1
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Forooghi E, Ahmadi S, Farhoodi M, Mortazavian AM. Migration of Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076, and Titanium dioxide into Doogh and corresponding food simulant from laminated packaging. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:363-373. [PMID: 35669824 PMCID: PMC9163261 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Doogh is a famous Iranian drink based on fermented milk. Laminated film is one of the most common packaging for this beverage in Iran. So, chemical substances of the packaging may migrate to the Doogh and endanger human health. METHOD In this research, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the migration of Irganox 1010 and Irganox 1076 from the contact layer and inductively coupled plasma for Titanium dioxide (TiO2) from the second layer of three-layer laminate films into Doogh and acetic acid 3% (w/v). The influence of different storage temperatures and times was investigated by evaluating the samples stored in various conditions. The morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of the film, before and after contact with food simulant were further studied. RESULT The highest amount of Irganox 1010 concentration of the tested samples were 0.8 ± 0.04 mg/l in acetic acid 3% (w/v), and 0.62 ± 0.04 mg/l in Doogh. The highest amount of TiO2 concentration were 0.25 ± 0.04 mg/l in acetic acid 3% (w/v), and 0.12 ± 0.02 mg/l in Doogh. The migration of Irganox 1076 was determined, but it was not detected. The results indicated that the food simulant had no significant effect on the microstructure and thermal properties of the polymer, but it reduced the mechanical properties. CONCLUSION The results indicate the possible migrating of Irganox 1010 and TiO2 through laminate packaging into Doogh in some storage conditions. Since the migration value was low, the mentioned film was proven safe for Doogh packaging, imposing no hazards on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Forooghi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 7, West Arghavan St., Farahzadi Blvd, P.O. Box 19395-4741, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shervin Ahmadi
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), PO BOX: 14965-115, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoodi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir M. Mortazavian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Douziech M, Benítez-López A, Ernstoff A, Askham C, Hendriks AJ, King H, Huijbregts MAJ. A regression-based model to predict chemical migration from packaging to food. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:469-477. [PMID: 31641273 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Packaging materials can be a source of chemical contaminants in food. Process-based migration models (PMM) predict the chemical fraction transferred from packaging materials to food (FC) for application in prioritisation tools for human exposure. These models, however, have a relatively limited applicability domain and their predictive performance is typically low. To overcome these limitations, we developed a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) to statistically relate measured FC to properties of chemicals, food, packaging, and experimental conditions. We found a negative relationship between the molecular weight (MW) and FC, and a positive relationship with the fat content of the food depending on the octanol-water partitioning coefficient of the migrant. We also showed that large chemicals (MW > 400 g/mol) have a higher migration potential in packaging with low crystallinity compared with high crystallinity. The predictive performance of the LMM for chemicals not included in the database in contact with untested food items but known packaging material was higher (Coefficient of Efficiency (CoE) = 0.21) compared with a recently developed PMM (CoE = -5.24). We conclude that our empirical model is useful to predict chemical migration from packaging to food and prioritise chemicals in the absence of measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Douziech
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ana Benítez-López
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Integrative Ecology, Avd. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41001, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alexi Ernstoff
- Quantis, EPFL Innovation Park-Bâtiment D, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry King
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedfordshire, MK441LQ, UK
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Angellier‐Coussy H, Kemmer D, Gontard N, Peyron S. Physical–chemical and structural stability of PHBV/wheat straw fibers based biocomposites under food contact conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Kemmer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging Freising Germany
| | - Nathalie Gontard
- JRU IATE 1208, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgroUniversity of Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Stéphane Peyron
- JRU IATE 1208, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgroUniversity of Montpellier Montpellier France
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4
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Omari R, Frempong GK, Arthur W. Public perceptions and worry about food safety hazards and risks in Ghana. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Hoppe M, Fornari R, de Voogt P, Franz R. Migration of oligomers from PET: determination of diffusion coefficients and comparison of experimental versus modelled migration. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1251-1260. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1322222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hoppe
- Department Product Safety and Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Fornari
- Department Product Safety and Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Laboratory, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Roland Franz
