1
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Evaluation of three extraction methods for the isolation of PAHs from recycled paperboard materials intended for food contact applications. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present work is part of a comprehensive study aiming to identify and quantify an array of harmful contaminants at very low concentrations in recycled paperboard materials intended for food contact applications. In this initial study, three commonly used extraction techniques were optimized and tested for their efficacy and accuracy in isolating 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from three commercially available food packaging materials made from recycled paperboard. The techniques were Soxtec extraction (SE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The recoveries of all three methods were rather satisfactory; 10 out of 13 substances were recovered at rates between 70 and 124% using the SE method, 8 out of 13 substances were recovered at rates between 50 and 134% using the UAE method, and finally, 8 out of 13 substances were recovered at rates between 70 and 105% using the HS-SPME method. Regarding accuracy, the HS-SPME method gave the best results at 125 μg kg−1, as 7 out of 13 concentration values were within acceptable limits, while only five and four concentration values were within limits for the UAE and SE methods, respectively. Furthermore, the results of both the calculated RSD and HorRat values indicated that HS-SPME is more accurate for extracting PAHs than the other two methods.
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2
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Kourkopoulos A, Sijm DTHM, Vrolijk MF. Current approaches and challenges of sample preparation procedures for the safety assessment of paper and cardboard food contact materials: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4108-4129. [PMID: 35880303 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the European Union (EU), Regulation (EC) 1935/2004 provides a harmonized legal EU framework and sets out the general principles for safety and inertness for all Food Contact Materials (FCMs) and Food Contact Articles. From a food safety point of view, however, specific EU legislation for paper and cardboard FCMs is lacking, while at Member State level, national legislation differs among countries. More than 11,000 chemicals have been identified in all types of FCMs, most of them without any information on toxicity or migration potential from FCM to food. The present review shows a wide variability of protocols, approaches, and conditions used in scientific studies, which are difficult to compare. In this regard, procedures and conditions laid down in EU legislation for plastics and European Standards (EN protocols) may serve as a good basis for the future sample preparation procedures in the framework of paper and cardboard FCMs safety assessment. Challenges on sample preparation procedures are presented involving the interlinked steps of sample preparation, conditions used and their impact in chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay testing. Currently, there is no general consensus on the criteria for structuring, evaluating, and tuning sample preparation procedures for paper and cardboard FCMs. For this purpose, a set of modified criteria and a decision tree are proposed based on the literature. Along this, mass transfer processes occurring in paper and cardboard FCMs and parameters affecting chemical migration need to be accounted for prior to reaching general consensus on criteria for sample preparation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Kourkopoulos
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick T H M Sijm
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha F Vrolijk
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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Liang Q, Wang Z, Du W, Liu W, Cao J, Ren J, Lian W, Lu H, Li H. Determination of 18 photoinitiators in food paper packaging materials by FastPrep-based extraction combined with GC-MS. Food Chem 2022; 377:131980. [PMID: 34999461 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of photoinitiators (PIs) from food paper packages is difficult since they normally hide inside multiple ink layers. A one-step FastPrep-based extraction in combination with GC-MS was developed to simultaneously measure 18 PIs in food paper packaging materials. FastPrep-based extraction enabled direct and efficient release of PIs from raw paperboard in a minute without additional procedures. It was simple, high-throughput, consuming less solvent and not requiring heat or radiation. GC-MS using selected ion monitoring provided identification of PIs with high selectivity. The LODs and LOQs for 18 PIs ranged from 0.060 to 0.614 mg/kg, and 0.197-2.027 mg/kg, respectively. The method was successfully applied for various real samples, and the spiked recoveries using different real sample matrices ranged from 93.3% to 110.1%. The developed method can thus be used for the quality control of PI residues in paper packaging materials of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Liang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China.
| | - Wen Du
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jianxin Ren
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Wenliu Lian
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Hongmei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Hongli Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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MAKKAEW P, CHALOEIJITKUL K, VATTANASIT U. Health risk assessment of dietary exposure to phthalates from plastic-coated paper among university students. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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ALNABI DIBA, AL-YOUNIS ZK, AL-HATIM RR, AL-SHAWI SG, YOUSIF AY, MUSTAFA YF, JALIL AT. Safety assessment of antimicrobials in food packaging paper based on LC-MS method. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.68821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Abduladheem Turki JALIL
- Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno, Belarus; The Islamic University, Iraq; Kut University College, Iraq
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6
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Producing Direct Food Packaging Using Deinked Office Paper Grades—Deinkability and Food Contact Suitability Evaluation. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132212550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paper recycling is the most eco-efficient waste management option, since the use of recycled fibers reduces the need for virgin wood fiber and lowers energy consumption, and hence has a positive effect on the environment. The use of recycled paper is by far the highest in the packaging industry. In food packaging production, recycled paper is often favored over paper and board made from virgin fibers. However, due to the possible hazardous chemicals that can be found in recycled paper, there is a dilemma of how to overcome food safety issues while making food packaging more circular. The objective of the study was to determine if deinked office paper grades could be used as an alternative fiber source in the production of food packaging white top linerboards. For that purpose, three different types of digitally printed papers were submitted to a chemical deinking flotation in laboratory conditions, and the handsheets formed after each recycling trial were tested on the suitability for direct food contact. Evaluation of deinkability for each group of recycled prints was performed, as well. Deinkability was evaluated by calculating the flotation yield, pulp’s brightness and whiteness increase, ink elimination factor, determination of residual ink area, as well as ash content elimination. Food safety evaluation was performed by determining the content of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, and Cr VI), primary aromatic amines, diisopropylnaphthalenes (DIPN), phthalates, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) from aqueous or organic solvent extracts of recycled paper pulp. The fastness of the fluorescent whitening agents was determined, as well. Of all evaluated deinking flotation efficiency parameters, only flotation yield and ash reduction by flotation were positively assessed. High content of residual ink particles detected after the flotation stage indicates that the flotation was not a successful method for the elimination of disintegrated ink particles, which was also confirmed by deficient results of ink elimination measurements and whiteness increase. Flotation proved to be the least efficient in the recycling of inkjet prints, where the lowest ink elimination, whiteness, and brightness values were achieved. As far as food safety assessment of deinked pulp is concerned, all tested deinked handsheets were found suitable to be used in direct contact with foods.
