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Sánchez-Resino E, Marquès M, Gutiérrez-Martín D, Restrepo-Montes E, Martínez MÁ, Salas-Huetos A, Babio N, Salas-Salvadó J, Gil-Solsona R, Gago-Ferrero P. Exploring the Occurrence of Organic Contaminants in Human Semen through an Innovative LC-HRMS-Based Methodology Suitable for Target and Nontarget Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19236-19252. [PMID: 37934628 PMCID: PMC10722465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the potential impact of organic contaminants on male fertility is crucial, yet limited studies have examined these chemicals in semen, with most focusing on urine and blood. To address this gap, we developed and validated a robust LC-HRMS methodology for semen analysis, with a focus on polar and semipolar chemicals. Our methodology enables the quantitative (or semiquantitative) analysis of >2000 chemicals being compatible with suspect and nontarget strategies and providing unprecedented insights into the occurrence and potential bioaccumulation of diverse contaminants in this matrix. We comprehensively analyzed exogenous organic chemicals and associated metabolites in ten semen samples from Spanish participants collected in an area with a large presence of the chemical industry included in the LED-FERTYL Spanish study cohort. This investigation revealed the presence of various contaminants in semen, including plastic additives, PFAS, flame retardants, surfactants, and insecticides. Notably, prevalent plastic additives such as phthalic acid esters and bisphenols were identified, indicating potential health risks. Additionally, we uncovered previously understudied chemicals like the tire additive 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and specific organophosphate flame retardants. This study showcases the potential of our methodology as a valuable tool for large-scale cohort studies, providing insights into the association between contaminant exposure and the risk of male fertility impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-Resino
- Laboratory
of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Sant LLorenç 21, Reus, Catalonia 43201, Spain
- Center
of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology - TecnATox, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43201, Spain
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory
of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Sant LLorenç 21, Reus, Catalonia 43201, Spain
- Center
of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology - TecnATox, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43201, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Martín
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment
and Water Research − Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute
of Sustainable Processes (ISP) and Department of Analytical Chemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid
(UVa), Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Esteban Restrepo-Montes
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment
and Water Research − Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Martínez
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Grup ANut-DSM, Institut d’Investigació
Sanitària Pere Virgili, CIBEROBN, Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad
y Nutrición (ISCIII), Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43201, Spain
| | - Albert Salas-Huetos
- Departament
de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Unitat de Medicina
Preventiva, Grup ANut-DSM, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària
Pere Virgili, CIBEROBN, Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición
(ISCIII), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43201, Spain
- Department
of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nancy Babio
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Grup ANut-DSM, Institut d’Investigació
Sanitària Pere Virgili, CIBEROBN, Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad
y Nutrición (ISCIII), Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43201, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Departament
de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Grup ANut-DSM, Institut d’Investigació
Sanitària Pere Virgili, CIBEROBN, Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad
y Nutrición (ISCIII), Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43201, Spain
| | - Rubén Gil-Solsona
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment
and Water Research − Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment
and Water Research − Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
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Kühne F, Biedermann M, Eicher A, Felder F, Sander S, Schmidt R, Lehmann S, McCombie G, Merkel S, Kappenstein O, Luch A. Characterisation of Elastomers as Food Contact Materials-Part 1: Quantification of Extractable Compounds, Swelling of Elastomers in Food Simulants and Release of Elements. Molecules 2021; 26:509. [PMID: 33478042 PMCID: PMC7835956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastomers are not a uniform class of materials but comprise a broad spectrum of chemically different polymers. Sealing gaskets, gloves, teats, conveyor belts and tubing are examples of elastomers being used as food contact materials (FCMs). Ten elastomer samples were evaluated with respect to the content of extractable compounds, migration of substances into ethanolic food simulants, swelling in food simulants and release of elements in different food simulants. The number of extractable substances <1000 Da was determined by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionisation detection (GC × GC-FID) analysis of tetrahydrofuran (THF) extracts. The number of signals ranged from 61 (a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE)) to 690 (a natural rubber/styrene-butadiene-rubber blend (NR/SBR)). As for risk assessment, the decisive factor is which substances reach the food. The extent of substances that migrate into ethanolic food simulants was investigated. Elastomer FCMs can be the source of food contamination with heavy metals. Notably, contamination with lead was detected in some samples investigated in this study. It was shown that food simulants harbour the potential to morphologically alter or even disintegrate elastomeric materials. The results presented here highlight the importance to carefully choose the elastomer type for the intended use as FCMs as not every application may prove safe for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Kühne
