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Dopavogui L, Polizzi A, Fougerat A, Gourbeyre P, Terciolo C, Klement W, Pinton P, Laffite J, Cossalter AM, Bailly JD, Puel O, Lippi Y, Naylies C, Guillou H, Oswald IP, Loiseau N. Tissular Genomic Responses to Oral FB1 Exposure in Pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020083. [PMID: 35202111 PMCID: PMC8875869 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a widespread mycotoxin produced by fungal Fusarium species—mainly in maize, one of the plants most commonly used for food and feed. Pigs and horses are the animal species most susceptible to this mycotoxin. FB1 exposure can cause highly diverse clinical symptoms, including hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and intestinal barrier function disturbance. Inhibition of ceramide synthetase is a well-understood ubiquitous molecular mechanism of FB1 toxicity, but other more tissue-specific effects remain to be elucidated. To investigate the effects of FB1 in different exposed tissues, we cross-analyzed the transcriptomes of fours organs: liver, jejunum, jejunal Peyer’s patches, and spleen. During a four-week study period, pigs were fed a control diet or a FB1-contaminated diet (10 mg/kg feed). In response to oral FB1 exposure, we observed common biological processes in the four organs, including predominant and recurrent processes (extracellular matrix organization, integrin activation, granulocyte chemotaxis, neutrophil migration, and lipid and sterol homeostasis), as well as more tissue-specific processes that appeared to be related to lipid outcomes (cell cycle regulation in jejunum, and gluconeogenesis in liver).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Correspondence: (I.P.O.); (N.L.); Tel.: +33-582-066-303 (N.L.)
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2
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Vadopalas L, Ruzauskas M, Lele V, Starkute V, Zavistanaviciute P, Zokaityte E, Bartkevics V, Pugajeva I, Reinolds I, Badaras S, Klupsaite D, Mozuriene E, Dauksiene A, Gruzauskas R, Bartkiene E. Combination of Antimicrobial Starters for Feed Fermentation: Influence on Piglet Feces Microbiota and Health and Growth Performance, Including Mycotoxin Biotransformation in vivo. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:528990. [PMID: 33178725 PMCID: PMC7596189 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.528990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to apply a combination of the microbial starters Lactobacillus uvarum LUHS245, Lactobacillus casei LUHS210, Pediococcus acidilactici LUHS29, and Pediococcus pentosaceus LUHS183 for feed fermentation and to evaluate the influence of fermentation on feed acidity and microbiological characteristics, as well as on the piglet feces microbiota, health, and growth performance. Additionally, mycotoxin biotransformation was analyzed, including masked mycotoxins, in feed and piglet feces samples. The 36-day experiment was conducted using 25-day-old Large White/Norwegian Landrace (LW/NL) piglets with an initial body weight of 6.9–7.0 kg, which were randomly distributed into two groups (in each 100 piglets): control group, fed with basal diet (based on barley, wheat, potato protein, soybean protein concentrate, and whey powder), and treated group, fed with fermented feed at 500 g kg−1 of total feed. Compared to a commercially available lactic acid bacteria (LAB) combination, the novel LAB mixture effectively reduced feed pH (on average pH 3.65), produced a 2-fold higher content of L(+) lactic acid, increased viable LAB count [on average 8.8 log10 colony-forming units (CFU) g−1], and led to stable feed fermentation during the entire test period (36 days). Fecal microbiota analysis showed an increased number of probiotic bacteria in the treated group, particularly Lactobacillus, when compared with the control group at the end of experiment. This finding indicates that fermented feed can modify microbial profile change in the gut of pigs. In treated piglets' blood (at day 61), the serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) were significantly higher, but the levels of T4, glucose, K, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and urea were significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) compared with the control group. Mycotoxin analysis showed that alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and altenuene were found in 61-day-old control piglets' feces and in fermented feed samples. However, AME was not found in treated piglets' feces. Feed fermentation with the novel LAB combination is a promising means to modulate piglets' microbiota, which is essential to improve nutrient absorption, growth performance, and health parameters. The new LAB composition suggests a novel dietary strategy to positively manipulate fermented feed chemicals and bio-safety and the piglet gut microbial ecology to reduce antimicrobials use in pig production and increase local feed stock uses and economical effectiveness of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurynas Vadopalas
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Modestas Ruzauskas
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vita Lele
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytaute Starkute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulina Zavistanaviciute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Egle Zokaityte
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ingars Reinolds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sarunas Badaras
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Klupsaite