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Grob K. How to make the use of recycled paperboard fit for food contact? A contribution to the discussion. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:198-213. [PMID: 34525320 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1977853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recycled paperboard contains hundreds of non-evaluated or even unidentified substances that could endanger human health if they turn out to be highly toxic. It seems as unrealistic to evaluate each of them as it is to phase out the use of the problematic ones or sort out the papers and boards introducing them into the recyclate. Therefore, measures should be taken that generally reduce migration into food, such as functional barriers or functional sorbents. A general approach is used for the recycling of plastics, particularly poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET: as not every potential contaminant can be regulated, a pragmatic approach is applied, for PET mainly on the required decontamination efficiency. Criteria are required on the required efficacy of the measures to be taken. Recycled paperboard is used for various types of food contact: mostly contact is through the gas phase (evaporation and recondensation), often indirect through other layers (e.g. internal bags or for transport boxes), seldom in wetting contact. Numerous factors have to be considered. For typical folding boxes and at least strongly dominating gas phase contact, it was proposed that no more than 1% of each contaminant in the recycled paperboard should enter the food. The efficiency of the measures required to comply with this criterion depends on the application. The three main measures are reviewed with regard to this criterion: (i) internal bags with an incorporated functional barrier (successfully used for some time), (ii) a barrier layer on the internal wall of the box (for which the design of the closures might be most critical) and (iii) functional sorbents added to the paperboard (for which the sorbent capacity is critical). For transport boxes, commonly of corrugated board (quantitatively the most important use of recycled paperboard in food contact), an adjusted or different criterion is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Retired from Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Selin E, Svensson K, Gravenfors E, Giovanoulis G, Iida M, Oskarsson A, Lundqvist J. Food contact materials: an effect-based evaluation of the presence of hazardous chemicals in paper and cardboard packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1594-1607. [PMID: 34157954 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1930200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) can contain hazardous chemicals that may have the potential to migrate into food and pose a health hazard for humans. Previous studies have mainly focused on plastic materials, while data on packaging materials made from paper and cardboard are limited. We used a panel of cell-based bioassays to investigate the presence and impact of bioactive chemicals on human relevant endpoints like oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammation, xenobiotic metabolism and endocrine system effects in extracts made from paper and cardboard. In total, 23 methanol extracts of commonly used paper and cardboard available on the Swedish market were extracted as a whole product using methanol to retrieve polar substances, and tested at concentrations 0.3-10 mg/mL and 0.2-6 mg/mL. At the highest concentration bioactivities were observed in a high proportion of the samples: oxidative stress (52%), genotoxicity (100%), xenobiotic metabolism (74%), antiandrogenic- (52%) and antioestrogenic receptor (39%). Packages of potential concern included cake/pastry boxes/mats, boxes for infant formula/skimmed milk, pizza boxes, pizza slice trays and bag of cookies. It should be noted that the extraction for packages like cake/pastry boxes can be considered exaggerated, as the exposure usually is shorter. It can be hypothesised that the observed responses may be explained by inks, coatings, contaminants and/or naturally occurring compounds within the material. To summarise, an effect-based approach enables hazard identification of chemicals within FCMs, which is a valuable tool for ensuring safe use of FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Selin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kettil Svensson
- Risk Benefit Assessment Department, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Gravenfors
- Development of Legislation and Other Instruments, Swedish Chemical Agency, Sundbyberg, Sweden
| | - Georgios Giovanoulis
- Environmental Intelligence Unit, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mitsura Iida
- Hiyoshi Corporation, HIRO Biotech, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Barbale M, Chinaglia S, Gazzilli A, Pischedda A, Pognani M, Tosin M, Degli-Innocenti F. Hazard profiling of compostable shopping bags. Towards an ecological risk assessment of littering. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Urbelis JH, Cooper JR. Migration of food contact substances into dry foods: A review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1044-1073. [PMID: 33905306 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1905188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on migration of substances from packaging materials into dry foods, specifically those with surfaces containing no free fats or oils. Historically, migration from food packaging to dry foods has been assumed to be minimal. However, several recent publications have reported concentrations of migrants into dry foods that are substantially higher than anticipated. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of recent studies that examined migration to dry foods or dry food simulants, observe and assess common migrants, and report the highest migration values. Focusing on the packaging materials and migrants that exhibit the highest migration values, this review divided the studies into two categories: 1) analysis of food products in commercial packaging taken directly from grocery store shelves, and 2) analysis of food products and food simulants in contact with packaging or other material fortified with known quantities of a migrant. Discussions include the examination of migration testing methods, viability of different food simulants, and variables that affect migration behaviour. These include the physicochemical properties of both the migrant and food (i.e. volatility, molecular size, structure, food composition and particle size) and factors pertaining to the packaging material and the environment (i.e. temperature, humidity, and the presence of a secondary barrier). Information gaps and remaining questions are also identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Urbelis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jessica R Cooper
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
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12
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Baele M, Vermeulen A, Claes M, Ragaert P, De Meulenaer B. Migration of surrogate contaminants from paperboard to foods: Effect of food and surrogate properties. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2165-2183. [PMID: 32970534 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1778184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current research describes an alternative test method to evaluate the impact of food properties and compound characteristics on migration from paperboard to food. Tightly sealed bottles containing paperboard spiked with surrogate components as a donor, together with modified polyphenylene oxide (MPPO or Tenax®) or one of the nine considered foods as a receptor, were stored at 22°C. Instead of analysing the receptor, migration from donor to receptor was followed up by evaluating the recovery of surrogates from the donor over time, thus avoiding challenges in the analysis of the foods as such. Free fat content affected the migration more than the specific surface area of the food, reaching a plateau at fat contents >8.1%. The highest migration was observed to fatty foods such as biscuits (8% to 25% fat) and chocolate (40% fat). Intermediate migration occurred to starchy and particulate foods such as egg-based wheat pasta (2.6% fat), wheat flour (1% fat) and rice flour (0.5% fat). Low migration occurred in the case of paperboard in contact with wheat pasta (0.4% fat). Native starch was found to be more sensitive to migration than gelatinised starch. Volatility was identified as the most important characteristic of the migrating compounds. MPPO was considered as a suitable surrogate for dry foods as it did not underestimate migration in any case. However, for low-fat foods such as wheat pasta, clear overestimations could occur, but only for volatile surrogates with vapour pressure over 1.45 mTorr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Baele
