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Wang Y, Zhao D, Zhang W, Wang S, Wu Y, Wang S, Yang Y, Guo B. Four PQQ-Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenases Responsible for the Oxidative Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol in a Novel Bacterium Ketogulonicigenium vulgare D3_3 Originated from the Feces of Tenebrio molitor Larvae. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:367. [PMID: 37368668 PMCID: PMC10301637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is frequently detected in cereals and cereal-based products and has a negative impact on human and animal health. In this study, an unprecedented DON-degrading bacterial isolate D3_3 was isolated from a sample of Tenebrio molitor larva feces. A 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analysis and genome-based average nucleotide identity comparison clearly revealed that strain D3_3 belonged to the species Ketogulonicigenium vulgare. This isolate D3_3 could efficiently degrade 50 mg/L of DON under a broad range of conditions, such as pHs of 7.0-9.0 and temperatures of 18-30 °C, as well as during aerobic or anaerobic cultivation. 3-keto-DON was identified as the sole and finished DON metabolite using mass spectrometry. In vitro toxicity tests revealed that 3-keto-DON had lower cytotoxicity to human gastric epithelial cells and higher phytotoxicity to Lemna minor than its parent mycotoxin DON. Additionally, four genes encoding pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases in the genome of isolate D3_3 were identified as being responsible for the DON oxidation reaction. Overall, as a highly potent DON-degrading microbe, a member of the genus Ketogulonicigenium is reported for the first time in this study. The discovery of this DON-degrading isolate D3_3 and its four dehydrogenases will allow microbial strains and enzyme resources to become available for the future development of DON-detoxifying agents for food and animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Donglei Zhao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Songshan Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Yu Wu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Songxue Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Yongtan Yang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Baoyuan Guo
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
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Li B, Duan J, Ren J, Francis F, Li G. Isolation and Characterization of Two New Deoxynivalenol-Degrading Strains, Bacillus sp. HN117 and Bacillus sp. N22. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110781. [PMID: 36356030 PMCID: PMC9693629 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by Fusarium species, is one of the most common trichothecenes detected in cereals pre- and post-harvest, which poses a great threat to the health of livestock and human beings due to its strong toxicity. In this study, we isolated and characterized two DON-degrading bacterial strains, Bacillus sp. HN117 and Bacillus sp. N22. Both strains could degrade DON efficiently in a wide range of temperatures (from 25 °C to 42 °C) and concentrations (from 10 mg/L to 500 mg/L). After optimization of the degradation conditions, 29.0% DON was eliminated by HN117 in 72 h when it was incubated with 1000 mg/L DON; meanwhile, the DON degradation rate of N22 was boosted notably from 7.41% to 21.21% within 120 h at 500 mg/L DON. Degradation products analysis indicated HN117 was able to transform DON into a new isomer M-DOM, the possible structure of which was deduced based on LC-MS and NMR analysis, and N22 could convert DON into potential low-toxic derivatives norDON E and 9-hydroxymethyl DON lactone. These two strains have the potential to be developed as new biodegrading agents to control DON contamination in food and feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests—Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jiaqi Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests—Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests—Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (G.L.)
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests—Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (G.L.)
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Bi Z, Gu X, Xiao Y, Zhou Y, Bao W, Wu S, Wang H. Analysis of the Roles of the ISLR2 Gene in Regulating the Toxicity of Zearalenone Exposure in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090639. [PMID: 36136577 PMCID: PMC9506288 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the mycotoxins that pose high risks for human and animal health, as well as food safety. However, the regulators involved in ZEN cellular toxicity remain largely unknown. Herein, we showed that cell viability of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) tended to decrease with increasing doses of ZEN by the cell counting kit-8 assay. Expression of the ISLR2 (immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat 2) gene in IPEC-J2 cells was significantly downregulated upon ZEN exposure. Furthermore, we found the dose–effect of ZEN on ISLR2 expression. We then overexpressed the ISLR2 gene and observed that overexpression of ISLR2 obviously reduced the effects of ZEN on cell viability, apoptosis rate and oxidative stress level. In addition, ISLR2 overexpression significantly decreased the expression of TNF-α and IFN-α induced by ZEN. Our findings revealed the effects of ZEN on the ISLR2 gene expression and indicated the ISLR2 gene as a novel regulator of ZEN-induced cytotoxicity, which provides potential molecular targets against ZEN toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Bi
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuezhu Gu
- Lvliang Central Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Huaian 211600, China
| | - Yeyi Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yajing Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Haifei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (H.W.)