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Erika Mozuriene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Agila Dauksiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Romas Gruzauskas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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3
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Terciolo C, Bracarense AP, Souto PCMC, Cossalter AM, Dopavogui L, Loiseau N, Oliveira CAF, Pinton P, Oswald IP. Fumonisins at Doses below EU Regulatory Limits Induce Histological Alterations in Piglets. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E548. [PMID: 31546931 PMCID: PMC6784023 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species that can contaminate human food and animal feed. Due to the harmful effects of FBs on animals, the European Union (EU) defined a recommendation of a maximum of 5 mg FBs (B1 + B2)/kg for complete feed for swine and 1 µg FBs/kg body weight per day as the tolerable daily intake for humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of dietary exposure to low doses of FBs, including a dose below the EU regulatory limits. Four groups of 24 weaned castrated male piglets were exposed to feed containing 0, 3.7, 8.1, and 12.2 mg/kg of FBs for 28 days; the impact was measured by biochemical analysis and histopathological observations. Dietary exposure to FBs at a low dose (3.7 mg/kg of feed) significantly increased the plasma sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio. FBs-contaminated diets led to histological modifications in the intestine, heart, lung, lymphoid organs, kidney, and liver. The histological alterations in the heart and the intestine appeared at the lowest dose of FBs-contaminated diet (3.7 mg/kg feed) and in the kidney at the intermediate dose (8.1 mg/kg feed). At the highest dose tested (12.2 mg/kg feed), all the organs displayed histological alterations. This dose also induced biochemical modifications indicative of kidney and liver alterations. In conclusion, our data indicate that FBs-contaminated diets at doses below the EU regulatory limit cause histological lesions in several organs. This study suggests that EU recommendations for the concentration of FBs in animal feed, especially for swine, are not sufficiently protective and that regulatory doses should be modified for better protection of animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Terciolo
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Ana Paula Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Pollyana C M C Souto
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Anne-Marie Cossalter
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Léonie Dopavogui
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Carlos A F Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
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Régnier M, Polizzi A, Lukowicz C, Smati S, Lasserre F, Lippi Y, Naylies C, Laffitte J, Bétoulières C, Montagner A, Ducheix S, Gourbeyre P, Ellero-Simatos S, Menard S, Bertrand-Michel J, Al Saati T, Lobaccaro JM, Burger HM, Gelderblom WC, Guillou H, Oswald IP, Loiseau N. The protective role of liver X receptor (LXR) during fumonisin B1-induced hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:505-517. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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5
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Wang Y, Liu S, Zheng H, He C, Zhang H. T-2 toxin, zearalenone and fumonisin B1in feedstuffs from China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2013; 6:116-22. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.764506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Müller S, Dekant W, Mally A. Fumonisin B1 and the kidney: Modes of action for renal tumor formation by fumonisin B1 in rodents. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3833-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kimanya ME, De Meulenaer B, Van Camp J, Baert K, Kolsteren P. Strategies to reduce exposure of fumonisins from complementary foods in rural Tanzania. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2012; 8:503-11. [PMID: 22044455 PMCID: PMC6860554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Feeding infants with maize can expose them to fumonisin mycotoxins. We assessed fumonisin exposure from complementary foods in rural Tanzania and determined strategies to reduce the exposure. We conducted a cross-sectional study in four villages of Tarakea division, Northern Tanzania. We used a repeat 24-hour dietary recall to collect data of maize consumption as complementary food for 254 infants aged 6-8 months. Fumonisin concentrations in the maize were also estimated. Fumonisin exposure was assessed using @risk analysis software. With the software, several maximum fumonisin contamination and maize consumption patterns were combined in order to determine effective strategies for minimizing fumonisin exposure. Of the infants, 89% consumed maize at amounts up to 158g/person/day (mean; 43g/person/day±28). The maize was contaminated with fumonisins at levels up to 3201µgkg(-1) . Risk of fumonisin intake above the provisional maximum tolerable daily limit of 2µgkg(-1) body weight was 15% (95% confidence interval; 10-19). The risk was minimized when the maximum contamination was set at 150µgkg(-1) . The risk was also minimized when the maximum consumption was set at 20g/child/day while keeping the maximum contamination at the European Union (EU) maximum tolerated limit (MTL) of 1000µgkg(-1) . Considering the economical and technological limitations of adopting good agricultural practices in rural Tanzania, it is practically difficult to reduce contamination in maize to 150µgkg(-1) . We suggest adoption of the EU MTL of 1000µgkg(-1) for fumonisins in maize and reduction, by replacement with another cereal, of the maize component in complementary foods to a maximum intake of 20g/child/day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katleen Baert
