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Qiu Y, Yan J, Yue A, Lu Z, Tan J, Guo H, Ding Y, Lyu F, Fu Y. A comprehensive review of biodetoxification of trichothecenes: Mechanisms, limitations and novel strategies. Food Res Int 2024; 184:114275. [PMID: 38609252 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are Fusarium mycotoxins with sesquiterpenoid structure, which are widely occurred in grains. Due to high efficiency and environmental friendliness, biological detoxification methods have been of great interest to treat this global food and feed safety concern. This review summarized the biological detoxification methods of trichothecenes from three aspects, biosorption, biotransformation and biotherapy. The detoxification efficiency, characteristics, mechanisms and limitations of different strategies were discussed in detail. Computer-aided design will bring a new research paradigm for more efficient discovery of biodetoxifier. Integrating different detoxification approaches assisted with computational tools will become a promising research direction in the future, which will help to maximize the detoxification effect, or provide precise detoxification programs for the coexistence of various toxins at different levels in actual production. In addition, technical and regulatory issues in practical application were also discussed. These findings contribute to the exploration of efficient, applicable and sustainable methods for trichothecenes detoxification, ensuring the safety of food and feed to reduce the deleterious effects of trichothecenes on humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Tech Bank Food Co Ltd, Yuyao City, Zhejiang 315400, China
| | - Jiaping Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Aodong Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhongchao Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianzhuang Tan
- Tech Bank Food Co Ltd, Yuyao City, Zhejiang 315400, China
| | - Hong Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuting Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Fei Lyu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yan Fu
- Tech Bank Food Co Ltd, Yuyao City, Zhejiang 315400, China
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Mileva R, Petkova T, Yaneva Z, Milanova A. Investigation of the Effect of pH on the Adsorption-Desorption of Doxycycline in Feed for Small Ruminants. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020268. [PMID: 36830179 PMCID: PMC9952683 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Orally administered tetracycline antibiotics interact with feed, which may impact their bioavailability and efficacy. Therefore, the pH-dependent adsorption of doxycycline and its interaction with feed for ruminants was studied in vitro. Adsorption experiments on animal feed (135 and 270 mg) with initial doxycycline concentrations of 35, 75, and 150 µg/mL were performed. Desorption experiments were conducted by agitation of a predetermined mass of doxycycline-loaded animal feed in PBS, at pH = 3.0, 6.0, and 7.4, to simulate changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Antibiotic concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. The adsorption/desorption of doxycycline was described by mathematical models. Chemisorption with strong intermolecular interactions between the active functional groups of doxycycline and the organic biomass was found. The experimental release curve comprised three sections: initial prolonged 27-30% release (pH = 6.0), followed by moderate 56-59% release (pH = 3.0), and final 63-74% release (pH = 7.4). The sigmoidal model showed a considerable role of diffusion with an initial prevalence of desorption and a decreased desorption rate thereafter. The Weibull equation revealed an initial release stage followed by a lag time section and sustained release. The study of doxycycline adsorption by the animal feed proved a maximum 80% encapsulation efficiency and revealed initial diffusion followed by chemisorption. The highest release efficiency of 74% suggests high bioavailability of doxycycline after oral administration in ruminants.
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Xu R, Kiarie EG, Yiannikouris A, Sun L, Karrow NA. Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:69. [PMID: 35672806 PMCID: PMC9175326 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are commonly detected as natural contaminants in agricultural commodities worldwide. Mycotoxin exposure can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans when found in animal feeds and food products, and at lower concentrations can affect animal performance by disrupting nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism, and animal physiology. Thus, mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds represents a significant issue to the livestock industry and is a health threat to food animals. Since prevention of mycotoxin formation is difficult to undertake to avoid contamination, mitigation strategies are needed. This review explores how the mycotoxins aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A impose nutritional and metabolic effects on food animals and summarizes mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of mycotoxicity.