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Maarten Claes
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Ragaert
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium.,Pack4Food , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
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Blanco-Zubiaguirre L, Zabaleta I, Usobiaga A, Prieto A, Olivares M, Zuloaga O, Elizalde M. Target and suspect screening of substances liable to migrate from food contact paper and cardboard materials using liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 208:120394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Migration of organic contaminants into dry powdered food in paper packaging materials and the influencing factors. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Schilter B, Burnett K, Eskes C, Geurts L, Jacquet M, Kirchnawy C, Oldring P, Pieper G, Pinter E, Tacker M, Traussnig H, Van Herwijnen P, Boobis A. Value and limitation of in vitro bioassays to support the application of the threshold of toxicological concern to prioritise unidentified chemicals in food contact materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1903-1936. [PMID: 31550212 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1664772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Some of the chemicals in materials used for packaging food may leak into the food, resulting in human exposure. These include so-called Non-intentionally Added Substances (NIAS), many of them being unidentified and toxicologically uncharacterized. This raises the question of how to address their safety. An approach consisting of identification and toxicologically testing all of them appears neither feasible nor necessary. Instead, it has been proposed to use the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) Cramer class III to prioritise unknown NIAS on which further safety investigations should focus. Use of the Cramer class III TTC for this purpose would be appropriate if amongst others sufficient evidence were available that the unknown chemicals were not acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or direct DNA-reactive mutagens. While knowledge of the material and analytical chemistry may efficiently address the first concern, the second could not be addressed in this way. An alternative would be use of a bioassay capable of detecting DNA-reactive mutagens at very low levels. No fully satisfactory bioassay was identified. The Ames test appeared the most suitable since it specifically detects DNA-reactive mutagens and the limit of biological detection of highly potent genotoxic carcinogens is low. It is proposed that for a specific migrate, the evidence for absence of mutagenicity based on the Ames test, together with analytical chemistry and information on packaging manufacture could allow application of the Cramer class III TTC to prioritise unknown NIAS. Recommendations, as well as research proposals, have been developed on sample preparation and bioassay improvement with the ultimate aim of improving limits of biological detection of mutagens. Although research is still necessary, the proposed approach should bring significant benefits over the current practices used for safety evaluation of food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Schilter
- Food Safety Research Department, Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | | | - Chantra Eskes
- Services & Consultations on Alternative Methods (SeCAM), Magliaso, Switzerland and Swiss 3R Competence Centre (3RCC), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Geurts
- International Life Sciences Institute Europe, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Jacquet
- Danone Food Safety Center, Danone S.A., Danone Food Safety Center, Palaiseau, France
| | - Christian Kirchnawy
- Technical Competence Center, OFI - Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Elisabeth Pinter
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Tacker
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Alan Boobis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Kejlová K, Dvořáková M, Vavrouš A, Ševčík V, Kanďárová H, Letašiová S, Sosnovcová J, Jírová D. Toxicity of food contact paper evaluated by combined biological and chemical methods. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 59:26-34. [PMID: 30951805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Rainer B, Mayrhofer E, Redl M, Dolak I, Mislivececk D, Czerny T, Kirchnawy C, Marin-Kuan M, Schilter B, Tacker M. Mutagenicity assessment of food contact material migrates with the Ames MPF assay. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1419-1432. [PMID: 31287381 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1634841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in the safety assessment of food contact materials (FCM) is the evaluation of unknown non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Even though consumer exposure levels may be quantitatively low, these substances are considered to be of high toxicological concern if they act as DNA reactive mutagens. From a safety assessment perspective, it is therefore important to detect their presence in FCM migrates. The present study applied the Ames MPF assay to assess the mutagenicity of migrates obtained from 30 food contact material samples out of 3 categories: plastics, composite materials and coatings. As a food simulant, 95% ethanol (EtOH) had a superior performance to less volatile simulants when evaluating recovery rates of representative model substances in different volatility categories. To monitor possible interference of the FCM matrix with Ames MPF results, migrates were spiked with reference substances and recovery rates were established. Out of 30 samples tested, two caused significant inhibition of revertant formation in the presence of the spiking control. Overall detection limits of the applied test method were estimated by determination of the lowest effective concentrations (LEC) for 10 Ames-positive substances. Even though the current limits of detection are not sufficient to entirely fulfil regulatory and safety requirements, three out of 30 FCMs showed evidence of dose-dependent effects in the Ames MPF assay. Overall, the data obtained supported the relevance of testing FCM migrates for DNA reactive contaminants and showed the value of the Ames MPF assay for the safety assessment of FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Rainer
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Elisa Mayrhofer
- OFI, Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Miriam Redl
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Irene Dolak
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Daniela Mislivececk
- OFI, Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Thomas Czerny
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Christian Kirchnawy
- OFI, Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Maricel Marin-Kuan
- OFI - Department for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Nestle Research - Chemical Food Safety , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Benoît Schilter