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Kumar P, Mahato DK, Gupta A, Pandey S, Paul V, Saurabh V, Pandey AK, Selvakumar R, Barua S, Kapri M, Kumar M, Kaur C, Tripathi AD, Gamlath S, Kamle M, Varzakas T, Agriopoulou S. Nivalenol Mycotoxin Concerns in Foods: An Overview on Occurrence, Impact on Human and Animal Health and Its Detection and Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080527. [PMID: 36006189 PMCID: PMC9413460 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that infect a wide range of foods worldwide. Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecene produced by numerous Fusarium species, has the ability to infect a variety of foods both in the field and during post-harvest handling and management. NIV is frequently found in cereal and cereal-based goods, and its strong cytotoxicity poses major concerns for both human and animal health. To address these issues, this review briefly overviews the sources, occurrence, chemistry and biosynthesis of NIV. Additionally, a brief overview of several sophisticated detection and management techniques is included, along with the implications of processing and environmental factors on the formation of NIV. This review’s main goal is to offer trustworthy and current information on NIV as a mycotoxin concern in foods, with potential mitigation measures to assure food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (D.K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Surabhi Pandey
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Veena Paul
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Vivek Saurabh
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (V.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Arun Kumar Pandey
- Food Science and Technology, MMICT & BM(HM) Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India;
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Sreejani Barua
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Mandira Kapri
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology (CRDT), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (V.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Abhishek Dutt Tripathi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Shirani Gamlath
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (D.K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (S.A.)
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Durham AE. Association between forage mycotoxins and liver disease in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1502-1507. [PMID: 35792718 PMCID: PMC9308415 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outbreaks of liver disease in horses are common but the etiology of most remains unknown. Forage mycotoxins have been suspected to be a cause. Objectives To examine the association between outbreaks of liver disease and the presence of mycotoxins in forage stored on the same premises. Animals Premises were identified where ≥4 horses were contemporaneously affected by liver disease, and a control group was formed from premises where ≥4 horses had been examined and found to have no evidence of liver disease. Methods Forage was collected from 29 case and 12 control premises. The forage was analyzed for mycotoxin content using a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method, targeting 54 mycotoxins. The presence and distribution of mycotoxins between case and control samples was compared. Results Mycotoxins were found in 23/29 (79%) case samples and 10/12 (83%) control samples (P > .99; relative risk, 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64‐1.75). Median (interquartile range [IQR]) total mycotoxin concentration was similar in case and control samples (85.8 μg/kg [1.6‐268] vs. 315 μg/kg [6.3‐860]; P = .16). Ten mycotoxins were found exclusively in case premises comprising fumonisin B1, 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, aflatoxins B1 and G1, methylergonovine, nivalenol, verruculogen, and wortmannin. The median (IQR) concentration of fumonisin B1 was significantly higher in case versus control samples (0 μg/kg [0‐81.7] vs. 0 μg/kg [0‐0]; P = .04). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Several mycotoxins with known hepatotoxic potential were found, alone or in combination, exclusively at case premises, consistent with the hypothesis that forage‐associated mycotoxicosis may be a cause of outbreaks of liver disease in horses in the United Kingdom.
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Ji YM, Zhang KH, Pan ZN, Ju JQ, Zhang HL, Liu JC, Wang Y, Sun SC. High-dose zearalenone exposure disturbs G2/M transition during mouse oocyte maturation. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 110:172-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Liu M, Zhao L, Gong G, Zhang L, Shi L, Dai J, Han Y, Wu Y, Khalil MM, Sun L. Invited review: Remediation strategies for mycotoxin control in feed. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:19. [PMID: 35090579 PMCID: PMC8796454 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of different species of fungi. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are the main mycotoxins contaminating animal feedstuffs. These mycotoxins can primarily induce hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, consequently cause adverse effects on the health and performance of animals. Therefore, physical, chemical, biological and nutritional regulation approaches have been developed as primary strategies for the decontamination and detoxification of these mycotoxins in the feed industry. Meanwhile, each of these techniques has its drawbacks, including inefficient, costly, or impractically applied on large scale. This review summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the different remediation strategies, as well as updates of the research progress of these strategies for AFB1, DON, ZEN and FB1 control in the feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Guoxin Gong
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiefan Dai
- Department of Agriculture of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Banha, 13736, Egypt
| | - Lvhui Sun
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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8
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Reducing deoxynivalenol content in wheat by a combination of gravity separation and milling and characterization of the flours produced. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Kozieł MJ, Ziaja M, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Intestinal Barrier, Claudins and Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:758. [PMID: 34822542 PMCID: PMC8622050 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is the main barrier against all of the substances that enter the body. Proper functioning of this barrier guarantees maintained balance in the organism. Mycotoxins are toxic, secondary fungi metabolites, that have a negative impact both on human and animal health. It was postulated that various mycotoxins may affect homeostasis by disturbing the intestinal barrier. Claudins are proteins that are involved in creating tight junctions between epithelial cells. A growing body of evidence underlines their role in molecular response to mycotoxin-induced cytotoxicity. This review summarizes the information connected with claudins, their association with an intestinal barrier, physiological conditions in general, and with gastrointestinal cancers. Moreover, this review also includes information about the changes in claudin expression upon exposition to various mycotoxins.