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Safety assessment of Asterarcys quadricellulare, a microalga, with applications in poultry and livestock feed. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 129:105126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bruinenberg PG, Castex M. Evaluation of a Yeast Hydrolysate from a Novel Strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Mycotoxin Mitigation using In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:toxins14010007. [PMID: 35050984 PMCID: PMC8779798 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxicoses in animals are caused by exposure to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds. Disease risk is managed using dietary adsorbing agents which reduce oral bioavailability. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of three selected yeast products as mycotoxin binders using in vitro and in vivo models. Their capacity to adsorb deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and ochratoxin A (OTA) was evaluated using an in vitro model designed to simulate the pH conditions during gastric passage in a monogastric animal. Results showed that only one product, an enzymatic yeast hydrolysate (YHY) of a novel strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae, adsorbed about 45% of DON in solution. Next, we determined the effect of YHY on oral absorption of a DON, ZEA, and OTA mixture using a toxicokinetic model in swine. Toxicokinetic modeling of the plasma concentration-time profiles of DON, OTA, and zearalenone-glucuronide (ZEA-GlcA) showed that YHY tended to reduce the maximal plasma concentration of OTA by 17%. YHY did not reduce oral bioavailability of OTA, DON, and ZEA-GlcA. Within the context of this experiment, and despite some positive indications from both the in vitro and in vivo models employed, we conclude that the YHY prototype was not an effective agent for multiple mycotoxin adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gerard Bruinenberg
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-622482661
| | - Mathieu Castex
- Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, BP 59, CEDEX, 31702 Blagnac, France;
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Vanhoutte I, Vande Ginste J, Verstringe S, Vidal A, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Audenaert K, De Gelder L. Development of an in vitro gastro-intestinal pig model to screen potential detoxifying agents for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:488-500. [PMID: 33480829 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1865577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin with worldwide high incidence in feed which is produced by Fusarium species. Strategies are needed to eliminate its health risk for livestock and to minimise its economic impact on production. In order to assess the efficacy of potential physical, chemical and biological DON detoxifying agents, a good in vitro model is necessary to perform a fast and high-throughput screening of new compounds before in vivo trials are set up. In this paper, an in vitro model was developed to screen potential commercial products for DON degradation and detoxification. Contaminated feed with potential detoxifying agents are first applied to a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of a pig, after which detoxification is assessed through a robust, inexpensive and readily applicable Lemna minor L. aquatic plant bioassay which enables evaluation of the residual toxicity of possible metabolites formed by DON detoxifying agents. The GIT simulation enables taking matrix and incubation parameters into account as they can affect the binding, removal or degradation of DON. One product could reduce DON in feed in the GIT model for almost 100% after 6 h. DON metabolites were tentatively identified with LC-MS/MS. This GIT simulation coupled to a detoxification bioassay is a valuable model for in vitro screening and assessing compounds for DON detoxification, and could be expanded towards other mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vanhoutte
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Arnau Vidal
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen De Gelder
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Peivasteh-Roudsari L, Pirhadi M, Shahbazi R, Eghbaljoo-Gharehgheshlaghi H, Sepahi M, Mirza Alizadeh A, Tajdar-oranj B, Jazaeri S. Mycotoxins: Impact on Health and Strategies for Prevention and Detoxification in the Food Chain. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1858858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Peivasteh-Roudsari
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Pirhadi
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Shahbazi
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Eghbaljoo-Gharehgheshlaghi
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Sepahi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilam , Ilam, Iran
| | - Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Tajdar-oranj
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Jazaeri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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Raj J, Vasiljević M, Tassis P, Farkaš H, Männer K. Efficacy of a multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent on concurrent exposure to zearalenone and T-2 mycotoxin in weaned pigs. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu Y, Galani Yamdeu JH, Gong YY, Orfila C. A review of postharvest approaches to reduce fungal and mycotoxin contamination of foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1521-1560. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Nutritional Science and Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and NutritionUniversity of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Joseph Hubert Galani Yamdeu
- Nutritional Science and Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and NutritionUniversity of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- Nutritional Science and Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and NutritionUniversity of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Caroline Orfila
