechnology can be likened to an Ouroborus, an ancient symbol depicting a snake or dragon swallowing its own tail, thus forming a circle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sainsbury
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH,United Kingdom.
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25
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Abstract
Biodegradable plastics are those that can be completely degraded in landfills, composters or sewage treatment plants by the action of naturally occurring micro-organisms. Truly biodegradable plastics leave no toxic, visible or distinguishable residues following degradation. Their biodegradability contrasts sharply with most petroleum-based plastics, which are essentially indestructible in a biological context. Because of the ubiquitous use of petroleum-based plastics, their persistence in the environment and their fossil-fuel derivation, alternatives to these traditional plastics are being explored. Issues surrounding waste management of traditional and biodegradable polymers are discussed in the context of reducing environmental pressures and carbon footprints. The main thrust of the present review addresses the development of plant-based biodegradable polymers. Plants naturally produce numerous polymers, including rubber, starch, cellulose and storage proteins, all of which have been exploited for biodegradable plastic production. Bacterial bioreactors fed with renewable resources from plants – so-called ‘white biotechnology’ – have also been successful in producing biodegradable polymers. In addition to these methods of exploiting plant materials for biodegradable polymer production, the present review also addresses the advances in synthesizing novel polymers within transgenic plants, especially those in the polyhydroxyalkanoate class. Although there is a stigma associated with transgenic plants, especially food crops, plant-based biodegradable polymers, produced as value-added co-products, or, from marginal land (non-food), crops such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), have the potential to become viable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics and an environmentally benign and carbon-neutral source of polymers.
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26
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Farrokhi N, Hrmova M, Burton RA, Fincher GB. Heterologous and cell free protein expression systems. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 513:175-198. [PMID: 19347659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-427-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recognition of the fact that a relatively small percentage of 'named' genes in databases have any experimental proof for their annotation, attention is shifting towards the more accurate assignment of functions to individual genes in a genome. The central objective will be to reduce our reliance on nucleotide or amino acid sequence similarities as a means to define the functions of genes and to annotate genome sequences. There are many unsolved technical difficulties associated with the purification of specific proteins from extracts of biological material, especially where the protein is present in low abundance, has multiple isoforms or is found in multiple post-translationally modified forms. The relative ease with which cDNAs can be cloned has led to the development of methods through which cDNAs from essentially any source can be expressed in a limited range of suitable host organisms, so that sufficient levels of the encoded proteins can be generated for functional analysis. Recently, these heterologous expression systems have been supplemented by more robust prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesis systems. In this chapter, common host systems for heterologous expression are reviewed and the current status of cell-free expression systems will be presented. New approaches to overcoming the special problems encountered during the expression of membrane-associated proteins will also be addressed. Methodological considerations, including the characteristics of codon usage in the expressed DNA, peptide tags that facilitate subsequent purification of the expressed proteins and the role of post-translational modifications, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Farrokhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
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27
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Sainsbury F, Liu L, Lomonossoff GP. Cowpea mosaic virus-based systems for the expression of antigens and antibodies in plants. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 483:25-39. [PMID: 19183891 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-407-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes the use of Cowpea mosaic virus-based vectors for the production of foreign proteins such as antigens and antibodies in plants. The systems include vectors based on both full-length and deleted versions of RNA-2. In both cases, the modified RNA-2 is replicated by coinoculation with RNA-1. The constructs based on full-length RNA-2 retain the ability to spread systemically throughout an inoculated plant and the infection can be passaged. The vector based on a deleted version of RNA-2 can stably incorporate larger inserts but lacks the ability to move systemically. However, it has the added advantage of biocontainment. In both cases, vector constructs modified to contain a foreign gene of interest can be delivered by agroinfiltration to obtain transient expression of the foreign protein. If required, the same constructs can also be used for stable nuclear transformation. Both types of vector have proved effective for the production in plants of a diverse range of proteins including antigens and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sainsbury
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
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28
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Yusibov V, Rabindran S. Recent progress in the development of plant derived vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:1173-83. [PMID: 18844592 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.8.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant subunit vaccines have been with us for the last 30 years and they provide us with the unique opportunity to choose from the many available production systems that can be used for recombinant protein expression. Plants have become an attractive production platform for recombinant biopharmaceuticals and vaccines have been at the forefront of this new and expanding industry sector. The particular advantages of plant-based vaccines in terms of cost, safety and scalability are discussed in the light of recent successful clinical trials and the likely impact of plant systems on the vaccine industry is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, 9 Innovation Way, Suite 200, Newark, DE 1971, USA.