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Feizollahi E, Roopesh MS. Degradation of Zearalenone by Atmospheric Cold Plasma: Effect of Selected Process and Product Factors. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Huang CW, Liao WR, How CM, Yen PL, Wei CC. Chronic exposure of zearalenone inhibits antioxidant defense and results in aging-related defects associated with DAF-16/FOXO in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117233. [PMID: 33940230 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin with endocrine disruptive activity and oxidative stress generating ability, has been a worldwide environmental concern for its prevalence and persistency. However, the long-term effect of ZEN on aging process is not fully elucidated. Thus, the present study applied the Caenorhabditis elegans model to investigate the aging-related toxic effect and possible underlying mechanisms under prolonged and chronic ZEN exposure. Our results showed that locomotive behaviors significantly decreased in ZEN (0.3, 1.25, 5, 10, 50 μM) treated C. elegans. In addition, lifespan and aging markers including pharyngeal pumping and lipofuscin were also adversely affected by ZEN (50 μM). Furthermore, ZEN (50 μM) increased ROS level and downregulated antioxidant genes resulted from inhibition of nuclear DAF-16 translocation in aged C. elegans, which was further confirmed by more significant aging-related defects observed in ZEN treated daf-16 mutant. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the aging process and aging-related decline were induced by long-term exposure of ZEN in C. elegans, which is associated with oxidative stress, inhibition of antioxidant defense, and transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Huang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ru Liao
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chun Ming How
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Yen
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Wei
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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12
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Hole A, Rud I, Sahlstrøm S, Ivanova L, Eriksen G, Divon H. Heat-induced reduction of deoxynivalenol and its modified forms during flaking and cooking of oat. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its modified forms deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) are common contaminants in Norwegian oats. In order to provide more information about the fate of these mycotoxins during oat processing, the levels of DON, DON-3G, 3-ADON and the sum of them (total DON) were determined using LC-HRMS/MS at different processing steps. Oat groat was softened by either steaming or conditioning, rolled into flakes of two thicknesses, and subsequently cooked to produce flake porridges. Flour of oat groat (untreated or kilned) was cooked to flour porridges. The flaking process had major effect on the mycotoxin levels in resulting flakes, with significant impact for type of softening regime, but not for flake size. Steam-softening caused the largest reduction of DON, DON-3G and total DON in flakes, retaining 41, 60 and 46%, respectively, compared to oat groat. In contrast, 3-ADON in flakes was most reduced by conditioning, to 29% of the levels in oat groat. Cooking to porridge from flakes did not result in any additional mycotoxin reduction, though significant impact of flake size was shown in the final porridges, with highest reduction of total DON in the porridges originating from steamed thick flakes. Cooking porridge from untreated oat flour gave significant reduction in mycotoxin levels, however not for kilned oat flour which had already undergone reduction during kilning. In conclusion, the study shows that processes involving heat-treatment, i.e. kilning, steaming or cooking, efficiently reduced total DON in oats during flaking and porridge cooking, and reduction is dependent on previous processing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Hole
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - I. Rud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - S. Sahlstrøm
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - L. Ivanova
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - G.S. Eriksen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - H.H. Divon
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433 Ås, Norway
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Pascari X, Maul R, Kemmlein S, Marin S, Sanchis V. The fate of several trichothecenes and zearalenone during roasting and enzymatic treatment of cereal flour applied in cereal-based infant food production. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Yi Y, Wan S, Hou Y, Cheng J, Guo J, Wang S, Khan A, Sun N, Li H. Chlorogenic acid rescues zearalenone induced injury to mouse ovarian granulosa cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110401. [PMID: 32143102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a toxic substance produced by Fusarium fungi, accumulated in cereals grain and animal feed, causes injury to humans and animals. ZEA can induce obvious reproductive toxicity with the ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) as the main target. However, the study on exploring the protective compounds against ZEA-induced mouse primary ovarian GCs damage remains less. In the current study, the protective effect of 20 compounds derived from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) on the injury of mouse GCs caused by ZEA were evaluated using MTT assay and the cell morphology. Our results showed that chlorogenic acid (250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) significantly suppress ZEA-induced GCs death. Western blot analysis suggested chlorogenic acid could rescue the up-regulated apoptosis of GCs induced by ZEA via attenuating the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved-PARP. Our results provide strong evidence that chlorogenic acid warrants further optimization for more potent and safer compounds for against the ZEA lead toxicity to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanYan Yi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - ShuangXiu Wan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, Heze University, Heze, Shangdong, 274000, People's Republic of China
| | - YaXin Hou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - JianHua Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shaoyu Wang
- School of Community Health, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Ajab Khan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China.