- Department Product Safety and Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
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Davis N, Danes JE, Vorst K. Sensor array for the detection of organic and inorganic contaminants in post-consumer recycled plastics for food contact. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1681-1689. [PMID: 28447541 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1323277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-consumer recycled (PCR) plastic material is made by collecting used plastic products (e.g., bottles and other plastic packaging materials) and reprocessing them into solid-state pellets or flakes. Plastic recycling has positive environmental benefits, but may also carry potential drawbacks due to unwanted organic and inorganic contaminants. These contaminants can migrate into food packaging made from these recycled plastic materials. The purpose of this research was to identify economically viable real-time monitoring technologies that can be used during the conversion of virgin and recycled resin feedstocks (i.e., various blends of virgin pellets and recycled solid-state pellet or mechanically ground flake) to final articles to ensure the safety, quality and sustainability of packaging feedstocks. Baseline analysis (validation) of real-time technologies was conducted using industry-standard practices for polymer analysis. The data yielded supervised predictive models developed by training sessions completed in a controlled laboratory setting. This technology can be employed to evaluate compliance and aid converters in commodity sourcing of resin without exceeding regulatory thresholds. Furthermore, this technology allowed for real-time decision and diversion strategies during the conversion of resin and flake to final articles or products to minimise the negative impact on human health and environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Davis
- a Polymer and Food Protection Consortium , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA.,b Ideopak , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Jeffrey E Danes
- c Dialogr Systems , San Luis Obispo , CA , USA.,d Cal Poly State University (Emeritus) , San Luis Obispo , CA , USA
| | - Keith Vorst
- a Polymer and Food Protection Consortium , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA.,b Ideopak , Ames , IA , USA
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7
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Farhoodi M, Mohammadifar MA, Mousavi M, Sotudeh-Gharebagh R, Emam-Djomeh Z. Migration Kinetics of Ethylene Glycol Monomer from Pet Bottles into Acidic Food Simulant: Effects of Nanoparticle Presence and Matrix Morphology. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farhoodi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; 7, West Arghavan St., Farahzadi Blvd., P.O. Box 19395-4741 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Mohammadifar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; 7, West Arghavan St., Farahzadi Blvd., P.O. Box 19395-4741 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Mousavi
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering; University of Tehran; Karaj Iran
| | - Rahmat Sotudeh-Gharebagh
- Multiphase Systems Research Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Emam-Djomeh
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering; University of Tehran; Karaj Iran
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Maia J, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R, Cruz JM, Seiler A, Franz R, Simoneau C, Castle L, Driffield M, Mercea P, Oldring P, Tosa V, Paseiro P. Determination of key diffusion and partition parameters and their use in migration modelling of benzophenone from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into different foodstuffs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:715-24. [PMID: 26892649 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1156165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mass transport process (migration) of a model substance, benzophenone (BZP), from LDPE into selected foodstuffs at three temperatures was studied. A mathematical model based on Fick's Second Law of Diffusion was used to simulate the migration process and a good correlation between experimental and predicted values was found. The acquired results contribute to a better understanding of this phenomenon and the parameters so-derived were incorporated into the migration module of the recently launched FACET tool (Flavourings, Additives and Food Contact Materials Exposure Tool). The migration tests were carried out at different time-temperature conditions, and BZP was extracted from LDPE and analysed by HPLC-DAD. With all data, the parameters for migration modelling (diffusion and partition coefficients) were calculated. Results showed that the diffusion coefficients (within both the polymer and the foodstuff) are greatly affected by the temperature and food's physical state, whereas the partition coefficient was affected significantly only by food characteristics, particularly fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Maia
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Raquel Sendón
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - José Manuel Cruz
- b Industrial Engineering School , University of Vigo , Vigo , Spain
| | - Annika Seiler
- c Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV , Freising , Germany
| | - Roland Franz
- c Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV , Freising , Germany
| | - Catherine Simoneau
- d European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre , Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Unit Chemical Assessment and Testing , Ispra (Va) , Italy
| | - Laurence Castle
- e The Food and Environment Research Agency , Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs , York , UK
| | - Malcolm Driffield
- e The Food and Environment Research Agency , Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs , York , UK
| | | | | | - Valer Tosa
