Water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions loaded with chlorogenic acid: release mechanisms and oxidative stability

Bioaccessibility of chlorogenic acid and curcumin co-encapsulated in double emulsions with the inner interface stabilized by functionalized silica nanoparticles

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of chlorogenic acid (CA) and curcumin co-encapsulated in Pickering double emulsions (DEs) with the inner interface stabilized by hydrophobically modified silica nanoparticles with myristic acid (SNPs-C14) or tocopherol succinate (SNPs-TS). Both SNPs-C14 and SNPs-TS showed contact angles > 90°. Pickering W1/O emulsions were formulated with 4 % of both types of SNPs. Pickering DEs showed higher creaming stability (5-7 %, day 42) and higher CA encapsulation efficiency (EE; 80 %) than control DE. The EE of curcumin was > 98 % in all the DEs. CA was steadily released from Pickering DEs during digestion, achieving bioaccessibility values of 58-60 %. Curcumin was released during the intestinal phase (∼80 % bioaccessibility in all DEs). Co-loaded DEs showed similar bioaccessibility for CA and curcumin than single-loaded. SNPs-C14 and SNPs-TS were suitable to stabilize the W1:O interface of DEs as co-delivery systems of bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties.

Fabrication and characterization of salidroside W/O/W emulsion with sodium alginate

Salidroside (Sal), the main bioactive substance in Rhodiola rosea, is a promising functional food component with a wide range of pharmacological effects, but its biological activity is challenging to sustain due to its short half-life, low oral bioavailability, and susceptibility to environmental factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium alginate (SA) concentration on the construction of W/O/W emulsion in the protection of Sal. With the escalation of SA concentrations, the range of droplet size distribution was smaller and the droplets were more uniform. When the concentration of SA was 2 %, the average droplet size reached 9.1 ± 0.1 μm, and the encapsulation efficiency of Sal was 77.8 ± 1.8 %. Moreover, the double emulsion with 2 % SA was the most stable for 28 days at 4 °C since the oil droplets were embedded in the network structure of SA.

Unleashing the power of chlorogenic acid: exploring its potential in nutrition delivery and the food industry

In the contemporary era, heightened emphasis on health and safety has emerged as a paramount concern among individuals with food. The concepts of "natural" and "green" have progressively asserted dominance in the food consumption market. Consequently, through continuous exploration and development, an escalating array of natural bioactive ingredients is finding application in both nutrition delivery and the broader food industry. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a polyphenolic compound widely distributed in various plants in nature, has garnered significant attention. Abundant research underscores CGA's robust biological activity, showcasing notable preventive and therapeutic efficacy across diverse diseases. This article commences with a comprehensive overview, summarizing the dietary sources and primary biological activities of CGA. These encompass antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective activities. Next, a comprehensive overview of the current research on nutrient delivery systems incorporating CGA is provided. This exploration encompasses nanoparticle, liposome, hydrogel, and emulsion delivery systems. Additionally, the article explores the latest applications of CGA in the food industry. Serving as a cutting-edge theoretical foundation, this paper contributes to the design and development of CGA in the realms of nutrition delivery and the food industry. Finally, the article presents informed speculations and considerations for the future development of CGA.

Antioxidant potential of chlorogenic acid in Age-Related eye diseases

Oxidative stress is an important mechanism of aging, and in turn, aging can also aggravate oxidative stress, which leads to a vicious cycle. In the process of the brain converting light into visual signals, the eye is stimulated by harmful blue-light radiation directly. Thus, the eye is especially vulnerable to oxidative stress and becomes one of the organs most seriously involved during the aging process. Cataracts, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and dry eye are inextricably linked to the aging process and oxidative stress. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and its validity has been established experimentally in numerous fields, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, cancers, and other chronic diseases. There has previously been evidence of CGA's therapeutic effect in the field of ophthalmopathy. Considering that many ophthalmic drugs lead to systemic side effects, CGA may act as a natural exogenous antioxidant for patients to take regularly, controlling their condition while minimizing side effects. In this paper, in vitro and in vivo studies of CGA in the treatment of age-related eye diseases are reviewed, and the prospects of CGA's antioxidant application for the eye are discussed. The aim of this review is to summarize the relevant knowledge and provide theoretical support for future research.