- OFI - Department for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Nestle Research - Chemical Food Safety , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Manfred Tacker
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences , Vienna , Austria
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Nowacka M, Rybak K, Wiktor A, Mika A, Boruszewski P, Woch J, Przybysz K, Witrowa-Rajchert D. The quality and safety of food contact materials – paper and cardboard coated with paraffin emulsion. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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19
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Jurek A, Leitner E. Analytical determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol analogues in paper products by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2256-2269. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1524157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jurek
- Food Chemistry and Human Sensory Analysis, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- Food Chemistry and Human Sensory Analysis, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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Rainer B, Pinter E, Czerny T, Riegel E, Kirchnawy C, Marin-Kuan M, Schilter B, Tacker M. Suitability of the Ames test to characterise genotoxicity of food contact material migrates. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2230-2243. [PMID: 30257137 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1519259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) are chemical impurities which can migrate from packaging materials (FCM) into food. Safety assessment of NIAS is required by European law, but currently there is no comprehensive testing strategy available. In this context, one key element is to get insight on the potential presence of genotoxic NIAS in FCM migrates. This raises questions about the limit at which genotoxins can be detected in complex mixtures such as FCM migrates, and if such limits of detection (LOD) would be compatible with safety. In this context, the present review assesses the suitability of the Ames assay to address genotoxicity of FCM migrates. Lowest effective concentrations of packaging-related and other chemicals in test media were retrieved from scientific literature and used as surrogates of LODs to be benchmarked against a value of 0.01 mg kg-1 (10 ppb) in migrates. This is a pragmatic threshold used in FCM safety evaluation to prioritise substances requiring proper identification and risk assessment. The analysis of the data shows that only potent genotoxins can theoretically be detectable at a level of 0.01 mg kg-1 in migrates or food. Only a minority (10%) of genotoxic chemicals reported to be associated with FCMs could be picked up at a level of 0.01 mg kg-1 or lower. Overall, this review shows that the Ames test in its present form cannot be used as standalone method for evaluating the genotoxic potential of FCM migrates, but must be used together with other information from analytical chemistry and FCM manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Rainer
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien , Vienna , Austria
| | - Elisabeth Pinter
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien , Vienna , Austria
| | - Thomas Czerny
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien , Vienna , Austria
| | - Elisabeth Riegel
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien , Vienna , Austria
| | - Christian Kirchnawy
- b Department for Microbiology and Cell Culture , OFI - Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Maricel Marin-Kuan
- c Chemical Food Safety , Nestlé Research Center , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Benoît Schilter
- c Chemical Food Safety , Nestlé Research Center , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Manfred Tacker
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien , Vienna , Austria
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Biedermann M, Schum R, Grob K. Activated carbon added to recycled paperboard to prevent migration into food: approach for determining efficacy, and first results. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1832-1844. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1506162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Schum
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Pieke EN, Granby K, Teste B, Smedsgaard J, Rivière G. Prioritization before risk assessment: The viability of uncertain data on food contact materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:134-143. [PMID: 29932981 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The shortage of data on non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) present in food contact material (FCM) limits the ability to ensure food safety. Recent strategies in analytical method development permit NIAS investigation by using chemical exploration, but this has not been sufficiently investigated in risk assessment context. Here, exploration is utilized and followed by risk prioritization on chemical compounds that can potentially migrate to food from two paperboard FCM samples. Concentration estimates from exploration are converted to tentative exposure assessment, while predicted chemical structures are assessed using quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) models for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive toxicity. A selection of 60 chemical compounds from two FCMs is assessed by four risk assessors to classify compounds based on probable risk. For almost 60% of cases, the assessors classified compounds as either high priority or low priority. Unclassified compounds are due to disagreements between experts (18%) or due to a perceived lack of data (23%). Among the high priority substances are high-concentration compounds, benzophenone derivatives, and dyes. The low priority compounds contained e.g. oligomers from plasticizers and linear alkane amides. The classification scheme provides valuable information based on tentative data and is able to prioritize discovered chemical compounds for pending risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco N Pieke
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kit Granby
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Bruno Teste
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Jørn Smedsgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Gilles Rivière
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
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23
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Pieke EN, Smedsgaard J, Granby K. Exploring the chemistry of complex samples by tentative identification and semiquantification: A food contact material case. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:323-335. [PMID: 29218811 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In fields such as food safety and environmental chemistry, ensuring safety is greatly challenged by large numbers of unknown substances occurring. Even with current state-of-the-art mass spectrometers, dealing with nonidentified substances is a very laborious process as it includes structure elucidation of a vast number of unknowns, of which only a fraction may be relevant. Here, we present an exploration and prioritization approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method uses algorithm-based precursor/product-ion correlations on quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry data to retrieve the most likely chemical match from a structure database. In addition, time-of-flight-only data are used to estimate analyte concentration via semiquantification. The method is demonstrated in recycled paper food contact material. Here, 585 chromatographic peaks were discovered, of which 117 were unique to the sample and could be tentatively elucidated via accurate mass, isotopic pattern, and precursor/product-ion correlations. Nearly 85% of these 117 peaks were matched with database entries, which provided varying certainty of information about the analyte structure. Semiquantitative concentration ranges of investigated compounds were between 0.7 and 1600 μg dm-2 . With these data, a subgroup of chemicals was risk-categorized and prioritized by using the most likely candidate structure(s) obtained. Prioritization based on expected health impact was possible by using the tentatively assigned data. Overall, the described method not only is a valuable chemical exploration tool for nonidentified substances but may also be used as a preliminary prioritization tool for substances expected to have the highest health impact, for example, in food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco N Pieke