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Guo H, Ji J, Wang J, Sun X. Deoxynivalenol: Masked forms, fate during food processing, and potential biological remedies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:895-926. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and NutritionJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and NutritionJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jia‐sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of Georgia Athens Georgia
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and NutritionJiangnan University Wuxi China
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16
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Alexandre APS, Castanha N, Costa NS, Santos AS, Badiale-Furlong E, Augusto PED, Calori-Domingues MA. Ozone technology to reduce zearalenone contamination in whole maize flour: degradation kinetics and impact on quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6814-6821. [PMID: 31368532 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize is one of the most important cereals. It is used for different purposes and in different industries worldwide. This cereal is prone to contamination with mycotoxins, such as zearalenone (ZEN), which is produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. equiseti. Toxin production under highly moist conditions (aw > 0.95) is exacerbated if there are alternations between low temperatures (12-14 °C) and high temperatures (25-28 °C). Even if good production practices are adopted, mycotoxins can be found in several stages of the production chain. For this reason, an alternative to reducing this contamination is ozonation. This study evaluated the reduction of ZEN in naturally contaminated whole maize flour (WMF) treated with 51.5 mg L-1 of ozone for up to 60 min. Pasting properties, peroxide value, and fatty acid composition were also evaluated. RESULTS Zearalenone degradation in ozonated WMF was described by a fractional first-order kinetic, with a maximum reduction of 62.3% and kinetic parameter of 0.201 min-1 in the conditions that were evaluated. The ozonation process in WMF showed a decrease in the apparent viscosity, a decrease in the proportion of linoleic, oleic, and α-linolenic fatty acids, an increase in the proportion of palmitic acid, and an increase in the peroxide value. CONCLUSION Ozonation was effective in reducing ZEN contamination in WMF. However, it also modified the pasting properties, fatty acid profile, and peroxide value, affecting functional and technological aspects of WMF. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allana Patrícia Santos Alexandre
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Nanci Castanha
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Naiara Silva Costa
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Amanda Silva Santos
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Esteves Duarte Augusto
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
- Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Antonia Calori-Domingues
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
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Rai A, Das M, Tripathi A. Occurrence and toxicity of a fusarium mycotoxin, zearalenone. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2710-2729. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1655388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Rai
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Mukul Das
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
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Reduction of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat with Superheated Steam and Its Effects on Wheat Quality. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070414. [PMID: 31315243 PMCID: PMC6669746 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most commonly found mycotoxin in scabbed wheat. In order to reduce the DON concentration in scabbed wheat with superheated steam (SS) and explore the feasibility to use the processed wheat as crisp biscuit materials, wheat kernels were treated with SS to study the effects of SS processing on DON concentration and the quality of wheat. Furthermore, the wheat treated with SS were used to make crisp biscuits and the texture qualities of biscuits were measured. The results showed that DON in wheat kernels could be reduced by SS effectively. Besides, the reduction rate raised significantly with the increase of steam temperature and processing time and it was also affected significantly by steam velocity. The reduction rate in wheat kernels and wheat flour could reach 77.4% and 60.5% respectively. In addition, SS processing might lead to partial denaturation of protein and partial gelatinization of starch, thus affecting the rheological properties of dough and pasting properties of wheat flour. Furthermore, the qualities of crisp biscuits were improved at certain conditions of SS processing.
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Pascari X, Marín S, Ramos AJ, Molino F, Sanchis V. Deoxynivalenol in cereal-based baby food production process. A review. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Chilaka CA, De Boevre M, Atanda OO, De Saeger S. Fate of Fusarium mycotoxins during processing of Nigerian traditional infant foods (ogi and soybean powder). Food Res Int 2019; 116:408-418. [PMID: 30716963 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of processing methods used to produce traditional Nigerian infant foods (ogi and processed soybean powder) on four European Union regulated Fusarium mycotoxins using naturally and artificially contaminated raw materials was studied using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Generally, there was a significant reduction of all the mycotoxins when compared to the initial concentration of the raw materials. Reduction in concentrations of the mycotoxins during ogi-processing started immediately after 36 h' steeping/fermentation for all the mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin), and proceeded along the process chain (milling and sieving). In addition, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (16 ± 3.2 μg/kg) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (9 ± 5.5 μg/kg) initially absent in the raw maize were detected in the final ogi product. β-zearalenol, hydrolysed fumonisin B1, and HT-2 toxin were also detected at varying concentrations. Regarding soybean processing, a similar trend was observed with fumonisin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin, irrespective of the method used or the initial concentration. Other mycotoxins detected in soybean product include 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and zearalenone-14-glucoside. Although there was a reduction in the concentration of the free mycotoxin because of processing, other mycotoxins were detected in the products and thus, may present an additional health risk on consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Adaku Chilaka