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29
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Dizadji A, Koohi-Habibi M, Izadpanah K, Dietrich C, Mossahebi GH, Winter S. Characterisation of lettuce virus X, a new potexvirus infecting lettuce in Iran. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1867-75. [PMID: 18807116 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A virus with flexuous rod-shaped particle morphology was found in samples from lettuce during a survey of viruses infecting lettuce in Tehran province in Iran. This virus was subjected to a complete analysis of its biological and molecular features. The entire nucleotide sequence of the virus was determined, revealing a polyadenylated ssRNA genome consisting of 7,212 nucleotides [without poly (A) tail] and possessing an organization typical for potexviruses. Comparative genome analysis showed that the lettuce virus is closely related to Alstroemeria virus X, narcissus mosaic virus and asparagus virus 3. Based on particle morphology, physico-chemical properties and the complete genome sequence, this virus is a member of a new species in the genus Potexvirus, for which the name lettuce virus X (LeVX) is proposed. Biological assays using an infectious cDNA clone and a wild-type isolate of LeVX revealed that the virus, despite reaching high concentrations in all lettuce cultivars tested, does not cause symptoms in lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dizadji
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Horticultural Science and Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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30
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Sandoval C, Pogany J, Bujarski J, Romero J. Use of a defective RNA of broad bean mottle bromovirus for stable gene expression in legumes. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1755-8. [PMID: 18679766 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A viral vector that expressed foreign genes was engineered using a cDNA clone of broad bean mottle bromovirus (BBMV) defective interfering (DI) RNA. The expression vector required an active ORF to ensure efficient accumulation and replication in the host plants. After mechanical inoculation with BBMV RNAs, expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter was driven by DI RNA constructs during consecutive passages through broad bean plants. Our data prove that BBMV DI RNAs, whose yield is similar to the virus genomic components, are useful as gene vectors after mechanical inoculation on legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sandoval
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, INIA, Carretera de la Coruña km. 7.0, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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31
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Chen CC, Chen TC, Raja JAJ, Chang CA, Chen LW, Lin SS, Yeh SD. Effectiveness and stability of heterologous proteins expressed in plants by Turnip mosaic virus vector at five different insertion sites. Virus Res 2007; 130:210-27. [PMID: 17689817 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal (NT) regions of particular protein-coding sequences are generally used for in-frame insertion of heterologous open reading frames (ORFs) in potyviral vectors for protein expression in plants. An infectious cDNA clone of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolate YC5 was engineered at the generally used NT regions of HC-Pro and CP, and other possibly permissive sites to investigate their effectiveness to express the GFP (jellyfish green fluorescent protein) and Der p 5 (allergen from the dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) ORFs. The results demonstrated the permissiveness of the NT regions of P3, CIP and NIb to carry the ORFs and express the translates as part of the viral polyprotein, the processing of which released free-form proteins in the host cell milieu. However, these sites varied in their permissiveness to retain the ORFs intact and hence affect the heterologous protein expression. Moreover, strong influence of the inserted ORF and host plants in determining the permissiveness of a viral genomic context to stably carry the alien ORFs and hence to support their prolonged expression was also noticed. In general, the engineered sites were relatively more permissive to the GFP ORF than to the Der p 5 ORF. Among the hosts, the local lesion host, Chenopodium quinoa Willd. showed the highest extent of support to TuMV to stably carry the heterologous ORFs at the engineered sites and the protein expression therefrom. Among the systemic hosts, Nicotiana benthamiana Domin proved more supportive to TuMV to carry and express the heterologous ORFs than the Brassica hosts, whereas the protein expression levels were significantly higher and more stable in the plants of Brassica campestris L. var. chinensis and B. campestris L. var. ching-geeng than those in the plants of B. juncea L. and B. campestris L. var. pekinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chih Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