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Jørn Smedsgaard
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Kit Granby
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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24
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Siroli L, Patrignani F, Serrazanetti DI, Chiavari C, Benevelli M, Grazia L, Lanciotti R. Survival of Spoilage and Pathogenic Microorganisms on Cardboard and Plastic Packaging Materials. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2606. [PMID: 29312271 PMCID: PMC5743701 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the interaction of corrugated and plastic materials with pathogenic and spoiling microorganisms frequently associated to fresh produce. The effect of the two packaging materials on the survival during the storage of microorganisms belonging to the species Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Aspergillus flavus was studied through traditional plate counting and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results obtained showed that cardboard materials, if correctly stored, reduced the potential of packaging to cross-contaminate food due to a faster viability loss by spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms compared to the plastic ones. In fact, the cell loads of the pathogenic species considered decreased over time independently on the inoculation level and packaging material used. However, the superficial viability losses were significantly faster in cardboard compared to plastic materials. The same behavior was observed for the spoilage microorganisms considered. The SEM microphotographs indicate that the reduction of superficial contamination on cardboard surfaces was due to the entrapping of the microbial cells within the fibers and the pores of this material. In addition, SEM data showed that the entrapped cells were subjected to more or less rapid lyses, depending on the species, due to the absence of water and nutrients, with the exception of molds. The latter spoilers were able to proliferate inside the cardboard fibers only when the absorption of water was not prevented during the storage. In conclusion, the findings of this work showed the reduction of cross-contamination potential of corrugated compared to plastic packaging materials used in fruit and vegetable sector. However, the findings outlined the importance of hygiene and low humidity during cardboard storage to prevent the mold growth on packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Siroli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Campus of Food Science, Cesena, Italy
| | - Francesca Patrignani
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Campus of Food Science, Cesena, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Diana I Serrazanetti
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Chiavari
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marzia Benevelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Luigi Grazia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Rosalba Lanciotti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Campus of Food Science, Cesena, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
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25
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Souton E, Severin I, Le Hegarat L, Hogeveen K, Aljawish A, Fessard V, Marie-Christine C. Genotoxic effects of food contact recycled paperboard extracts on two human hepatic cell lines. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:159-170. [PMID: 29076405 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1397774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Food contact paperboards may be a potential source of food contamination as they can release chemicals (intentionally added or not), especially recycled paperboards. This study assessed the in vitro genotoxicity of food contact paperboard samples from a manufacturer, collected at the beginning and at the end of a recycling production chain. Samples were extracted in water to mimic a wet food contact. Different genotoxic endpoints were evaluated in two human hepatic cell lines (HepG2 and HepaRG) using bioassays: γH2AX and p53 activation, primary DNA damage with the comet assay and micronucleus formation. It was found that the samples from the beginning and the end of the production chain induced, with the same potency, γH2AX and p53-ser15 activation and DNA damage with the comet assay. The micronucleus assay was negative with the paperboard extract from the beginning of the chain, whereas positive data were observed for the end paperboard extract. These results indicate that samples from recycled food contact paperboard can induce in vitro genotoxic effects in this study's experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Souton
- a Agrosupdijon, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231 , University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Isabelle Severin
- a Agrosupdijon, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231 , University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Ludovic Le Hegarat
- b Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES-Fougères Laboratory , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety , Fougères , France
| | - Kevin Hogeveen
- b Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES-Fougères Laboratory , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety , Fougères , France
| | - Abdulhadi Aljawish
- a Agrosupdijon, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231 , University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Valérie Fessard
- b Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES-Fougères Laboratory , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety , Fougères , France
| | - Chagnon Marie-Christine
- a Agrosupdijon, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231 , University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
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26
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An effect-directed strategy for characterizing emerging chemicals in food contact materials made from paper and board. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:250-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Groh KJ, Muncke J. In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Food Contact Materials: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:1123-1150. [PMID: 33371616 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, toxicological testing of food contact materials (FCMs) is focused on single substances and their genotoxicity. However, people are exposed to mixtures of chemicals migrating from food contact articles (FCAs) into food, and toxic effects other than genotoxic damage may also be relevant. Since FCMs can be made of more than 8 thousand substances, assessing them one-by-one is very resource-consuming. Moreover, finished FCAs usually contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). NIAS toxicity can only be tested if a substance's chemical identity is known and if it is available as a pure chemical. Often, this is not the case. Nonetheless, regulations require safety assessments for all substances migrating from FCAs, including NIAS, hence new approaches to meet this legal obligation are needed. Testing the overall migrate or extract from an FCM/FCA is an option. Ideally, such an assessment would be performed by means of in vitro bioassays, as they are rapid and cost-effective. Here, we review the studies using in vitro bioassays to test toxicity of FCMs/FCAs. Three main categories of in vitro assays that have been applied include assays for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption potential. In addition, we reviewed studies with small multicellular animal-based bioassays. Our overview shows that in vitro testing of FCMs is in principle feasible. We discuss future research needs and FCM-specific challenges. Sample preparation procedures need to be optimized and standardized. Further, the array of in vitro tests should be expanded to include those of highest relevance for the most prevalent human diseases of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia J Groh