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Nutrition and Child Health Unit, Department of Public Health, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
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8
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Alizadeh AM, Roshandel G, Roudbarmohammadi S, Roudbary M, Sohanaki H, Ghiasian SA, Taherkhani A, Semnani S, Aghasi M. Fumonisin B1 Contamination of Cereals and Risk of Esophageal Cancer in a High Risk Area in Northeastern Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:2625-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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9
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Cano-Sancho G, Ramos A, Marín S, Sanchis V. Occurrence of fumonisins in Catalonia (Spain) and an exposure assessment of specific population groups. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:799-808. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.644813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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Gelderblom WCA, Marasas WFO. Controversies in fumonisin mycotoxicology and risk assessment. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:215-35. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327110395338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- WCA Gelderblom
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - WFO Marasas
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
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11
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Cano-Sancho G, Marin S, Ramos AJ, Peris-Vicente J, Sanchis V. Occurrence of aflatoxin M₁ and exposure assessment in Catalonia (Spain). Rev Iberoam Micol 2010; 27:130-5. [PMID: 20601075 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) is the main monohydroxylated derivative of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) formed in liver and excreted into milk. Although AFM₁ is less toxic than AFB₁, it has been classified as a possible human carcinogen, Group 2B agent by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the occurrence of AFM₁ in the main dairy products consumed in Catalonia region (Spain), and (ii) to assess the exposure of Catalonian population to aflatoxin M₁ through deterministic and probabilistic method. METHODS Occurrence of Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) was determined in 72 composites of milk, 72 composites of cheese and 72 composites of yoghurt from Catalonia. AFM₁ content was analysed using an Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay commercial kit. Three approaches to exposure assessment were conducted: one deterministic method and two probabilistic models with Monte Carlo simulations. RESULTS AFM₁ was detected in 94.4% (68/72) of whole UHT milk samples, in 2.8% (2/72) of yoghurt samples and not detected in cheese. The maximum level was detected in one yoghurt sample with 51.58 ng/kg, only this sample being over the legal EU limit of 50 ng/kg. Milk, cheese and yoghurt mean concentrations were 9.29±2.61, <12.5 and 13.22±4.82 ng/kg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS According to these values, it should be expected Catalonian population is not exposed to a significant risk from aflatoxin M₁ including average and high consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Cano-Sancho
- Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, XaRTA-UTPV, Lleida, Spain
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12
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Kimanya ME, De Meulenaer B, Baert K, Tiisekwa B, Van Camp J, Samapundo S, Lachat C, Kolsteren P. Exposure of infants to fumonisins in maize-based complementary foods in rural Tanzania. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:667-74. [PMID: 18837467 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Feeding children with maize may expose them to fumonisins (FBs). This study assessed FB exposure for infants consuming maize in Tanzania by modeling maize consumption data (kg/kg body weight (bw)/day) with previously collected total FB contamination (microg/kg) patterns for sorted and unsorted maize harvested in 2005 and 2006. Consumption was estimated by twice conducting a 24 h dietary recall for 254 infants. The exposure assessment was performed with the @RISK analysis software. Of the infants, 89% consumed maize from 2.37 to 158 g/person/day (mean; 43 g/person/day +/- 28). Based on the contamination for sorted maize; in 2005, the percentage of infants with FB exposures above the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 2 microg/kg (bw) (26% (95% confidence interval (CI); 23-30)) was significantly higher than the level of 3% (90% CI; 2-12) in 2006. Pooling the datasets for sorted maize from the two seasons resulted in a seemingly more representative risk (10% (95% CI; 6-17)) of exceeding the PMTDI. However, infants who might have consumed unsorted maize would still be at a significantly higher risk (24% (95% CI; 15-34)) of exceeding the PMTDI. Sorting and other good maize management practices should be advocated to farmers in order to minimize FB exposure in rural areas.