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Peretz Y, Mozes-Koch R, Akad F, Tanne E, Czosnek H, Sela I. A universal expression/silencing vector in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 145:1251-63. [PMID: 17905866 PMCID: PMC2151717 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A universal vector (IL-60 and auxiliary constructs), expressing or silencing genes in every plant tested to date, is described. Plants that have been successfully manipulated by the IL-60 system include hard-to-manipulate species such as wheat (Triticum duram), pepper (Capsicum annuum), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), citrus, and olive (Olea europaea). Expression or silencing develops within a few days in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), wheat, and most herbaceous plants and in up to 3 weeks in woody trees. Expression, as tested in tomato, is durable and persists throughout the life span of the plant. The vector is, in fact, a disarmed form of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, which is applied as a double-stranded DNA and replicates as such. However, the disarmed virus does not support rolling-circle replication, and therefore viral progeny single-stranded DNA is not produced. IL-60 does not integrate into the plant's genome, and the construct, including the expressed gene, is not heritable. IL-60 is not transmitted by the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus's natural insect vector. In addition, artificial satellites were constructed that require a helper virus for replication, movement, and expression. With IL-60 as the disarmed helper "virus," transactivation occurs, resulting in an inducible expressing/silencing system. The system's potential is demonstrated by IL-60-derived suppression of a viral-silencing suppressor of Grapevine virus A, resulting in Grapevine virus A-resistant/tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Peretz
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, Institute for Plant Sciences and Genetics, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Cerovská N, Hoffmeisterová H, Pecenková T, Moravec T, Synková H, Plchová H, Velemínský J. Transient expression of HPV16 E7 peptide (aa 44-60) and HPV16 L2 peptide (aa 108-120) on chimeric potyvirus-like particles using Potato virus X-based vector. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 58:154-61. [PMID: 17980618 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The optimized expression of recombinant Potato virus A coat protein (ACP) carrying two different epitopes from Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) was developed. Epitope derived from minor capsid protein L2 was expressed as N-terminal fusion with ACP while an epitope derived from E7 oncoprotein was fused to its C-terminus. The construct was cloned into Potato X potexvirus (PVX) based vector and transiently expressed in plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated inoculation. To increase the level of expressed protein the transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing Potato virus A HC-Pro gene and transgenic Nicotiana tabacum, cv. Petit Havana SR1 carrying Potato virus A P3 protein gene were tested. Synergistic infection of host plants with PVX carrying the construct and Potato virus Y(O) (PVY(O)) increased the expression of L2ACPE7 in N. tabacum and in transgenic N. benthamiana carrying potyviral HC-Pro gene as compared to control plants infected with L2ACPE7 only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Cerovská
- Institute of Experimental Botany v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Karlovce 1a, CZ-160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Shadwick FS, Doran PM. Propagation of plant viruses in hairy root cultures: a potential method for in vitro production of epitope vaccines and foreign proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 96:570-83. [PMID: 16900508 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hairy roots were used as an in vitro culture system for the propagation of wild-type and transgenic plant viruses. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was added to the liquid culture medium at the same time as root inoculation. Hairy root growth was unaffected by viral infection. Maximum concentrations of TMV in Nicotiana benthamiana hairy roots were 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than in suspended N. benthamiana cells and reached levels of 1-2 mg g(-1) dry weight or 20-28% total soluble protein. Virus accumulated in the roots initially with a constant doubling time of about 1.0 day; subsequent reductions in viral growth rate were correlated with a significant decline in infectivity relative to the inoculum virus. The morphological integrity of the viral particles was maintained during propagation in hairy roots. The contribution to the overall viral titer of passive association of virus with the biomass, for example, by surface adsorption, was negligible compared with active viral replication. N. benthamiana hairy roots were also infected with a TMV-based viral vector developed to express green fluorescent protein (GFP). This vector was about 260-fold less infectious than wild-type TMV and accumulated much more slowly in the roots. Maximum levels of TMV-GFP in the biomass were about 65-fold lower than for TMV. This work demonstrates that hairy root cultures are a feasible means for in vitro propagation of wild-type and transgenic plant viruses under conditions that allow a high degree of environmental containment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona S Shadwick
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Streatfield SJ. Approaches to achieve high-level heterologous protein production in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:2-15. [PMID: 17207252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants offer an alternative to microbial fermentation and animal cell cultures for the production of recombinant proteins. For protein pharmaceuticals, plant systems are inherently safer than native and even recombinant animal sources. In addition, post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which cannot be achieved with bacterial fermentation, can be accomplished using plants. The main advantage foreseen for plant systems is reduced production costs. Plants should have a particular advantage for proteins produced in bulk, such as industrial enzymes, for which product pricing is low. In addition, edible plant tissues are well suited to the expression of vaccine antigens