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Staffelstrasse 8, CH-8045, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Staffelstrasse 8, CH-8045, Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Cai H, Ji S, Zhang J, Tao G, Peng C, Hou R, Zhang L, Sun Y, Wan X. Migration kinetics of four photo-initiators from paper food packaging to solid food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1632-1642. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1331470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Cai
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuilin Ji
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Juzhou Zhang
- National Agricultural and sideline products processing food quality supervision and inspection center, Auhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Gushuai Tao
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanyi Peng
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruyan Hou
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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29
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Severin I, Souton E, Dahbi L, Chagnon MC. Use of bioassays to assess hazard of food contact material extracts: State of the art. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:429-447. [PMID: 28476634 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of in vitro bioassays for the hazard assessment of food contact materials (FCM) as a relevant strategy, in complement to analytical methods. FCM may transfer constituents to foods, not always detected by analytical chemistry, resulting in low but measurable human exposures. Testing FCM extracts with bioassays represents the biological response of a combination of substances, able to be released from the finished materials. Furthermore, this approach is particularly useful regarding the current risk assessment challenges with unpredicted/unidentified non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) that can be leached from the FCM in the food. Bioassays applied to assess hazard of different FCM types are described for, to date, the toxicological endpoints able to be expressed at low levels; cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and endocrine disruption potential. The bioassay strengths and relative key points needed to correctly use and improve the performance of bioassays for an additional FCM risk assessment is developed. This review compiles studies showing that combining both chemical and toxicological analyses presents a very promising and pragmatic tool for identifying new undesirable NIAS (not predicted) which can represent a great part of the migrating substances and/or "cocktail effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Severin
- Derttech « Packtox », University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM LNC UMR 1231, AgroSupDijon, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Emilie Souton
- Derttech « Packtox », University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM LNC UMR 1231, AgroSupDijon, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Dahbi
- Derttech « Packtox », University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM LNC UMR 1231, AgroSupDijon, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marie Christine Chagnon
- Derttech « Packtox », University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM LNC UMR 1231, AgroSupDijon, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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30
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Giannetti V, Boccacci Mariani M, Mannino P. Monitoring of contaminants in recycled paperboard for food contact applications. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2191-2198. [PMID: 27611788 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of harmonized European legislation on food packaging led the Confederation of European Paper Industries to the proposal of a voluntary Industry Guideline for the compliance of paper and board materials for food contact applications. In the present work, a previously established method for the simultaneous determination of contaminants commonly found in recycled paperboard was improved and its applicability as a quality control tool in the paper industry was also assessed. The method involves a sample pre-treatment followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. RESULTS For analysis, paperboard samples were collected both from three sections of the same reel and from different reels belonging to the same production run. Results highlighted no significant differences in terms of contaminant distribution among samples, which ensured good sampling representativeness. The performance of the method was considerably improved in terms of linearity range, limits of detection and quantification (5- to 2-fold lower) by using a quadrupole GC/MS system instead of an ion trap GC/MS system. CONCLUSION The proposed method could offer a key strategy for analysis of benzophenone derivatives, diisopropyl naphthalene and phthalates in recycled paperboard in order to assess compliance of food packaging with the voluntary limits recommended by the Industry Guideline. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Giannetti
- Department of Management, Faculty of Economy, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, I-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Boccacci Mariani
- Department of Management, Faculty of Economy, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, I-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mannino
- Department of Management, Faculty of Economy, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, I-00161, Rome, Italy
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31
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Buscaroli E, Bussini D, Bisio C, Montecchio D, Elegir G, Garbini D, Marchese L, Braschi I. Stabilization of mineral oil hydrocarbons in recycled paper pulp by organo-functionalized mesoporous silicas and evaluation of migration to food. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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32
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Pivnenko K, Laner D, Astrup TF. Material Cycles and Chemicals: Dynamic Material Flow Analysis of Contaminants in Paper Recycling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12302-12311. [PMID: 27572286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a systematic approach for assessment of contaminants in materials for recycling. Paper recycling is used as an illustrative example. Three selected chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOHs), are evaluated within the paper cycle. The approach combines static material flow analysis (MFA) with dynamic material and substance flow modeling. The results indicate that phasing out of chemicals is the most effective measure for reducing chemical contamination. However, this scenario was also associated with a considerable lag phase (between approximately one and three decades) before the presence of chemicals in paper products could be considered insignificant. While improved decontamination may appear to be an effective way of minimizing chemicals in products, this may also result in lower production yields. Optimized waste material source-segregation and collection was the least effective strategy for reducing chemical contamination, if the overall recycling rates should be maintained at the current level (approximately 70% for Europe). The study provides a consistent approach for evaluating contaminant levels in material cycles. The results clearly indicate that mass-based recycling targets are not sufficient to ensure high quality material recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn Pivnenko