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13
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Seo E, Yoon Y, Kim K, Shim WB, Kuzmina N, Oh KS, Lee JO, Kim DS, Suh J, Lee SH, Chung KH, Chung DH. Fumonisins B1 and B2 in agricultural products consumed in South Korea: an exposure assessment. J Food Prot 2009; 72:436-40. [PMID: 19350995 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.2.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To survey fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) in agricultural products consumed in South Korea and provide an exposure assessment, ground samples were extracted (80% MeOH), filtered (0.2 microm), and cleaned up. After evaporation, dry residues were reconstituted in 50% MeOH, and a 50-micro1 aliquot of this sample was mixed with 200 micro1 of o-phthaldialdehyde for derivatization. The derivatives were analyzed with a high-performance liquid chromatography system equipped with a fluorescence detector. For validation of the detection procedure, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection limit, and quantification limit were determined. The validated detection method was then used to survey fumonisins in white rice, brown rice, barley, barley tea, beer, wheat flour, millet, dried corn, corn flour, corn tea, canned corn, popcorn, and breakfast cereal. Retention times for FB1 and FB2 standards were 7 and 18 min, respectively. Linearity (R2 = 0.99995 to 0.99998), accuracy (81.47 to 108.83%), precision (2.35 to 5.77), detection limit (25 ng/g or ng/ml), and quantification limit (37 ng/g or ng/ml) indicated that this procedure is capable of quantifying fumonisins in agricultural products. Only FB1-positive samples (5.12%, three dried corn samples and five corn flour samples) were found at 90.89 to 439.67 ng/g. According the survey results, an estimated daily intake of FB1 and FB2 in Korea was 0.087 ng/kg of body weight per day. These results indicate that continuous monitoring of these mycotoxins is necessary to establish appropriate risk assessment, and the maximum tolerable daily intake of fumonisins in Korea is lower than the 2 microg/kg set by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization-World Health Organization Expert Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyoung Seo
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, Korea
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Small MJ. Methods for assessing uncertainty in fundamental assumptions and associated models for cancer risk assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2008; 28:1289-308. [PMID: 18844862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The distributional approach for uncertainty analysis in cancer risk assessment is reviewed and extended. The method considers a combination of bioassay study results, targeted experiments, and expert judgment regarding biological mechanisms to predict a probability distribution for uncertain cancer risks. Probabilities are assigned to alternative model components, including the determination of human carcinogenicity, mode of action, the dosimetry measure for exposure, the mathematical form of the dose-response relationship, the experimental data set(s) used to fit the relationship, and the formula used for interspecies extrapolation. Alternative software platforms for implementing the method are considered, including Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) that facilitate assignment of prior probabilities, specification of relationships among model components, and identification of all output nodes on the probability tree. The method is demonstrated using the application of Evans, Sielken, and co-workers for predicting cancer risk from formaldehyde inhalation exposure. Uncertainty distributions are derived for maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) and 95th percentile upper confidence limit (UCL) unit cancer risk estimates, and the effects of resolving selected model uncertainties on these distributions are demonstrated, considering both perfect and partial information for these model components. A method for synthesizing the results of multiple mechanistic studies is introduced, considering the assessed sensitivities and selectivities of the studies for their targeted effects. A highly simplified example is presented illustrating assessment of genotoxicity based on studies of DNA damage response caused by naphthalene and its metabolites. The approach can provide a formal mechanism for synthesizing multiple sources of information using a transparent and replicable weight-of-evidence procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Small
- Civil & Environmental Engineering and Engineering & Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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15
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Shephard GS, Marasas WFO, Burger HM, Somdyala NIM, Rheeder JP, Van der Westhuizen L, Gatyeni P, Van Schalkwyk DJ. Exposure assessment for fumonisins in the former Transkei region of South Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:621-9. [PMID: 17487603 DOI: 10.1080/02652030601101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The fumonisins are mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum in maize, the predominant cereal staple for subsistence farming communities in southern Africa. In order to assess exposure to these mycotoxins in the Bizana (now known as Mbizana) and Centane magisterial areas of the former Transkei region of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, the actual maize consumption by different age groups in these communities was measured. In the groups 1-9 years (n = 215) and 10-17 (n = 240) years, mean consumption (+/-standard error) was 246 +/- 10.8 and 368 +/- 10.3 g per person day(-1), respectively, with no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the magisterial areas. For adults (18-65 years) mean maize consumption in Bizana (n = 229) and Centane (n = 178) were significantly different (p < 0.05) at 379 +/- 10.5 and 456 +/- 11.9 g per person day(-1), respectively. An exposure assessment was performed by combining the maize consumption distribution with previously determined levels of total fumonisin (fumonisins B(1) and B(2) combined) contamination in home-grown maize in these two areas. Assuming an individual adult body weight of 60 kg, fumonisin exposure in Bizana, an area of relatively low oesophageal cancer incidence, was 3.43 +/- 0.15 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1), which was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that in Centane (8.67 +/- 0.18 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1)), an area of high oesophageal cancer incidence. Mean fumonisin exposures in all age groups in both Bizana and Centane were above the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 2 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, PO Box 7505, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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Ariño A, Estopañan G, Juan T, Herrera A. Estimation of dietary intakes of fumonisins B1 and B2 from conventional and organic corn. Food Control 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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