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Applied Food Science and Tourism, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia-Ikot Ekpene Road, Umudike, PMB 7267 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olusegun Oladimeji Atanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, KM 96, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, 110117 Seriki Sotayo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Janić-Hajnal E, Kos J, Orčić D. Stability of Alternaria toxins during bread-making process. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr1901073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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22
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Schaarschmidt S, Fauhl-Hassek C. The Fate of Mycotoxins During the Processing of Wheat for Human Consumption. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:556-593. [PMID: 33350125 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a potential health threat in cereals including wheat. In the European Union (EU), mycotoxin maximum levels are laid down for cereal raw materials and final food products. For wheat and wheat-based products, the EU maximum levels apply to deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone, aflatoxins, and ochratoxin A. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the different mycotoxins and their legal limits and on how processing of wheat can affect such contaminants, from raw material to highly processed final products, based on relevant scientific studies published in the literature. The potential compliance with EU maximum levels is discussed. Of the four mycotoxins regulated in wheat-based foods in the EU, most data are available for DON, whereas aflatoxins were rarely studied in the processing of wheat. Furthermore, available data on the effect of processing are outlined for mycotoxins not regulated by EU law-including modified and emerging mycotoxins-and which cover DON derivatives (DON-3-glucoside, mono-acetyl-DONs, norDONs, deepoxy-DON), nivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, and fumonisins. The processing steps addressed in this review cover primary processing (premilling and milling operations) and secondary processing procedures (such as fermentation and thermal treatments). A special focus is on the production of baked goods, and processing factors for DON in wheat bread production were estimated. For wheat milling products derived from the endosperm and for white bread, compliance with legal requirements seems to be mostly achievable when applying good practices. In the case of wholemeal products, bran-enriched products, or high-cereal low-moisture bakery products, this appears to be challenging and improved technology and/or selection of high-quality raw materials would be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schaarschmidt
- Dept. Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Inst. for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-St. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Fauhl-Hassek
- Dept. Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Inst. for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-St. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Heidari S, Milani J, Nazari SSSJ. Effect of the bread-making process on zearalenone levels. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:2047-54. [PMID: 25291600 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.972472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the bread-making process including fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus fermentum) and baking at 200°C on zearalenone (ZEA) levels were investigated. Standard solutions of ZEA were added to flour and then loaves of bread were prepared. Sourdough and three types of yeast including active dry yeast, instant dry yeast and compressed yeast were used for the fermentation of dough. ZEA levels in flour, dough and bread were determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection after extraction and clean-up on an immunoaffinity column. The highest reduction in levels of ZEA was found in the first fermentation (first proof), while the lowest reduction was observed in the baking stage. In addition, the results showed that compressed yeast had the maximum reduction potential on ZEA levels even at the baking stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Heidari
- a Department of Food Science & Technology , Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) , Sari , Iran
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25
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Scientific Opinion on risks for animal and public health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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26
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Bensassi F, Gallerne C, Sharaf El Dein O, Lemaire C, Hajlaoui MR, Bacha H. Involvement of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in deoxynivalenol cytotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1680-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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27
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Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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28
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29
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Tinyiro SE, Yao W, Sun X, Wokadala C, Wang S. Scavenging of Zearalenone by Bacillus Strains-in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2011.304.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Nocardioides sp. strain WSN05-2, isolated from a wheat field, degrades deoxynivalenol, producing the novel intermediate 3-epi-deoxynivalenol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:419-27. [PMID: 20857291 PMCID: PMC3291841 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) causes serious problems worldwide in the production of crops such as wheat and barley because of its toxicity toward humans and livestock. A bacterial culture capable of degrading DON was obtained from soil samples collected in wheat fields using an enrichment culture procedure. The isolated bacterium, designated strain WSN05-2, completely removed 1,000 μg/mL of DON from the culture medium after incubation for 10 days. On the basis of phylogenetic studies, WSN05-2 was classified as a bacterium belonging to the genus Nocardioides. WSN05-2 showed significant growth in culture medium with DON as the sole carbon source. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated the presence of a major initial metabolite of DON in the culture supernatant. The metabolite was identified as 3-epi-deoxynivalenol (3-epi-DON) by mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The amount of DON on wheat grain was reduced by about 90% at 7 days after inoculation with WSN05-2. This is the first report of a Nocardioides sp. strain able to degrade DON and of the yet unknown 3-epi-DON as an intermediate in the degradation of DON by a microorganism.