- Nutritional Science and Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and NutritionUniversity of Leeds Leeds UK
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Xu R, Karrow NA, Shandilya UK, Sun LH, Kitazawa H. In-Vitro Cell Culture for Efficient Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Mitigation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E146. [PMID: 32120954 PMCID: PMC7150844 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that commonly contaminate crops and food by-products and thus, animal feed. Ingestion of mycotoxins can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans, and at subclinical concentrations may affect animal production and adulterate feed and animal by-products. Mycotoxicity mechanisms of action (MOA) are largely unknown, and co-contamination, which is often the case, raises the likelihood of mycotoxin interactions. Mitigation strategies for reducing the risk of mycotoxicity are diverse and may not necessarily provide protection against all mycotoxins. These factors, as well as the species-specific risk of toxicity, collectively make an assessment of exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation very challenging and costly; thus, in-vitro cell culture models provide a useful tool for their initial assessment. Since ingestion is the most common route of mycotoxin exposure, the intestinal epithelial barrier comprised of epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells such as macrophages, represents ground zero where mycotoxins are absorbed, biotransformed, and elicit toxicity. This article aims to review different in-vitro IEC or co-culture models that can be used for assessing mycotoxin exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation, and their suitability and limitations for the safety assessment of animal foods and food by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Lv-hui Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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Mendel M, Karlik W, Chłopecka M. The impact of chlorophyllin on deoxynivalenol transport across jejunum mucosa explants obtained from adult pigs. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:187-196. [PMID: 30710317 PMCID: PMC6478627 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regardless of the efforts put into preventing or reducing fungal growth, extensive mycotoxin contamination has been reported in animal feeds. In the case of pigs, one of the mycotoxins of major concern is deoxynivalenol (DON). The use of adsorbents as feed additives represents one of the strategies to control mycotoxins' contamination in feedstuff. Therefore, the aim of the study was to verify the ability of chlorophyllin (CHL) to reduce the absorption rate of DON in swine mucosa explants. Intestine was obtained from routinely slaughtered adult pigs. The mucosa explants were studied by means of Ussing chamber technique. The effect of DON (10 and 30 μg/ml) on mucosa viability and permeability and CHL (100 μg/ml) impact on DON (30 μg/ml) absorption was verified. The results revealed that mucosa explants isolated from adult animals remained unaffected for 90 min in the presence of DON in the lower concentration (10 μg/ml). Mycotoxin in the higher dose (30 μg/ml) increased mucosa permeability (decreased transepithelial electrical resistance value) and enhanced paracellular transport of lucifer yellow and mannitol but did not affect lactate dehydrogenase leakage. The introduction of CHL neither diminished the absorption rate of DON across swine mucosa explants nor prevented the toxic effects of DON on intestine. In conclusion, the results confirm the negative effect of DON on pig jejunum mucosa. However, the toxic effect of DON was observed only when it was used in relatively high doses. A promising adsorbent agent, CHL, failed to reduce the intensity of DON transport across intestine under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mendel
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 8 Ciszewskiego St, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Karlik
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 8 Ciszewskiego St, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chłopecka
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 8 Ciszewskiego St, Warsaw, Poland
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Cambaza E, Koseki S, Kawamura S. Why RGB Imaging Should be Used to Analyze Fusarium Graminearum Growth and Estimate Deoxynivalenol Contamination. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:mps2010025. [PMID: 31164606 PMCID: PMC6481049 DOI: 10.3390/mps2010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Size-based fungal growth studies are limited because they do not provide information about the mold’s state of maturity, and measurements such as radius and diameter are not practical if the fungus grows irregularly. Furthermore, the current methods used to detect diseases such as Fusarium head blight (FHB) or mycotoxin contamination are labor-intensive and time consuming. FHB is frequently detected through visual examination and the results can be subjective, depending on the skills and experience of the analyzer. For toxin determination (e.g., deoxynivalenol (DON), the best methods are expensive, not practical for routine. RGB (red, green and blue) imaging analysis is a viable alternative that is inexpensive, easy to use and seemingly better if enhanced with statistical methods. This short communication explains why RGB imaging analysis should be used instead of size-based variables as a tool to measure growth of Fusarium graminearum and DON concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Cambaza
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, nr. Maputo 3453, Mozambique.
| | - Shigenobu Koseki
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan.
| | - Shuso Kawamura
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan.