and pharmaceuticals for oral delivery. Three approaches have been followed to express recombinant proteins in plants: expression from the plant nuclear genome; expression from the plastid genome; and expression from plant tissues carrying recombinant plant viral sequences. The most important factor in moving plant-produced heterologous proteins from developmental research to commercial products is to ensure competitive production costs, and the best way to achieve this is to boost expression. Thus, considerable research effort has been made to increase the amount of recombinant protein produced in plants. This research includes molecular technologies to increase replication, to boost transcription, to direct transcription in tissues suited for protein accumulation, to stabilize transcripts, to optimize translation, to target proteins to subcellular locations optimal for their accumulation, and to engineer proteins to stabilize them. Other methods include plant breeding to increase transgene copy number and to utilize germplasm suited to protein accumulation. Large-scale commercialization of plant-produced recombinant proteins will require a combination of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Streatfield
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Building 36, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
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Shrawat AK, Lörz H. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cereals: a promising approach crossing barriers. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2006; 4:575-603. [PMID: 17309731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cereal crops have been the primary targets for improvement by genetic transformation because of their worldwide importance for human consumption. For a long time, many of these important cereals were difficult to genetically engineer, mainly as a result of their inherent limitations associated with the resistance to Agrobacterium infection and their recalcitrance to in vitro regeneration. The delivery of foreign genes to rice plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens has now become a routine technique. However, there are still serious handicaps with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of other major cereals. In this paper, we review the pioneering efforts, existing problems and future prospects of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of major cereal crops, such as rice, maize, wheat, barley, sorghum and sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Shrawat
- Centre for Applied Plant Molecular Biology (AMP II), University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany.
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Monger W, Alamillo JM, Sola I, Perrin Y, Bestagno M, Burrone OR, Sabella P, Plana-Duran J, Enjuanes L, Garcia JA, Lomonossoff GP. An antibody derivative expressed from viral vectors passively immunizes pigs against transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection when supplied orally in crude plant extracts. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2006; 4:623-31. [PMID: 17309733 PMCID: PMC7167628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential of antibody derivatives to provide passive protection against enteric infections when supplied orally in crude plant extracts, we have expressed a small immune protein (SIP) in plants using two different plant virus vectors based on potato virus X (PVX) and cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). The epsilonSIP molecule consisted of a single-chain antibody (scFv) specific for the porcine coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) linked to the epsilon-CH4 domain from human immunoglobulin E (IgE). In some constructs, the sequence encoding the epsilonSIP molecule was flanked by the leader peptide from the original murine antibody at its N-terminus and an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (HDEL) at its C-terminus to allow the expressed protein to be directed to, and retained within, the endoplasmic reticulum. Western blot analysis of samples from Nicotiana clevelandii or cowpea tissue infected with constructs revealed the presence of SIP molecules which retained their ability to dimerize. The analysis of crude plant extracts revealed that the plant-expressed epsilonSIP molecules could bind to and neutralize TGEV in tissue culture, the levels of binding and neutralization reflecting the level of expression. Oral administration of crude extracts from SIP-expressing plant tissue to 2-day-old piglets demonstrated that the extracts which showed the highest levels of in vitro neutralization could also provide in vivo protection against challenge with TGEV.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/immunology
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/mortality
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Plant Extracts/immunology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Plant Leaves/immunology
- Recombination, Genetic
- Swine
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/genetics
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
- Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Monger