- h National Institute for Research and Development of Molecular and Isotopic Technologies , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Perfecto Paseiro
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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9
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Farhoodi M. Nanocomposite Materials for Food Packaging Applications: Characterization and Safety Evaluation. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-015-9114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Chea V, Angellier-Coussy H, Peyron S, Kemmer D, Gontard N. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) films for food packaging: Physical-chemical and structural stability under food contact conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vorleak Chea
- Unité Mixte de Recherche « Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes », INRA/ENSA.M/UMII/CIRAD; Université Montpellier II; CC023, pl. E Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Hélène Angellier-Coussy
- Unité Mixte de Recherche « Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes », INRA/ENSA.M/UMII/CIRAD; Université Montpellier II; CC023, pl. E Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Stéphane Peyron
- Unité Mixte de Recherche « Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes », INRA/ENSA.M/UMII/CIRAD; Université Montpellier II; CC023, pl. E Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Diana Kemmer
- Fraunhofer IVV; Giggenhauser Straße 35 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Nathalie Gontard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche « Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes », INRA/ENSA.M/UMII/CIRAD; Université Montpellier II; CC023, pl. E Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex France
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11
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Gratia A, Merlet D, Ducruet V, Lyathaud C. A comprehensive NMR methodology to assess the composition of biobased and biodegradable polymers in contact with food. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:477-485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Dombre C, Marais S, Chappey C, Lixon-Buquet C, Chalier P. The behaviour of wine aroma compounds related to structure and barrier properties of virgin, recycled and active PET membranes. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Khaneghah AM, Limbo S, Shoeibi S, Mazinani S. HPLC study of migration of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid from PET bottles into edible oils. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:2205-2209. [PMID: 24343590 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers for food oil packaging were evaluated with a newly established determination method for terephthalic acid (TPA) and isophthalic acid (IPA). The analysis of monomers, TPA and IPA that migrate from PET bottles into oils was performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. Three types of commercial oils (sunflower oil, canola oil and blended oil which included sunflower oil, soy bean oil and cottonseed oil) were bottled in PET containers. These samples were incubated for 10 days at 49 °C as accelerated test condition. RESULTS The means of recovery for this method varied from 70% to 72% and from 101% to 111% for TPA and IPA, respectively. The results showed that the amounts of specific migration of TPA and IPA into the samples conform to European Union legislation that identifies specific migration limits. More important, the results highlighted a different behavior of migration as a function of the fatty acid profile. CONCLUSION Previous investigations have been performed with food simulants such as HB307 or 20% ethanol but our study used real food samples and determined trace amounts of the migrated compounds. Further investigation will be needed to better explain the influence of fatty acid conformation on migration of PET monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Welle F. Food Law Compliance of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) Food Packaging Materials. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1162.ch016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Welle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Nerin C, Alfaro P, Aznar M, Domeño C. The challenge of identifying non-intentionally added substances from food packaging materials: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 775:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Experimental and theoretical study of LDPE: Evaluation of different food simulants and temperatures. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Cruz SA, Oliveira ÉC, Oliveira FCSD, Garcia PS, Kaneko MLQA. Polímeros reciclados para contato com alimentos. POLIMEROS 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282011005000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Os resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSUs) são atualmente um dos maiores problemas ambientais, por serem gerados em grande quantidade e ocuparem extensos espaços por um longo período, resultando na diminuição do tempo de vida útil dos aterros sanitários. Os polímeros constituem um grande percentual da composição do RSUs, sendo que as embalagens plásticas contribuem com maior volume e massa. Apesar da reciclagem de polímeros estarem se consolidando no Brasil, graças ao seu mercado ascendente e promissor, existem ainda restrições quanto a sua utilização em contato com alimentos devido aos eventuais processos de migração de contaminantes que podem ocorrer da resina reciclada para o alimento. Por outro lado, dados recentes do setor indicam que a maior parte do consumo de resina virgem é destinada, justamente, para o mercado de embalagens alimentícias. Assim, o desenvolvimento e o gerenciamento de tecnologias que possibilitem o retorno destes materiais a sua aplicação original é de grande importância para sociedade contemporânea. Em um panorama geral, este trabalho aborda as exigências e limitações do uso de polímeros reciclados para contato com alimentos.