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Laner
- Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology , Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas F Astrup
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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33
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Patrignani F, Siroli L, Gardini F, Lanciotti R. Contribution of Two Different Packaging Material to Microbial Contamination of Peaches: Implications in Their Microbiological Quality. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:938. [PMID: 27379067 PMCID: PMC4909747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM AIM of this work was understanding the microbial transfer dynamics from packaging to packed peaches in relation to the packaging used. METHOD AND RESULTS A challenge test was performed, inoculating Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on cardboards and RPC (Reusable Plastic Containers), and monitoring their cell loads on fruits according to a probabilistic model and a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in relation to several independent variables (number of fruit lesions, fruit temperature storage and commercialization time). The data recorded on packed peaches for Pseudomonas and S. cerevisiae were modeled to fit the second order model to study the main, interactive and quadratic effects of the independent variables on the cell loads of target microorganisms as well as on the shelf-life of the fruits in relation to packaging material used. The data collected for E. coli were codified as presence (1) or absence (0) and modeled with a logistic regression analysis to assess the probability of E. coli transferring from packaging to fruits in relation to the adopted variables. The data showed a higher contamination frequency of the fruits packed in plastic than in cardboard. Increasing the storage temperature and the number of lesions, the probability of transferring of E. coli from packaging materials to fruits increased, independently on commercialization time or packaging used. For Pseudomonas, the contamination levels detected on fruits packaged in plastic were significantly higher compared to those found on fruits packed in cardboard, independently on the considered variables. The polynomial equations showed the S. cerevisiae cell loads of fruits stored in plastic was positively affected by the quadratic term of temperature. CONCLUSIONS the use of cardboard, compared to plastic, can significantly reduce the potential of microbial transferring from packaging to fruits. The probabilistic and kinetic models used showed a higher microbiological qualities of peaches stored in cardboard boxes, independently on the independent variables considered. The best performances of cardboard, compared to plastic, was probably due to its capability to entrap microbial cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT cardboard reduces fruit contamination and increases their shelf-life with positive fallouts on fruit shelf-life and all the logistic and distribution chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rosalba Lanciotti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of BolognaCesena, Italy
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Bengtström L, Rosenmai AK, Trier X, Jensen LK, Granby K, Vinggaard AM, Driffield M, Højslev Petersen J. Non-targeted screening for contaminants in paper and board food-contact materials using effect-directed analysis and accurate mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1080-93. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1184941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bengtström
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Anna Kjerstine Rosenmai
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Xenia Trier
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Krüger Jensen
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Kit Granby
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Højslev Petersen
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
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Pivnenko K, Olsson ME, Götze R, Eriksson E, Astrup TF. Quantification of chemical contaminants in the paper and board fractions of municipal solid waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 51:43-54. [PMID: 26969284 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals are used in materials as additives in order to improve the performance of the material or the production process itself. The presence of these chemicals in recyclable waste materials may potentially affect the recyclability of the materials. The addition of chemicals may vary depending on the production technology or the potential end-use of the material. Paper has been previously shown to potentially contain a large variety of chemicals. Quantitative data on the presence of chemicals in paper are necessary for appropriate waste paper management, including the recycling and re-processing of paper. However, a lack of quantitative data on the presence of chemicals in paper is evident in the literature. The aim of the present work is to quantify the presence of selected chemicals in waste paper derived from households. Samples of paper and board were collected from Danish households, including both residual and source-segregated materials, which were disposed of (e.g., through incineration) and recycled, respectively. The concentration of selected chemicals was quantified for all of the samples. The quantified chemicals included mineral oil hydrocarbons, phthalates, phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, and selected toxic metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb). The results suggest large variations in the concentration of chemicals depending on the waste paper fraction analysed. Research on the fate of chemicals in waste recycling and potential problem mitigation measures should be focused on in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pivnenko
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - M E Olsson
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R Götze
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - E Eriksson
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T F Astrup
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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36
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Pivnenko K, Eriksson E, Astrup TF. Waste paper for recycling: Overview and identification of potentially critical substances. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 45:134-142. [PMID: 25771763 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Paper product manufacturing involves a variety of chemicals used either directly in paper and pulp production or in the conversion processes (i.e. printing, gluing) that follow. Due to economic and environmental initiatives, paper recycling rates continue to rise. In Europe, recycling has increased by nearly 20% within the last decade or so, reaching a level of almost 72% in 2012. With increasing recycling rates, lower quality paper fractions may be included. This may potentially lead to accumulation or un-intended spreading of chemical substances contained in paper, e.g. by introducing chemicals contained in waste paper into the recycling loop. This study provides an overview of chemicals potentially present in paper and applies a sequential hazard screening procedure based on the intrinsic hazard, physical-chemical and biodegradability characteristics of the substances. Based on the results, 51 substances were identified as potentially critical (selected mineral oils, phthalates, phenols, parabens, as well as other groups of chemicals) in relation to paper recycling. It is recommended that these substances receive more attention in waste paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn Pivnenko
