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Albendea P, Conchione C, Menegoz Ursol L, Moret S. A Study on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons (MOH) Contamination in Pig Diets and Its Transfer to Back Fat and Loin Tissues. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1450. [PMID: 38791667 PMCID: PMC11117217 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed saturated mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOSH) and aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOAH) levels in grower-finisher feeds for pigs supplemented with 5% crude palm oil (CP), crude olive pomace oil (COP), olive pomace acid oil (OPA), or a blend of CP and OPA (50:50, w/w); the contribution of the lipid source to that contamination; and the ability of pigs to accumulate MOH in back fat and loin tissues after 60 days of trial. MOSH and MOAH were analyzed with liquid chromatography (LC)-gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID) after sample preparation. Among the lipid sources, CP had the lowest MOH levels, but CP feeds showed the highest contamination. This, along with the different MOSH profiles, indicated the presence of more significant contamination sources in the feeds than the lipid source. The higher MOH contamination in CP feeds was reflected in the highest MOSH levels in pig back fat, whereas MOAH were not detected in animal tissues. Also, MOSH bioaccumulation in pig tissues was influenced by the carbon chain length. In conclusion, feed manufacturing processes can determine the MOSH contamination present in animal adipose tissues that can be included in human diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Albendea
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Chiara Conchione
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (C.C.); (L.M.U.); (S.M.)
| | - Luca Menegoz Ursol
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (C.C.); (L.M.U.); (S.M.)
| | - Sabrina Moret
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (C.C.); (L.M.U.); (S.M.)
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Lommatzsch M, Eckardt M, Holzapfel J, Säger S, Simat TJ. Advanced separation of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons by number of aromatic rings using donor-acceptor-complex chromatography to extend on-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464600. [PMID: 38176352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
An automated implementation for a subfractionation of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) into a mono-/di-aromatic fraction (MDAF) and a tri-/poly-aromatic fraction (TPAF) is presented, which is highly demanded by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) respecting the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of MOAH. For this, donor-acceptor-complex chromatography (DACC) was used as a selective stationary phase to extend the conventional instrumental setup for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons via on-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID). A set of six new internal standards was introduced for the verification of the MOAH fractionation and a quantification of MDAF and TPAF, respectively. The automated DACC approach was applied to representative petrochemical references as well as to food samples, such as rice and infant formula, generally showing well conformity with results obtained by state-of-the-art analysis using two-dimensional GC (GCxGC). Relative deviations of DACC/LC-GC-FID compared to GCxGC-FID methods regarding the ≥ 3 ring MOAH content ranged between -50 and +6 % (median: -2 %, all samples, only values above limit of quantification). However, crucial deviations mainly result from "border-crossing" substances, e.g., dibenzothiophenes or partially hydrogenated MOAH. These substances can cause overestimations of ≥ 3 ring MOAH fraction during GCxGC analysis due to co-elution, which is mostly avoided using the DACC approach. Furthermore, the DACC approach can help to minimize underestimations of toxicologically relevant ≥ 3 ring MOAH caused by an unavoidable loss of MOAH during epoxidation, since natural olefins, such as terpenes, predominantly elute in MDAF, which was exemplarily shown for an olive oil and a terpene reference. The presented approach can be implemented easily in existing LC-GC-FID setup for an automated and advanced screening of MOAH to lower the need for elaborate GCxGC analysis also in routine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lommatzsch
- Laboratory Lommatzsch & Säger GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, Cologne 51105, Germany.
| | - Martin Eckardt
- Laboratory Lommatzsch & Säger GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, Cologne 51105, Germany.