- John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Twyman RM, Schillberg S, Fischer R. Transgenic plants in the biopharmaceutical market. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2006; 10:185-218. [PMID: 15757412 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.10.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many of our 'small-molecule-drugs' are natural products from plants, or are synthetic compounds based on molecules found naturally in plants. However, the vast majority of the protein therapeutics (or biopharmaceuticals) we use are from animal or human sources, and are produced commercially in microbial or mammalian bioreactor systems. Over the last few years, it has become clear that plants have great potential for the production of human proteins and other protein-based therapeutic entities. Plants offer the prospect of inexpensive biopharmaceutical production without sacrificing product quality or safety, and following the success of several plant-derived technical proteins, the first therapeutic products are now approaching the market. In this review, the different plant-based production systems are discussed and the merits of transgenic plants are evaluated compared with other platforms. A detailed discussion is provided of the development issues that remain to be addressed before plants become an acceptable mainstream production technology. The many different proteins that have already been produced using plants are described, and a sketch of the current market and the activities of the key players is provided. Despite the currently unclear regulatory framework and general industry inertia, the benefits of plant-derived pharmaceuticals are now bringing the prospect of inexpensive veterinary and human medicines closer than ever before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Twyman
- University of York, Department of Biology, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Koenig R, Lesemann DE, Loss S, Engelmann J, Commandeur U, Deml G, Schiemann J, Aust H, Burgermeister W. Zygocactus virus X-based expression vectors and formation of rod-shaped virus-like particles in plants by the expressed coat proteins of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus and Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:439-443. [PMID: 16432032 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression vectors were constructed from 35S promoter-containing full-length cDNA clones of Zygocactus virus X (ZVX). The expression of foreign genes was driven by the ZVX coat protein (cp) subgenomic promoter. It was successful only when the variable region downstream of the conserved putative promoter region GSTTAAGTT(X(12-13))GAA was retained. Most of the ZVX cp gene, except for a short 3' part, was replaced by the corresponding sequence of the related Schlumbergera virus X (SVX) and its cp subgenomic promoter to enable encapsidation of the transcribed RNA by an SVX/ZVX hybrid cp. Vector-expressed cp of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) assembled in Chenopodium quinoa, Tetragonia expansa and Beta vulgaris leaves into particles resembling true BNYVV particles. The virus produced from these constructs retained its ability to express BNYVV cp in local infections during successive passages on C. quinoa. This ability was lost, however, in the rarely occurring systemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Koenig
- Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Pflanzenvirologie, Mikrobiologie und biologische Sicherheit, Messeweg 11, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - D-E Lesemann
- Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Pflanzenvirologie, Mikrobiologie und biologische Sicherheit, Messeweg 11, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S Loss
- Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Pflanzenvirologie, Mikrobiologie und biologische Sicherheit, Messeweg 11, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Engelmann
- Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Pflanzenvirologie, Mikrobiologie und biologische Sicherheit, Messeweg 11, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - U Commandeur
- Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Institut für Biologie VII, Molekulare Biotechnologie, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Deml
- Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Pflanzenvirologie, Mikrobiologie und biologische Sicherheit, Messeweg 11, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Schiemann
- Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Pflanzenvirologie, Mikrobiologie und biologische Sicherheit, Messeweg 11, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - H Aust
- Technical University Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Spielmann-Str. 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - W Burgermeister
- Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Pflanzenvirologie, Mikrobiologie und biologische Sicherheit, Messeweg 11, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
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Yusibov V, Rabindran S, Commandeur U, Twyman RM, Fischer R. The Potential of Plant Virus Vectors for Vaccine Production. Drugs R D 2006; 7:203-17. [PMID: 16784246 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200607040-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants viruses are versatile vectors that allow the rapid and convenient production of recombinant proteins in plants. Compared with production systems based on transgenic plants, viral vectors are easier to manipulate and recombinant proteins can be produced more quickly and in greater yields. Over the last few years, there has been much interest in the development of plant viruses as vectors for the production of vaccines, either as whole polypeptides or epitopes displayed on the surface of chimeric viral particles. Several viruses have been extensively developed for vaccine production, including tobacco mosaic virus, potato virus X and cowpea mosaic virus. Vaccine candidates have been produced against a range of human and animal diseases, and in many cases have shown immunogenic activity and protection in the face of disease challenge. In this review, we discuss the advantages of plant virus vectors, the development of different viruses as vector systems, and the immunological experiments that have demonstrated the principle of plant virus-derived vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA.