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Dhillon B, Wiesenborn D, Wolf-Hall C, Manthey F. Development and evaluation of an ozonated water system for antimicrobial treatment of durum wheat. J Food Sci 2010; 74:E396-403. [PMID: 19895469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ozonated water is reported to be effective in reducing the microbial load in foods such as fruits, vegetables, and grains. Ozonated water may be an effective alternative to chlorinated water in treating durum wheat before milling. Therefore, durum wheat was washed with ozonated water and analyzed for yeast and mold count (YMC) and aerobic plate count (APC). A system for producing and monitoring ozonated water was developed. The effect of water quality (tap, distilled, and ultra-pure), temperature (7, 15, and 25 degrees C), and pH (2, 4, and 6.5) was evaluated on the following: steady-state dissolved ozone concentration, ozone decay constant, half-life, mass transfer coefficient, equilibrium ozone concentration, and solubility ratio. The study of these parameters was important to attain a stable, high dissolved ozone concentration at the outset of washing and to have information for system improvement and scale-up. A 1% acetic acid solution (pH 2) at 15 degrees C resulted in high dissolved ozone concentration (21.8 mg/L) and long half-life (9.2 min). Subsequently, wheat was washed with 5 wash water types: distilled water, ozonated water (16.5 mg/L), chlorinated water (700 mg/L), acetic acid solution (1%), and acetic acid + ozonated water (1%, 20.5 mg/L). The treated samples were analyzed for YMC and APC. The acetic acid + ozonated water treatment was the most effective, with a reduction of 4.1 and 3.2 log(10) colony forming units/g in YMC and APC, respectively. Though ozonated water was not very effective alone, it was useful in combination with acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dhillon
- Dept of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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32
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Bhat R, Rai RV, Karim A. Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:57-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tangni EK, Waegeneers N, Van Overmeire I, Goeyens L, Pussemier L. Mycotoxin analyses in some home produced eggs in Belgium reveal small contribution to the total daily intake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4411-4418. [PMID: 19041117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Low levels of deoxynivalenol (DON, range: 2.6-17.9 ng/g) and its metabolite de-epoxy-DON (DOM-1, range: 2.4-23.7 ng/g) were found in 20 home-produced egg samples collected in Belgium during autumn 2006 (from 10 breeders) and spring 2007 (same breeders). DON intake assessment showed that the consumption of these eggs may contribute to less than 1% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 1 microg/kg body weight established by FAO/WHO. None of the egg samples analyzed had quantifiable levels of zearalenone (ZEA), alpha-zearalenol, beta-zearalenol, ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT). Intake of DON, ZEA, OTA and CIT via the consumption of home produced eggs seems not to be a matter of concern. Despite this, we recommend to continue in screening other eggs allowing to increase the sample size and the subsequent conclusion for mycotoxin contamination in eggs. As home produced food is generally not submitted to any compliance control and may be consumed in large quantities by their producers and other household members, it is worthwhile to further pay attention to the quality of feed as well as the environment in which the hens live.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Tangni
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Leuvensesteenweg 17, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium.
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Gromadzka K, Waśkiewicz A, Goliński P, Swietlik J. Occurrence of estrogenic mycotoxin - Zearalenone in aqueous environmental samples with various NOM content. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:1051-1059. [PMID: 19084253 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species in food and feed. Toxicity of ZEA and its metabolites is related to the chemical structure of the mycotoxins, similar to naturally occurring estrogens. Currently, there is increasing awareness of the significance of fungi and their toxic metabolites in water. Thus it was considered essential to determine the concentration of estrogenic toxin in surface waters, groundwater and wastewater in Poland. The application of ZearalaTest immunoaffinity columns for zearalenone determination by HPLC method in water samples characterized by different natural organic matter (NOM) content gave the recovery rate ranging from 74 to 86%. Obtained results showed that the natural organic micropollutants of water with low molecular masses have an effect on zearalenone recovery. Zearalenone was present in water samples in the range from 0 to 43.7 ngL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Gromadzka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
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Lešnik M, Cencič A, Vajs S, Simončič A. Milling and bread baking techniques significantly affect the mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol and nivalenol) level in bread. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2008. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.2008.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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He C, Fan Y, Liu G, Zhang H. Isolation and identification of a strain of Aspergillus tubingensis with deoxynivalenol biotransformation capability. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:2366-2375. [PMID: 19330081 PMCID: PMC2635639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9122366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common contaminants of various foodstuffs. A biotransformation system was used in order to lessen the toxicity of DON. A strain of Aspergillus (NJA-1) was isolated from soil and cultured in an inorganic salt medium containing DON. Bt2a/Bt2b primers were used to amplify the β-tubulin gene of NJA-1. Sequence analysis the PCR product and morphology observation indicated that NJA-1 belonged to Aspergillus tubingensis (aerobic fungi). The DNA sequence information of the PCR product was deposited in GenBank (accession number DQ9025790). The DNA sequence had 99% similarity to the Aspergillus tubingensis accession number AY820009. An unknown compound in NJA-1 showed the ability to convert DON into another product. The molecular weight of the bioconversion product was 18.1 D (H2O) larger than that of DON. The analysis showed that DON could be hydrolyzed by NJA-1. The mean DON biotransformation rate was 94.4% after two weeks of cultivation. The finding presents a new method for DON biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haibin Zhang
- * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel. +86-25-84396478; Fax: +86-25-84396434