| | - Johanna Holzapfel
- TU Dresden, Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Bergstr. 66, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Sebastian Säger
- Laboratory Lommatzsch & Säger GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, Cologne 51105, Germany
| | - Thomas J Simat
- TU Dresden, Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Bergstr. 66, Dresden 01062, Germany
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Menegoz Ursol L, Conchione C, Peroni D, Carretta A, Moret S. A study on the impact of harvesting operations on the mineral oil contamination of olive oils. Food Chem 2023; 406:135032. [PMID: 36493572 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the 2020-21 olive oil campaign, the contribution of harvesting operations to mineral oil saturated (MOSH) and aromatic hydrocarbon (MOAH) contamination was studied. Oils extracted from hand-picked olives (15 different olive groves) generally had background MOSH (<2.7 mg/kg), and no quantifiable MOAH. In 40% of the cases, an important contamination increase was observed after harvesting operations. Except for one sample (325.8 and 111.0 mg/kg of MOSH and MOAH, respectively), other samples reached 4.3-33.7 mg/kg of MOSH and 1.1-11.3 mg/kg of MOAH. Accidental leaks of lubricants and/or contact with lubricated mechanical parts, were identified as important sources of contamination. Chromatographic traces obtained by on-line high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID) allowed for source identification. A comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic platform (GC × GC) with parallel FID/MS detection was implemented for confirmation and to attempt the characterization of the contaminations. Good harvesting practices are suggested to minimize contamination risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Menegoz Ursol
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | - Chiara Conchione
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Daniela Peroni
- SRA Instruments SpA, Cernusco sul Naviglio, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Moret
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Sdrigotti N, Collard M, Purcaro G. Evolution of hyphenated techniques for mineral oil analysis in food. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:464-482. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Sdrigotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
- Department of Agricultural Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences University of Udine Udine 33100 Italy
| | - Maurine Collard
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
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Bevan R, Harrison PTC, Jeffery B, Mitchell D. Evaluating the risk to humans from mineral oils in foods: Current state of the evidence. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:110966. [PMID: 31751646 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Key issues around the evaluation of risks to humans from mineral oils in food and feedstuffs are discussed. MOHs (MOAH and MOSH) occur in food due to intentional use, contamination from environmental sources and during transport/processing, or through migration from food contact materials. Problems in setting and enforcing human health guidelines for MOH include uncertainty around MOH toxicity and the specialist expertise needed for analysis of complex food matrices. Currently, the method of choice for measuring mineral oils is LC-GC-FID, however some complex food matrices also require additional analytical techniques to differentiate between some naturally occurring hydrocarbons and those from other sources, including of petrogenic origin. This requires the skills of an experienced analyst. Significant toxicological gaps for MOHs prevent robust human health risk assessment and the derivation of guidance values. As food-grade mineral oils are virtually MOAH-free, the key issue explored here is the relevance to humans of liver (micro)granulomas observed in F344 rats following oral intake. Available data suggest that despite the ubiquitous nature of MOH in the human diet, the prevalence of liver lipogranulomas in the population is low. These are not associated with inflammation and based on current evidence are not considered of human health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bevan
- IEH Consulting Ltd, Nottingham, UK.
| | | | - B Jeffery
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - D Mitchell
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing, PR China
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Kan C. Prevention and control of contaminants of industrial processes and pesticides in the poultry production chain. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps20020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.A. Kan
- ID TNO Animal Nutrition, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands,
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7
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Grob K. Mineral oil hydrocarbons in food: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1845-1860. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1488185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Brühl L. Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Barp L, Biedermann M, Grob K, Blas-Y-Estrada F, Nygaard UC, Alexander J, Cravedi JP. Mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in female Fischer 344 rats; accumulation of wax components; implications for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:319-333. [PMID: 28117154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Female Fischer 344 rats were exposed to three MOSH mixtures: oils largely below and above C25 (S-C25 and L-C25) and a 1:1 mixture of L-C25 with a wax; doses of 400, 1000 and 4000mg/kg feed were administered during 120days. MOSH were determined by on-line HPLC-GC-FID in liver, spleen, adipose tissue and the carcass. The composition of the hydrocarbons accumulated in the tissues was further analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC). MOSH in the mass range of C26-30 were more strongly accumulated than those between C20-25, which does not support the present classification of MOSH differentiating at n-C25 for risk assessment. Compared to the total of the MOSH, n-alkanes and n-alkyl monocyclic naphthenes were generally enriched in adipose tissue. In liver and spleen, n-alkanes up to C25 were eliminated, but strongly accumulated at around C30. Based on this profile, poor solubility and the melting points, it is hypothesized that crystallization protects these wax components against metabolism and elimination. In the liver, relative retention of n-alkanes decreased again beyond C30, accentuated at high exposure, suggesting reduced absorption. Compared to the animal data, accumulation of n-alkanes from food sources, such as apples, into human tissues seems low, perhaps because of low absorption due to their presence in crystalline form. A series of dominant isoalkanes, accumulated in all tissues analyzed, was characterized, though without proposing a structure. Implications on present regulation of white mineral oil products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barp