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Prapapanpong J, Udomkusonsri P, Mahavorasirikul W, Choochuay S, Tansakul N. In vitro studies on gastrointestinal monogastric and avian models to evaluate the binding efficacy of mycotoxin adsorbents by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:125-132. [PMID: 31453181 PMCID: PMC6702928 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is evaluating the efficacies of 11 mycotoxin adsorbent products, marketed in South East Asia. Three prominently occurring mycotoxins; aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) were simultaneously spiked into the samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were simultaneously tested in vitro in phosphate buffer and simulated at different pH conditions in the gastrointestinal tracts of the porcine and avian model, analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS All mycotoxin adsorbent products had high efficacy at over 90% for AFB1 adsorption in both GI porcine and avian models. AFB1 could be adsorbed more in acidic condition than the basic condition. ZEN adsorption was determined to be more stable at pH 3 than pH 6.5 or 8.4, in which pH condition might influence on ZEN desorption rate. DON was poorly adsorbed by all tested agents. CONCLUSIONS The finding showed that the adsorption rate varied depending on the type of adsorbent. Our results might provide useful information regarding the efficacy of mycotoxin adsorbents commercially marketed in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Prapapanpong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pareeya Udomkusonsri
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wiratchanee Mahavorasirikul
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and Technology,Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| | - Sasiprapa Choochuay
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthasit Tansakul
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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A review of the mycotoxin adsorbing agents, with an emphasis on their multi-binding capacity, for animal feed decontamination. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:246-259. [PMID: 29476792 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of animal feed with mycotoxins still occurs very often, despite great efforts in preventing it. Animal feeds are contaminated, at low levels, with several mycotoxins, particularly with those produced by Aspergillus and Fusarium genera (Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol and Fumonisina B1). In animal feed, to date, only Aflatoxin B1 is limited through EU regulation. Consequently, mycotoxins cause serious disorders and diseases in farm animals. In 2009, the European Union (386/2009/EC) approved the use of mycotoxin-detoxifying agents, as feed additives, to prevent mycotoxicoses in farm animals. The present review gives an overview of the problem of multi-mycotoxin contamination of feed, and aims to classify mycotoxin adsorbing agents (minerals, organic, and synthetic) for feed decontamination, focusing on adsorbents with the ability to bind to multiple mycotoxins, which should have a more effective application in farms but they are still little studied in scientific literature.
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Ribosome quality control is a central protection mechanism for yeast exposed to deoxynivalenol and trichothecin. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:417. [PMID: 27245696 PMCID: PMC4888481 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and trichothecin (TTC) are inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Their effect on cellular homeostasis is poorly understood. We report a systematic functional investigation of the effect of DON and TTC on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using genetic array, network and microarray analysis. To focus the genetic analysis on intracellular consequences of toxin action we eliminated the PDR5 gene coding for a potent pleiotropic drug efflux protein potentially confounding results. We therefore used a knockout library with a pdr5Δ strain background. Results DON or TTC treatment creates a fitness bottleneck connected to ribosome efficiency. Genes isolated by systematic genetic array analysis as contributing to toxin resistance function in ribosome quality control, translation fidelity, and in transcription. Mutants in the E3 ligase Hel2, involved in ribosome quality control, and several members of the Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex were highly sensitive to DON. DON and TTC have similar genetic profiles despite their different toxic potency. Network analysis shows a coherent and tight network of genetic interactions among the DON and TTC resistance conferring gene products. The networks exhibited topological properties commonly associated with efficient processing of information. Many sensitive mutants have a "slow growth" gene expression signature. DON-exposed yeast cells increase transcripts of ribosomal protein and histone genes indicating an internal signal for growth enhancement. Conclusions The combination of gene expression profiling and analysis of mutants reveals cellular pathways which become bottlenecks under DON and TTC stress. These are generally directly or indirectly connected to ribosome biosynthesis such as the general secretory pathway, cytoskeleton, cell cycle delay, ribosome synthesis and translation quality control. Gene expression profiling points to an increased demand of ribosomal components and does not reveal activation of stress pathways. Our analysis highlights ribosome quality control and a contribution of a histone deacetylase complex as main sources of resistance against DON and TTC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2718-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Cheli F, Giromini C, Baldi A. Mycotoxin mechanisms of action and health impact: ‘in vitro’ or ‘in vivo’ tests, that is the question. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present examples of in vitro and in vivo tests for mycotoxin mechanisms of action and evaluation of health effects, with a focus on the gut environment and toxicity testing. In vivo investigations may provide information on the net effects of mycotoxins in whole animals, whereas in vitro models represent effective tools to perform simplified experiments under uniform and well-controlled conditions and a suitable alternative to in vivo animal testing providing insights not achievable with animal studies. The main limits of in vitro models are the lack of interactions with other cells and extracellular factors, lack of hormonal or immunological influences, and lack or different levels of in vitro expression of genes involved in the overall response to mycotoxins. The translation of in vitro data into meaningful in vivo effects remains an unsolved problem. The main issues to be considered are the mycotoxin concentration range in accordance with levels encountered in realistic situations, the identification of reliable biomarkers of mycotoxin toxicity, the measurement of the chronic toxicity, the evaluation of single- or multi-toxin challenge. The gastrointestinal wall is the first barrier preventing the entry of undesirable substances. The intestinal epithelium can be exposed to high concentrations of mycotoxins upon ingestion of contaminated food and the amount of mycotoxin consumed via food does not always reflect the amount available to exert toxic actions in a target organ. In vitro digestion models in combination with intestinal epithelial cells are powerful tools to screen and predict the in vivo bioavailability and digestibility of mycotoxins in contaminated food and correctly estimate health effects. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo tests are complementary approaches for providing a more accurate picture of the health impact of mycotoxins and improved understanding and evaluation of relevant dietary exposure and risk scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
| | - C. Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
| | - A. Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
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de Souza A, Borsato D, Lofrano A, de Oliveira A, Ono M, Bordini J, Hirozawa M, Yabe M, Ono E. In vitro removal of deoxynivalenol by a mixture of organic and inorganic adsorbents. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a mixture of inorganic (activated carbon) and organic (yeast cell wall) adsorbents on in vitro removal of deoxynivalenol (DON). The study was carried out using a 24 incomplete factorial design with three replications at the central point, totalling 11 experiments. The independent variables were pH (3.0, 5.0 and 7.0), adsorbent concentration (0.2, 1.1 and 2.0%), DON concentration (2,500, 5,000 and 7,500 ng/ml) and ratio of activated carbon and yeast cell wall (0:100, 15:85 and 30:70), evaluated at 30, 60 and 90 min incubation periods. The highest percentage of adsorption occurred with 2.0% activated carbon and yeast cell wall at 30:70 ratio (≯95.6%) for 30, 60 and 90 min. The lowest adsorption was detected using 0.2% of activated carbon and yeast cell wall at 0:100 ratio (from 14.4 to 77.3%). The pH values (3.0, 5.0 and 7.0) showed no influence on the adsorption of DON in vitro only at 2.0% inclusion level. The predictive model of integrated optimisation of the independent variables of in vitro DON adsorption describes that the maximum adsorption (100%) occurs when the variables pH and adsorbent concentration are set at +1 coded level (pH 7.0 and 2.0%, respectively) and the toxin concentration and the ratio of activated carbon and yeast cell wall at -1 coded level (2,500 ng/ml and 30:70, respectively) for 30, 60 and 90 min. Statistical analysis showed that the equation model obtained can be applied to predict the adsorption percentage of DON in vitro and that the mixture of activated carbon and yeast cell wall at a 2.0% concentration was effective from pH 3.0 to 7.0, which is the range found in the gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals, thus indicating its potential to minimise the contamination risk by DON. Nevertheless, in vivo efficacy of activated carbon and yeast cell wall at 30:70 ratio should be confirmed with animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.F. de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - D. Borsato
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A.D. Lofrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A.S. de Oliveira
- SLO Agropecuary and Biotechnology Ltd., P.O. Box 226, 86180-970, Cambé, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M.A. Ono
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J.G. Bordini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M.T. Hirozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M.J.S. Yabe
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E.Y.S. Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Efficacy of active carbon towards the absorption of deoxynivalenol in pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2998-3004. [PMID: 25337799 PMCID: PMC4210882 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6102998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to assess the in vivo efficacy of mycotoxin binders, specific toxicokinetic parameters should be measured according to European guidelines. For this purpose, an absorption model in pigs is described with emphasis on absorption kinetics. Pigs received a single oral bolus of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol alone or in combination with active carbon (applied as mycotoxin binder). After administration of deoxynivalenol alone, significant plasma amounts of deoxynivalenol were detected and kinetic parameters were calculated using a one compartmental model. Activated carbon completely prevented the absorption of deoxynivalenol as no plasma amounts could be detected.