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Gromadzka K, Waskiewicz A, Chelkowski J, Golinski P. Zearalenone and its metabolites: occurrence, detection, toxicity and guidelines. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2008. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.x015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species in food and feed. From a global perspective, Fusarium mycotoxins may be considered as metabolites of particular importance to animal health and productivity. The aim of this review is to collect and summarise information concerning the properties of zearalenone, its derivatives and their biotransformation. Data on the occurrence and toxicity of zearalenone and a comparison of analytical methods used in zearalenone identification and quantification will also be discussed. As our awareness and understanding of the risks associated with zearalenone exposure increase, some countries set official or recommended limits in certain commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Gromadzka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - A. Waskiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - J. Chelkowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - P. Golinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
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Sarter S, Metayer I, Zakhia N. Effects of mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol, on the bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2008. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol on the luminescence of Vibrio fischeri were investigated to determine the conditions of using the bioluminescence as an indirect means for mycotoxin detection. The culture of Vibrio fischeri showed that bioluminescence reached a peak after 12 hours of incubation at 25 °C and then decreased drastically. During the lag phase which lasted 6 hours, light emission decreased drastically for both the mycotoxin assays – aflatoxin B1 10 µg/ml and deoxynivalenol 20 µg/ml – and the corresponding controls. Distinct bioluminescence inhibition appeared after this period of minimal bioluminescence of the controls and started with the exponential phase of growth. The percentage of bioluminescence inhibition for both mycotoxins was determined after 3.5, 10, 15 and 25 hours of incubation. The bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri was inhibited with aflatoxin B1 and enhanced with deoxynivalenol. Both effects were delayed and required a long-term incubation over 10 hours, which may help to investigate bioassays for mycotoxin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sarter
- CIRAD, UMR QUALISUD, 73 rue JF Breton, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - I. Metayer
- CIRAD, UMR QUALISUD, 73 rue JF Breton, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - N. Zakhia
- CIRAD, UMR IATE, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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39
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40
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Pronyk C, Cenkowski S, Abramson D. Superheated steam reduction of deoxynivalenol in naturally contaminated wheat kernels. Food Control 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Ahonsi MO, Boss D, Maurhofer M, Défago G. Potential environmental fate of elsinochrome A, a perylenequinone toxin produced in culture by bindweed biocontrol fungus Stagonospora convolvuli LA39. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10669-006-7830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Cavret S, Lecoeur S. Fusariotoxin transfer in animal. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:444-53. [PMID: 16214283 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin fusariotoxins, essentially represented by trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins, are widely scattered in cereals and their products. Human and animals are particularly concerned by toxicity consecutive to oral chronic exposure. Human exposure can be direct via cereals or indirect via products of animals having eaten contaminated feed. As this alimentary risk is considered as a major problem in public health, it is thus of great importance to determine bioavailability, metabolic pathways and distribution of these mycotoxins in animal and human organism. Most studies indicate that fusariotoxins can be rapidly absorbed in the small intestine but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Except NIV, fusariotoxins can be partly metabolised into more hydrophilic molecules in digestive tract or liver. Fumonisins present different behaviour as they seem very few and slowly absorbed and metabolised. The main part of absorbed fusariotoxins shows a rapid elimination within 24h after ingestion, followed by a slower excretion of small amounts. However, traces of fusariotoxins or their derivates can be found in animal products. This manuscript, reviewing literature published on fusariotoxin transfer, highlights that too little data are available to correctly appreciate fusariotoxin transfer in organism. Further studies focusing on mechanisms involved in the transfer are needed before clarifying risk assessment for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cavret
- UMR INRA-DGER Métabolisme et Toxicologie Comparée des Xénobiotiques, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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Abramson D, House JD, Nyachoti CM. Reduction of deoxynivalenol in barley by treatment with aqueous sodium carbonate and heat. Mycopathologia 2006; 160:297-301. [PMID: 16244898 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-005-0087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Naturally contaminated lots of Canadian barley containing either 18.4 or 4.3 microg/g deoxynivalenol (DON) were heated at 80 degrees C, with small amounts of water or 1 M sodium carbonate solution to study the rate of DON reduction. Samples were heated in sealed polypropylene containers for periods of up to 8 days. In the 18.4 microg/g DON barley, rapid reductions were observed: with no solutions added, DON declined to 14.7 microg/g after 1 day, and to 4.9 microg/g after 8 days solely due to heat; with water at 10 mL/100 g barley, DON levels reached 3.7 microg/g after 8 days; with 1 M sodium carbonate solution added at 10 mL/100 g barley, DON declined to 4.7 microg/g after 1 day, and to 0.4 microg/g after 8 days; with 20 mL/100 g barley, DON declined to 1.4 microg/g after 1 day and to near-zero levels after 8 days. In the 4.3 microg/g DON barley, more gradual reductions were evident: with no solutions added, DON declined to 2.9 microg/g after 8 days solely due to heat; with water at 10 mL/100 g barley, DON levels reached 2.3 microg/g after 8 days; with 1 M sodium carbonate solution added at 10 mL/100 g barley, DON declined to 2.7 microg/g after 1 day, and to near-zero levels after 8 days; with 20 mL/100 g barley, DON declined to 1.4 microg/g after 1 day and to near-zero levels after 3, 5 and 8 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Abramson
- Cereal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M9, Canada.