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, P.O. Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, P.O. Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, P.O. Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Unni C Nygaard
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, n-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Alexander
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, n-0403 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
The three common themes that underlie the induction and perpetuation of autoimmunity are genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune regulation. Environmental factors have gained much attention for their role in triggering autoimmunity, with increasing evidence of their influence as demonstrated by epidemiological studies, laboratory research, and animal studies. Environmental factors known to trigger and perpetuate autoimmunity include infections, gut microbiota, as well as physical and environmental agents. To address these issues, we will review major potential mechanisms that underlie autoimmunity including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, bystander activation, polyclonal activation of B and T cells, infections, and autoinflammatory activation of innate immunity. The association of the gut microbiota on autoimmunity will be particularly highlighted by their interaction with pharmaceutical agents that may lead to organ-specific autoimmunity. Nonetheless, and we will emphasize this point, the precise mechanism of environmental influence on disease pathogenesis remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Floreani
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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de Jong J, López P, Mol H, Baeten V, Fernández Pierna JA, Vermeulen P, Vincent U, Boix A, von Holst C, Tomaniova M, Hajslova J, Yang Z, Han L, MacDonald S, Haughey SA, Elliott CT. Analytical strategies for the early quality and safety assurance in the global feed chain. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Gómez-Coca RB, Pérez-Camino MDC, Moreda W. Saturated hydrocarbon content in olive fruits and crude olive pomace oils. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:391-402. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1133934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Brühl L. Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte L. Sample pre-fractionation of environmental and food samples using LC-GC multidimensional techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Comparison of two different multidimensional liquid–gas chromatography interfaces for determination of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons in foodstuffs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1077-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Mondello L, Zoccali M, Purcaro G, Franchina FA, Sciarrone D, Moret S, Conte L, Tranchida PQ. Determination of saturated-hydrocarbon contamination in baby foods by using on-line liquid–gas chromatography and off-line liquid chromatography-comprehensive gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:221-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Biedermann M, Grob K. On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography–gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil. Part 2: Migration from paperboard into dry foods: Interpretation of chromatograms. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:76-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Hyphenated liquid chromatography–gas chromatography technique: Recent evolution and applications. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:100-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Concin N, Hofstetter G, Plattner B, Tomovski C, Fiselier K, Gerritzen K, Semsroth S, Zeimet AG, Marth C, Siegl H, Rieger K, Ulmer H, Concin H, Grob K. Evidence for Cosmetics as a Source of Mineral Oil Contamination in Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2011; 20:1713-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2011.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Concin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerda Hofstetter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Plattner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Caroline Tomovski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Katell Fiselier
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Gerritzen
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Severin Semsroth
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alain G. Zeimet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Marth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Siegl
- Institute for Food Investigation of the State Vorarlberg, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Karl Rieger
- Institute for Food Investigation of the State Vorarlberg, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Hanno Ulmer
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hans Concin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Tranchida PQ, Zoccali M, Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte L, Beccaria M, Dugo P, Mondello L. A rapid multidimensional liquid–gas chromatography method for the analysis of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons in vegetable oils. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7476-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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MacLachlan DJ. Estimating the transfer of contaminants in animal feedstuffs to livestock tissues, milk and eggs: a review. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/an11112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Literature studies on the transfer from livestock feed of residues of organic contaminants, metals and mycotoxins to edible livestock commodities have been reviewed. This review focuses on contaminants relevant to risks assessment of livestock feeds, especially those contaminants for which regulatory standards have been established. Those involved in the supply of livestock feed need to be aware of maximum levels for various contaminants in food and develop strategies to ensure food derived from livestock complies. An impediment to profiling feed ingredients has been the lack of accessible information on the transfer of residues from feed to tissues, milk and eggs derived from exposed livestock. Transfer factors are summarised for 72 contaminants for cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry and can be used in the first tiers of risk assessment to identify contaminant and feed ingredient combinations that require management.