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Félix JS, Alfaro P, Nerín C. Pros and cons of analytical methods to quantify surrogate contaminants from the challenge test in recycled polyethylene terephthalate. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 687:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Franz R, Welle F. Migration measurement and modelling from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) into soft drinks and fruit juices in comparison with food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:1033-46. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030701837381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Park HJ, Lee Y, Kim MR, Kim K. Safety of Polyethylene Terephthalate Food Containers Evaluated by HPLC, Migration Test, and Estimated Daily Intake. J Food Sci 2008; 73:T83-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Coulier L, Orbons HG, Rijk R. Analytical protocol to study the food safety of (multiple-)recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) crates: Influence of recycling on the migration and formation of degradation products. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Development of an in-house method for the incorporation of model migrants in polyethylene films and determination of diffusion constants in food. Eur Food Res Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-007-0665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dole P, Voulzatis Y, Vitrac O, Reynier A, Hankemeier T, Aucejo S, Feigenbaum A. Modelling of migration from multi-layers and functional barriers: Estimation of parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:1038-52. [PMID: 16982526 DOI: 10.1080/02652030600658003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Functional barriers form parts of multi-layer packaging materials, which are deemed to protect the food from migration of a broad range of contaminants, e.g. those associated with reused packaging. Often, neither the presence nor the identity of the contaminants is known, so that safety assessment of the materials has to rely on predictive tools. Several complementary freeware described here allow one to model diffusion in multi-layer films. These tools require the input of parameters that are not easy to determine or predict. Previous work has focused on the prediction of diffusion coefficients at storage temperatures of packaging in contact with food. However, many other kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are needed to describe transport properties during the processing of a material at high temperature and during its shelf-life. All parameters needed for the calculations are discussed. In order to propose default values, the approach consists of (1) reviewing the available literature data, (2) running experiments on polypropylene, polyethylene and poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) in typical conditions (separately diffusion during processing and migration) and (3) simulating numerical sets for typical situations. Several freeware are proposed to simulate migration from multi-layers and functional barriers using the default parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dole
- INRA UMR FARE, Moulin de la Housse, F-51687 Reims, BP 1039, France
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24
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Dole P, Feigenbaum AE, De La Cruz C, Pastorelli S, Paseiro P, Hankemeier T, Voulzatis Y, Aucejo S, Saillard P, Papaspyrides C. Typical diffusion behaviour in packaging polymers – application to functional barriers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:202-11. [PMID: 16449064 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500373661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
When plastics are collected for recycling, possibly contaminated articles might be recycled into food packaging, and thus the contaminants might subsequently migrate into the food. Multilayer functional barriers may be used to delay and to reduce such migration. The contribution of the work reported here is to establish reference values (at 40 degrees C) of diffusion coefficients and of activation energies to predict the functional barrier efficiency of a broad range of polymers (polyolefins, polystyrene, polyamide, PVC, PET, PVDC, [ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer], polyacrylonitrile and [ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer]). Diffusion coefficients (D) and activation energies (Ea) were measured and were compiled together with literature data. This allowed identification of new trends for the log D=f(molecular weight) relationships. The slopes were a function of the barrier efficiency of the polymer and temperature. The apparent activation energy of diffusion displayed two domains of variation with molecular weight (M). For low M (gases), there was little variation of Ea. Focusing on larger molecules, high barrier polymers displayed a larger dependence of Ea with M. The apparent activation energy decreased with T. These results suggest a discontinuity between rubbery and glassy polymers.
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