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Yazdanpanah H, Mohammadi T, Abouhossain G, Cheraghali AM. Effect of roasting on degradation of Aflatoxins in contaminated pistachio nuts. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:1135-9. [PMID: 15833389 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 03/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With increasing knowledge and awareness of aflatoxins (AFs) as potent sources of health hazards to both human and animals, a great deal of effort has been made to completely eliminate the toxin or reduce its content in foods. Although prevention is the most effective intervention, heat has been used to inactivate AFs in contaminated foodstuff. Nuts as general and especially pistachio nuts are very sensitive commodity to AFs contamination. In this study effect of roasting on reduction of AFs content in pistachio nuts has been tested in a laboratory setting with aiming to suggest an optimal condition for the roasting. Although all treatment protocols showed some degree of AFs degradation (ranging from 17% to 63%), roasting spiked samples at 120 degrees C for 120 min and 150 degrees C for 30-120 min caused substantial reduction of AFs in samples. Treatment of naturally contaminated whole pistachio kernels at 150 degrees C for 30 min significantly reduced level of AFs contamination in samples. Degradation of AFs was both time and temperature dependent. Roasting at 150 degrees C and 120 min condition degraded more than 95% of AFB1 in pistachio. However, the resulted product was not edible. AFs in form of naturally occurrence were more resistant to degradation with heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Yazdanpanah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
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Sarter S, Zakhia N. Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent assays as innovative prospects for mycotoxin determination in food and feed. LUMINESCENCE 2005; 19:345-51. [PMID: 15558672 DOI: 10.1002/bio.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food and feedstuffs is among the top priorities for human and animal safety. The currently used techniques for mycotoxin determination, either chromatography or ELISA, are unsuitable for routine in-field assessment. There is an urgent need for other accurate, simple and cost-effective techniques that can be used as a screening tool for a rapid estimation of mycotoxin contamination in commodity lots. This paper reviews the literature on the use of chemiluminescence (CL) and bioluminescence (BL) assays for direct or indirect mycotoxin assessment. The chemiluminescence immunoassays, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence and bioassays are reviewed and their advantages and limitations discussed. These techniques used in food testing and the pharmaceutical industry offer promise as rapid techniques for mycotoxin determination. Chemiluminescence and bioluminescence bioassays are the most innovative alternatives to the conventional techniques used for mycotoxin determination in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Sarter
- CIRAD, TA40/16, 73 Rue JF Breton, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Brasel TL, Douglas DR, Wilson SC, Straus DC. Detection of airborne Stachybotrys chartarum macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins on particulates smaller than conidia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:114-22. [PMID: 15640178 PMCID: PMC544211 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.1.114-122.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly respirable particles (diameter, <1 microm) constitute the majority of particulate matter found in indoor air. It is hypothesized that these particles serve as carriers for toxic compounds, specifically the compounds produced by molds in water-damaged buildings. The presence of airborne Stachybotrys chartarum trichothecene mycotoxins on particles smaller than conidia (e.g., fungal fragments) was therefore investigated. Cellulose ceiling tiles with confluent Stachybotrys growth were placed in gas-drying containers through which filtered air was passed. Exiting particulates were collected by using a series of polycarbonate membrane filters with decreasing pore sizes. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to determine the presence of conidia on the filters. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for macrocyclic trichothecenes was used to analyze filter extracts. Cross-reactivity to various mycotoxins was examined to confirm the specificity. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) ELISA binding was observed primarily for macrocyclic trichothecenes at concentrations of 50 and 5 ng/ml and 500 pg/ml (58.4 to 83.5% inhibition). Of the remaining toxins tested, only verrucarol and diacetylverrucarol (nonmacrocyclic trichothecenes) demonstrated significant binding (18.2 and 51.7% inhibition, respectively) and then only at high concentrations. The results showed that extracts from conidium-free filters demonstrated statistically significant (P < 0.05) antibody binding that increased with sampling time (38.4 to 71.9% inhibition, representing a range of 0.5 to 4.0 ng/ml). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis suggested the presence of satratoxin H in conidium-free filter extracts. These data show that S. chartarum trichothecene mycotoxins can become airborne in association with intact conidia or smaller particles. These findings may have important implications for indoor air quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, TTUHSC, 3601 4th St., Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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