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23
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Nansen C, Herrman T, Swanson R. Machine vision detection of bonemeal in animal feed samples. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 64:637-643. [PMID: 20537231 DOI: 10.1366/000370210791414335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There is growing public concern about contaminants in food and feed products, and reflection-based machine vision systems can be used to develop automated quality control systems. An important risk factor in animal feed products is the presence of prohibited ruminant-derived bonemeal that may contain the BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) prion. Animal feed products are highly complex in composition and texture (i.e., vegetable products, mineral supplements, fish and chicken meal), and current contaminant detection systems rely heavily on labor-intensive microscopy. In this study, we developed a training data set comprising 3.65 million hyperspectral profiles of which 1.15 million were from bonemeal samples, 2.31 million from twelve other feed materials, and 0.19 million denoting light green background (bottom of Petri dishes holding feed materials). Hyperspectral profiles in 150 spectral bands between 419 and 892 nm were analyzed. The classification approach was based on a sequence of linear discriminant analyses (LDA) to gradually improve the classification accuracy of hyperspectral profiles (reduce level of false positives), which had been classified as bonemeal in previous LDAs. That is, all hyperspectral profiles classified as bonemeal in an initial LDA (31% of these were false positives) were used as input data in a second LDA with new discriminant functions. Hyperspectral profiles classified as bonemeal in LDA2 (false positives were equivalent to 16%) were used as input data in a third LDA. This approach was repeated twelve times, in which at each step hyperspectral profiles were eliminated if they were classified as feed material (not bonemeal). Four independent feed materials were experimentally contaminated with 0-25% (by weight) bonemeal and used for validation. The analysis presented here provides support for development of an automated machine vision to detect bonemeal contamination around the 1% (by weight) level and therefore constitutes an important initial screening tool in comprehensive, rapid, and practically feasible quality control of feed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nansen
- Texas AgriLife Research, 1102 E FM 1294 Lubbock, Texas 79403-6603, USA.
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24
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Karasek L, Wenzl T, Ulberth F. Proficiency test on the determination of mineral oil in sunflower oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Fiselier K, Fiorini D, Grob K. Activated aluminum oxide selectively retaining long chain n-alkanes: Part II. Integration into an on-line high performance liquid chromatography–liquid chromatography–gas chromatography–flame ionization detection method to remove plant paraffins for the determination of mineral paraffins in foods and environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 634:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Fiorini D, Fiselier K, Biedermann M, Ballini R, Coni E, Grob K. Contamination of grape seed oil with mineral oil paraffins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11245-11250. [PMID: 18989969 DOI: 10.1021/jf802244r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of 11 commercial grape seed oils with paraffins of mineral oil origin was analyzed by online-coupled HPLC-HPLC-GC-FID and ranged from 43 to 247 mg kg(-1). The analysis of the marc and seeds indicated that the contamination is primarily from the peels. Since superficial extraction of the seeds with hexane removed most of the mineral paraffins, the contamination of the seeds is largely on the surface, perhaps transferred from the peels during storage of the marc. Mechanical purification of the seeds combined with washing with hexane reduced the contamination of the oil by a factor of about 10. The refining process removed 30% of the mineral paraffins, primarily the more volatile components. Oil obtained from the seeds of fresh grapes, including grapes not having undergone any phytochemical treatment, contained clearly less mineral paraffins (up to 14 mg kg(-1)), and the peels were less contaminated, suggesting an environmental background contamination. To this an additional contamination might be added by a treatment of the grapes used for wine making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Fiorini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy.
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Mineral oil paraffins in human body fat and milk. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:544-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tamakawa K. Chapter 17 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kerkdijk H, Mol HGJ, van der Nagel B. Volume Overload Cleanup: An Approach for On-Line SPE-GC, GPC-GC, and GPC-SPE-GC. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7975-83. [PMID: 17896824 DOI: 10.1021/ac0701536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new concept for cleanup, based on volume overloading of the cleanup column, has been developed for on-line coupling of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), solid-phase extraction (SPE), or both, to gas chromatography (GC). The principle is outlined and the applicability demonstrated by the determination of pesticide residues in food matrixes using integrated and automated cleanup-GC-MS. Compared to conventional approaches for on-line cleanup-GC, the new technique involves introduction of much smaller volumes (e.g., 2-20 microL) into the GC without sacrificing method LODs. The much smaller injection volumes involved greatly simplify on-line coupling, improve robustness, and increase attractiveness for implementation in routine laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Kerkdijk