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41
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Abstract
The small size of plant viral genomes, the ease with which they can be manipulated, and the simplicity of the infection process is making the viral vectors an attractive alternative to the transgenic systems for the expression of foreign proteins in plants. One use of these virus expression systems is for vaccine production. There are two basic types of viral system that have been developed for the production of immunogenic peptides and proteins in plants: epitope presentation and polypeptide expression systems. In this review, we discuss advances made in this field.
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Baur A, Kaufmann F, Rolli H, Weise A, Luethje R, Berg B, Braun M, Baeumer W, Kietzmann M, Reski R, Gorr G. A fast and flexible PEG-mediated transient expression system in plants for high level expression of secreted recombinant proteins. J Biotechnol 2005; 119:332-42. [PMID: 15993971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant expression systems offer a valuable alternative to traditional systems for the production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals. A highly efficient polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-mediated transient expression system for secreted recombinant proteins in plants has been developed. The human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 (rhVEGF) has been successfully expressed and efficiently secreted into the culture medium by transiently transformed moss protoplasts. In order to obtain secretion efficiency data, different expressed signal peptides were analysed and time course studies were performed with expression constructs containing different promoters. The transformation procedure was optimised for high level expression (up to 10 microg/ml) and successfully performed even with a transgenic glyco-engineered strain lacking plant-specific immunogenic sugar residues in N-glycans. The amount of rhVEGF was produced in such quantity that it allowed for the analysis of biological activity, silver-staining and Western blotting, revealing the correct formation and processing of the homodimer. This fast and flexible transient expression system enables feasibility studies and construct optimisation to be concluded within a few days, thus avoiding the time consuming step of having to generate stably transformed lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Baur
- greenovation Biotech GmbH, Boetzinger Strasse 29b, 79111 Freiburg, Germany
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43
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Mechtcheriakova IA, Eldarov MA, Nicholson L, Shanks M, Skryabin KG, Lomonossoff GP. The use of viral vectors to produce hepatitis B virus core particles in plants. J Virol Methods 2005; 131:10-5. [PMID: 16112207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The expression and assembly of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) nucleocapsid protein (HBcAg) were investigated in plants using viral vectors. Constructs based on either Potato virus X (PVX) or Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) containing the sequence of HBcAg were able to infect the appropriate host plants and remained genetically stable during infection. Analysis of HBcAg expression revealed that the protein can self-assemble into core-like particles and that the assembled material could be partially purified by differential centrifugation. Thus, the use of viral vectors can be considered a practical method for rapid production of assembled HBcAg particles in plants. This approach provides a means whereby a variety of chimaeric particles can be assessed quickly and cheaply for various diagnostic and vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Mechtcheriakova
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Centre Bioengineering RAS, Prospekt 60-Letya Oktyabrya, 7/1, 117312 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton B Gelvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1392, USA.
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45
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Marillonnet S, Thoeringer C, Kandzia R, Klimyuk V, Gleba Y. Systemic Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transfection of viral replicons for efficient transient expression in plants. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 23:718-23. [PMID: 15883585 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant biotechnology relies on two approaches for delivery and expression of heterologous genes in plants: stable genetic transformation and transient expression using viral vectors. Although much faster, the transient route is limited by low infectivity of viral vectors carrying average-sized or large genes. We have developed constructs for the efficient delivery of RNA viral vectors as DNA precursors and show here that Agrobacterium-mediated delivery of these constructs results in gene amplification in all mature leaves of a plant simultaneously (systemic transfection). This process, called "magnifection", can be performed on a large scale and with different plant species. This technology combines advantages of three biological systems (the transfection efficiency of A. tumefaciens, the high expression yield obtained with viral vectors, and the post-translational capabilities of a plant), does not require genetic modification of plants and is faster than other existing methods.