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Eva Eriksson
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Astrup
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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37
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Jurek A, Leitner E. Comparing different gas chromatographic methods for the quantification of bisphenol A (BPA) trace levels in paper and cardboard products from the market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1331-42. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1049564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Dwi Rachmani I, Kusnandar F, Dewi Yuliana N, Regina Y, Massijaya MY, Budijanto S. 3-Monochoro-1,2-Propandiol in Duplex Paper Packaging and Its Migration Into Food Simulant. JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN INDUSTRI PANGAN 2015. [DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2015.26.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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39
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Bengtström L, Trier X, Granby K, Rosenmai AK, Petersen JH. Fractionation of extracts from paper and board food contact materials forin vitroscreening of toxicity. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1291-300. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.912357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Guazzotti V, Marti A, Piergiovanni L, Limbo S. Bio-based coatings as potential barriers to chemical contaminants from recycled paper and board for food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:402-13. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.869360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Suciu NA, Tiberto F, Vasileiadis S, Lamastra L, Trevisan M. Recycled paper–paperboard for food contact materials: Contaminants suspected and migration into foods and food simulant. Food Chem 2013; 141:4146-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Biedermann M, Ingenhoff JE, Zurfluh M, Richter L, Simat T, Harling A, Altkofer W, Helling R, Grob K. Migration of mineral oil, photoinitiators and plasticisers from recycled paperboard into dry foods: a study under controlled conditions. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:885-98. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.786189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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43
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Barnkob L, Petersen J. Effect of relative humidity on the migration of benzophenone from paperboard into the food simulant Tenax® and modelling hereof. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:395-402. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.741717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Lin QB, Li B, Song H, Li XM. DETERMINATION OF 7 ANTIOXIDANTS, 8 ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBENTS, AND 2 FIRE RETARDANTS IN PLASTIC FOOD PACKAGE BY ULTRASONIC EXTRACTION AND ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.563889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Bao Lin
- a Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- a Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Huan Song
- b Shanxi Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- a Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
- c College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Datong University , Datong, Shanxi, P. R. China
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Rasmussen R, Rasmussen P, Larsen T, Bladt T, Binderup M. In vitro cytotoxicity of fungi spoiling maize silage. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Lorenzini R, Fiselier K, Biedermann M, Barbanera M, Braschi I, Grob K. Saturated and aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons from paperboard food packaging: estimation of long-term migration from contents in the paperboard and data on boxes from the market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1765-74. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.517568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Koivikko R, Pastorelli S, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A, Paseiro-Cerrato R, Paseiro-Losada P, Simoneau C. Rapid multi-analyte quantification of benzophenone, 4-methylbenzophenone and related derivatives from paperboard food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1478-86. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.502130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Poças M, Oliveira J, Pereira J, Hogg T. Consumer exposure to phthalates from paper packaging: an integrated approach. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1451-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.490790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Sharma AK, Schmidt B, Frandsen H, Jacobsen NR, Larsen EH, Binderup ML. Genotoxicity of unmodified and organo-modified montmorillonite. Mutat Res 2010; 700:18-25. [PMID: 20433941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The natural clay mineral montmorillonite (Cloisite) Na+) and an organo-modified montmorillonite (Cloisite 30B) were investigated for genotoxic potential as crude suspensions and as suspensions filtrated through a 0.2-microm pore-size filter to remove particles above the nanometre range. Filtered and unfiltered water suspensions of both clays did not induce mutations in the Salmonella/microsome assay at concentrations up to 141microg/ml of the crude clay, using the tester strains TA98 and TA100. Filtered and unfiltered Cloisite) Na+ suspensions in culture medium did not induce DNA strand-breaks in Caco-2 cells after 24h of exposure, as tested in the alkaline comet assay. However, both the filtered and the unfiltered samples of Cloisite 30B induced DNA strand-breaks in a concentration-dependent manner and the two highest test concentrations produced statistically significantly different results from those seen with control samples (p<0.01 and p<0.001) and (p<0.05 and p<0.01), respectively. The unfiltered samples were tested up to concentrations of 170microg/ml and the filtered samples up to 216microg/ml before filtration. When tested in the same concentration range as used in the comet assay, none of the clays produced ROS in a cell-free test system (the DCFH-DA assay). Inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to detect clay particles in the filtered samples using aluminium as a tracer element characteristic to clay. The results indicated that clay particles were absent in the filtered samples, which was independently confirmed by dynamic light-scattering measurements. Detection and identification of free quaternary ammonium modifier in the filtered sample was carried out by HPLC-Q-TOF/MS and revealed a total concentration of a mixture of quaternary ammonium analogues of 1.57microg/ml. These findings suggest that the genotoxicity of organo-modified montmorillonite was caused by the organo-modifier. The detected organo-modifier mixture was synthesized and comet-assay results showed that the genotoxic potency of this synthesized organo-modifier was in the same order of magnitude at equimolar concentrations of organo-modifier in filtrated Cloisite) 30B suspensions, and could therefore at least partly explain the genotoxic effect of Cloisite) 30B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar Sharma
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Mørkhøj Bygade, 19-2860 Søborg, Denmark
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