- Department of Analytical Research, TNO Quality of Life, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Odom DJ, Baker LA, Martin CR. Solvent-extraction and Langmuir-adsorption-based transport in chemically functionalized nanopore membranes. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:20887-94. [PMID: 16853708 DOI: 10.1021/jp0524983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the transport properties of nanopore alumina membranes that were rendered hydrophobic by functionalization with octadecyltrimethoxysilane (ODS). The pores in these ODS-modified membranes are so hydrophobic that they are not wetted by water. Nevertheless, nonionic molecules can be transported from an aqueous feed solution on one side of the membrane, through the dry nanopores, and into an aqueous receiver solution on the other side. The transport mechanism involves Langmuir-type adsorption of the permeating molecule onto the ODS layers lining the pore walls, followed by solid-state diffusion along these ODS layers; we have measured the diffusion coefficients associated with this transport process. We have also investigated the transport properties of membranes prepared by filling the ODS-modified pores with the water-immiscible (hydrophobic) liquid mineral oil. In this case the transport mechanism involves solvent extraction of the permeating molecule into the mineral oil subphase confined with the pores, followed by solution-based diffusion through this liquid subphase. Because of this different transport mechanism, the supported-liquid membranes show substantially better transport selectivity than the ODS-modified membranes that contain no liquid subphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J Odom
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
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Populin T, Biedermann M, Grob K, Moret S, Conte L. Relative hopane content confirming the mineral origin of hydrocarbons contaminating foods and human milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:893-904. [PMID: 15666983 DOI: 10.1080/02652030400001164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hopanes, triterpenoid hydrocarbons formed under geological conditions, were analysed to confirm the mineral origin of the unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons observed in the gas chromatography with flame ionization detection chromatograms of human milk and certain foodstuffs. The 'relative hopane content' (RHC) is introduced, i.e. it is the area ratio of the sum of the hopanes and the paraffins in the same segment of the chromatogram. The RHC in various mineral oil products (motor oils, hydraulic oils, lubricating oils, Vaseline) was 3.4%, with a relative standard deviation of 19%. The RHC determined in samples of vegetable oils, mussels and clams as well as of human milk containing an unresolved complex mixture of hydrocarbons was in the same range, confirming that these samples were contaminated by mineral oil material.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Populin
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8030 Zurich, Switzerland
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Noti A, Grob K, Biedermann M, Deiss U, Brüschweiler BJ. Exposure of babies to C15–C45 mineral paraffins from human milk and breast salves. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 38:317-25. [PMID: 14623482 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-2300(03)00098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mineral paraffins widely occur in foods, but are also ingredients of body lotions, lip sticks, and breast salves. In this study it is shown that mineral paraffins are detectable in human milk. Thirty three human milk samples were found to contain mineral C(15)-C(45) paraffins at a mean concentration of 95+/-215mg/kg fat and a maximum of 1300mg/kg. The mineral paraffins found in human milk had average molecular weights between C(23) and C(33), and often more than half of the paraffins were below C(25). Beside exposure of babies via human milk, the intake by direct licking off salves (in the worst case consisting of vaseline) from the breast of their nursing mothers may be much higher. In a worst case situation, daily intake from breast care products by babies is estimated to reach 40mg/kg bw. Many compositions do not comply with the specifications and a temporary group ADI of 0-4mg/kg bw established by the SCF. This possible exposure of babies either calls for a toxicological re-evaluation of the mineral paraffins or for measures ensuring that exposure of babies is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Noti
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
On-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (LC-GC) is a powerful technique that combines the best features of LC and GC and is ideal for the analysis of complex samples. This review describes the unique features of on-line coupled LC-GC. The different interfaces and evaporation techniques are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines are given for selecting a suitable LC-GC technique and representative applications are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Moret S, Populin T, Conte LS, Grob K, Neukom HP. Occurrence of C15-C45 mineral paraffins in olives and olive oils. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2003; 20:417-26. [PMID: 12775460 DOI: 10.1080/0265203031000098687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Different classes of olive oils and other olive samples (olives, olive paste and olive pomace) collected during their production were analysed for mineral paraffins in the range of C(15)-C(45). None of the 22 extra virgin olive oils contained mineral paraffins above the detection limit of 1 mg kg(-1). Also, lampante virgin olive oil from the olive mill showed no detectable amounts, but olive oil from the market contained 6-30 mg kg(-1). This contamination cannot be attributed to the refining step, which, on the contrary, partially removes the more volatile hydrocarbons, but could result from transport. Olive-pomace oils obtained by second centrifugation contained 16-145 mg kg(-1) mineral paraffins, presumably because of contamination during storage of the pomace. All olive-pomace oils from solvent extraction contained more than 100 mg kg(-1) mineral paraffins, also mainly from storage. Deposition of particulate matter from the air, vehicle exhaust emissions and direct contamination from the bulldozers used to move the pomace were identified as potential sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moret
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Italy.
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