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Angela Eicher
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Florian Felder
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefan Sander
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Roman Schmidt
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Saskia Lehmann
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Gregor McCombie
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefan Merkel
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- Department of Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas Luch
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
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Richtwerte für Benzothiazol in der Innenraumluft. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 63:1304-1310. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-020-03193-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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An untargeted evaluation of the volatile and semi-volatile compounds migrating into food simulants from polypropylene food containers by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 195:800-806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liao C, Kim UJ, Kannan K. A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Exposure, and Toxicity of Benzothiazoles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5007-5026. [PMID: 29578695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole and its derivatives (BTs) are high production volume chemicals that have been used for several decades in a large number of industrial and consumer products, including vulcanization accelerators, corrosion inhibitors, fungicides, herbicides, algicides, and ultraviolet (UV) light stabilizers. Several benzothiazole derivatives are used commercially, and widespread use of these chemicals has led to ubiquitous occurrence in diverse environmental compartments. BTs have been reported to be dermal sensitizers, respiratory tract irritants, endocrine disruptors, carcinogens, and genotoxicants. This article reviews occurrence and fate of a select group of BTs in the environment, as well as human exposure and toxicity. BTs have frequently been found in various environmental matrices at concentrations ranging from sub-ng/L (surface water) to several tens of μg/g (indoor dust). The use of BTs in a number of consumer products, especially in rubber products, has resulted in widespread human exposure. BTs undergo chemical, biological, and photolytic degradation in the environment, creating several transformation products. Of these, 2-thiocyanomethylthio-benzothiazole (2-SCNMeS-BTH) has been shown to be the most toxic. Epidemiological studies have shown excess risks of cancers, including bladder cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia, among rubber factory workers, particularly those exposed to 2-mercapto-benzothiazole (2-SH-BTH). Human exposure to BTs continues to be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Un-Jung Kim
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
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Stoffmonographie für 2-Mercaptobenzothiazol (2-MBT) und HBM-Werte für 2-MBT im Urin von Erwachsenen und Kindern. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 58:1027-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-015-2212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Avagyan R, Sadiktsis I, Thorsén G, Östman C, Westerholm R. Determination of benzothiazole and benzotriazole derivates in tire and clothing textile samples by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1307:119-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zajíčková Z, Párkányi C. Monitoring of Photodegradation Process of Various Benzothiazoles by HPLC and UV Spectrometry: Application of LC-MS in Photoproduct Identification. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902791163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zajíčková
- a Department of Physical Sciences , Barry University , Miami Shores, FL, USA
| | - Cyril Párkányi
- b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, FL, USA
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Kapp T, Vetter W. Structure Elucidation of an Artifact Discharging from Rubber-Based Vial Closures by Means of Gas Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:8156-61. [PMID: 17134153 DOI: 10.1021/ac0611723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of vial closures equipped with butyl rubber septa may lead to sample contamination by rubber additives discharging from the septum material. In this study, the structure elucidation of an artifact causing intense signals in gas chromatography/electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS) and gas chromatographic analyses with electron capture detection is described. Tentative identification of the leached compound was achieved by employing tandem mass spectrometric techniques both in electron capture negative ion and in electron ionization modes. The artifact could thus be characterized as 2-benzothiazolyl-N,N-dimethyl dithiocarbamate, which is a known vulcanization accelerator for rubber. It is conceivable that the identified compound or related substances are also used in other applications. Therefore, two food-related matrixes were investigated for a possible migration of this compound into foods. During these analyses, the tentatively identified rubber additive was detected in an aqueous extract of a rubber seal ring for canning jars. GC/ECNI-MS provided better sensitivity and selectivity than GC/EI-MS for the determination of the rubber additive and other mercaptobenzothiazole-derived substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kapp
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:781-792. [PMID: 12898659 DOI: 10.1002/jms.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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