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46
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Beauchemin C, Bougie V, Laliberté JF. Simultaneous production of two foreign proteins from a polyvirus-based vector. Virus Res 2005; 112:1-8. [PMID: 16022896 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of developing a biotechnological tool for the production of foreign proteins in plants, we first engineered an infectious turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) cDNA that contained the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene or the bacterial beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (uidA). Two insertion sites were assessed, either between P1 and HCPro cistrons or Pol and CP cistrons. In each construct, the junctions flanking the inserted gene coded for P1 and/or VPg-Pro cleavage recognition site sequences, to produce free GUS or GFP. After transfection by particle bombardment on Brassica perviridis, characteristic symptoms for TuMV infection appeared and Western blot analyses showed that GFP and GUS had been excised from the viral polyprotein. No significant differences in expression level were noticed between the two insertion sites. By RT-PCR, gfp was found to be stable over 30 days post-transfection (dpt) while uidA was gradually lost at 15 dpt. We also created two constructs containing either gene at each insertion sites on the same molecule. Attenuated systemic symptoms were observed after particle bombardment on B. perviridis and Western blot analyses showed that both foreign proteins were produced. Also, the same stability/instability as for the single-gene constructs were observed. These results indicate that it is possible to produce at least two foreign proteins simultaneously in a TuMV-based vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Beauchemin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies Laval, Qué., Canada H7V 1B7
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Schmidlin L, Link D, Mutterer J, Guilley H, Gilmer D. Use of a Beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA-5-derived replicon as a new tool for gene expression. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:463-467. [PMID: 15659766 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new gene-expression system based on RNA-5 of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) was constructed to allow the expression of recombinant proteins in virally infected cells. Replication and expression levels of the RNA-5-based replicon containing the green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene were compared with those obtained with the well-characterized RNA-3-derived replicon (Rep-3). When RNA-3 and/or RNA-4 BNYVV RNAs were added to the inoculum, the expression levels of RNA-5-encoded GFP were considerably reduced. To a lesser extent, RNA-3-derived GFP expression was also affected by the presence of RNA-4 and -5. Both RNA-3- and RNA-5-derived molecules were able to express proteins within the same infected cells. Together with Rep-3, the RNA-5-derived replicon thus provides a new tool for the co-expression of different recombinant proteins. In Beta macrocarpa, Rep-5-GFP was able to move in systemic tissues in the presence of RNA-3 and thus provides a new expression system that is not restricted to the inoculated leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Schmidlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Didier Link
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Hubert Guilley
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - David Gilmer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
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Antigen Delivery Systems III: Use of Recombinant Plant Viruses. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [PMCID: PMC7149764 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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Gleba Y, Marillonnet S, Klimyuk V. Engineering viral expression vectors for plants: the 'full virus' and the 'deconstructed virus' strategies. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2004; 7:182-8. [PMID: 15003219 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant viral vectors are being successfully developed and exploited for the industrial-scale expression of heterologous proteins and as a research tool for studies of gene expression. The initial engineering strategy (the 'full virus' vector strategy) aimed to design a vector that was essentially a wildtype virus, which was modified to carry and express a heterologous sequence that encoded a gene of interest. The new emerging trend (the 'deconstructed virus' vector strategy) reflects an ideology that recognises the inherent limitations of the viral process. It attempts to 'deconstruct' the virus, by eliminating functions that are limiting or undesired, and to rebuild it, either by delegating the missing necessary functions to the host (which is genetically modified to provide those functions) or by replacing them with analogous functions that are not derived from a virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Gleba
- Biozentrum Halle, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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