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Development of an in vitro method for the prediction of mycotoxin binding on yeast-based products: case of aflatoxin B₁, zearalenone and ochratoxin A. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7583-96. [PMID: 25016345 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To date, no official method is available to accurately define the binding capacity of binders. The goal is to define general in vitro parameters (equilibrium time, pH, mycotoxin/binder ratio) for the determination of binding efficacy, which can be used to calculate the relevant equilibrium adsorption constants. For this purpose, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA) or ochratoxin A (OTA) were incubated with one yeast cell wall in pH 3, pH 5 or pH 7 buffers. The percentage of adsorption was recorded by quantitation of remaining mycotoxins in the supernatant and amount of mycotoxin adsorbed on the residue. The incubation of yeast cell wall in the presence of mycotoxins solved in buffer, lead to unexpected high adsorption percentage when the analysis was based only on remaining mycotoxins in the supernatant. The decrease of mycotoxins in the supernatant was not correlated to the amount of mycotoxins found in the residue. For this reason we modified the conditions of incubation. Yeast cell wall (5 mg) was pre-incubated in buffer (990 μl) at 37 °C during 5 min and then 10 μl of an alcoholic solution of mycotoxin (concentration 100 times higher than the final concentration required in the test tube) were added. After incubation, the solution was centrifuged, and the amount of mycotoxins were analysed both in the supernatant and in the residue. A plateau of binding was reached after 15 min of incubation whatever the mycotoxins and the concentrations tested. The adsorption of ZEA was better at pH 5 (75 %), versus 60 % at pH 3 and 7. OTA was only significantly adsorbed at pH 3 (50 %). Depending on the pH, the adsorptions of OTA or ZEA were increased or decreased when they were together, indicative of a cooperative effect.
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Di Gregorio MC, Neeff DVD, Jager AV, Corassin CH, Carão ÁCDP, Albuquerque RD, Azevedo ACD, Oliveira CAF. Mineral adsorbents for prevention of mycotoxins in animal feeds. TOXIN REV 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2014.905604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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An in vitro model using the IPEC-J2 cell line for efficacy and drug interaction testing of mycotoxin detoxifying agents. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Devreese M, Osselaere A, Goossens J, Vandenbroucke V, De Baere S, Eeckhout M, De Backer P, Croubels S. New bolus models forin vivoefficacy testing of mycotoxin-detoxifying agents in relation to EFSA guidelines, assessed using deoxynivalenol in broiler chickens. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1101-7. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.671788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Santos R, Vermeulen S, Haritova A, Fink-Gremmels J. Isotherm modeling of organic activated bentonite and humic acid polymer used as mycotoxin adsorbents. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1578-89. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.595014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kolosova A, Stroka J. Substances for reduction of the contamination of feed by mycotoxins: a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The global occurrence of mycotoxins is considered to be a major risk factor for human and animal health. Contamination of different agricultural commodities with mycotoxins still occurs despite the most strenuous prevention efforts. As a result, mycotoxin contaminated feed can cause serious disorders and diseases in farm animals. A number of approaches, such as physical and chemical detoxification procedures, have been used to counteract mycotoxins. However, only a few of them have practical application. A recent and promising approach to protect animals against the harmful effects of mycotoxin contaminated feed is the use of substances for reduction of the contamination of feed by mycotoxins. These substances, so-called mycotoxin binders (MB), are added to the diet in order to reduce the absorption of mycotoxins from the gastrointestinal tract and their distribution to blood and target organs, thus preventing or reducing mycotoxicosis in livestock. Recently, the use of such substances as technological feed additives has been officially allowed in the European Union. The efficacy of MB appears to depend on the properties of both the binder and the mycotoxin. Depending on their mode of action, these feed additives may act either by binding mycotoxins to their surface (adsorption), or by degrading or transforming them into less toxic metabolites (biotransformation). Biotransformation can be achieved by mycotoxin-degrading enzymes or by microorganisms producing such enzymes. Various inorganic adsorbents, such as hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, zeolites, bentonites, clays, and activated carbons, have been tested and used as MB. An interesting alternative to inorganic adsorbents for the detoxification of mycotoxins is the use of organic binders, such as yeast cell wall components, synthetic polymers (cholestyramine, polyvinylpyrrolidone), humic substances and dietary fibres. This paper gives an overview of the current knowledge and situation in the field of MB. The most important types of MB, mechanism of their action, and their application as a part of general strategy to counteract mycotoxins are described in this review. Recent advances in the use and study of MB, as well as data of their in vitro and in vivo effectiveness are given. Problems, potential, current trends and perspectives associated with the use of MB are discussed as well in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kolosova
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Joint Research Center, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - J. Stroka
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Joint Research Center, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
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