Oxidation and oxidative stability in emulsions

Emulsions are implemented in the fabrication of a wide array of foods and therefore are of great importance in food science. However, the application of emulsions in food production is restricted by two main obstacles, that is, physical and oxidative stability. The former has been comprehensively reviewed somewhere else, but our literature review indicated that there is a prominent ground for reviewing the latter across all kinds of emulsions. Therefore, the present study was formulated in order to review oxidation and oxidative stability in emulsions. In doing so, different measures to render oxidative stability to emulsions are reviewed after introducing lipid oxidation reactions and methods to measure lipid oxidation. These strategies are scrutinized in four main categories, namely storage conditions, emulsifiers, optimization of production methods, and antioxidants. Afterward, oxidation in all types of emulsions, including conventional ones (oil-in-water and water-in-oil) and uncommon emulsions in food production (oil-in-oil), is reviewed. Furthermore, the oxidation and oxidative stability of multiple emulsions, nanoemulsions, and Pickering emulsions are taken into account. Finally, oxidative processes across different parent and food emulsions were explained taking a comparative approach.

Enhancement of the Stability of Encapsulated Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Extract by Double Emulsion with Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Pomegranate peel enriched with high value of bioactive phenolics with valuable health benefits. However, after extraction of the phenolic compounds, diverse factors can affect their stability. Therefore, we, herein, aimed to prepare W1/O/W2 double nanoemulsions loaded with phenolic-rich extract from pomegranate peel in the W1 phase. Double emulsions were fabricate during a two-step emulsification technique. Furthermore, the influence of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in the outer aqueous phase was also investigated. We found that W1/O/W2 emulsions containing phenolic-rich extract showed good physical stability, especially in the particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and creaming index. Intriguingly, high encapsulation rates of pomegranate polyphenols >95% were achieved; however, emulsion with CMC had the best encapsulation stability during storage. Thus, our study provides helpful information about the double nanoemulsions delivery system for polyphenols generated from pomegranate peel, which may lead to the development of innovative polyphenol-enriched functional foods.

Effect of sol-gel transition of oil phase (O) and inner aqueous phase (W1) on the physical and chemical stability of a model PUFA rich-W1/O/W2 double emulsion

In this study, the effect of sol-gel transition of oil phase (O) and inner aqueous phase (W1) on the physical and chemical stability of a model PUFA rich-W1/O/W2 double emulsion (DE) was investigated. Thermal-driven gelation of O and W1 was performed using monoglyceride and κ-carrageenan, respectively. To accelerate lipid oxidation, ferrous sulfate was encapsulated in W1. Using this approach, O gelation reduced the volume-weighted size (d4,3) of DEs droplets and provided good physical stability. However, non-gelled DEs and those containing gelled W1 exhibited extensive flocculation and coalescence. Moreover, oleogelation resulted in a predominant elastic behavior with weak frequency dependence of viscoelastic properties. Oxidation was significantly reduced by W1 gelation; however, the O gelation led to a higheroxidation rate. Oxidation kinetic parameters induced by a hydrophilic (gallic acid) and a lipophilic (α-tocopherol) antioxidant showed that DEs containing gelled O droplets presented high physical and oxidative stability when α-tocopherol was present.

In vivo effect of magnetic microspheres loaded with E2-a in the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis

The alveolar echinococcosis of human is a severe helminthic disease caused by the larva of Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworms. Novel compounds or therapy strategies for the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis are urgently needed due to the limitation of the widely used albendazole. Magnetic microspheres as drug carriers in magnetically targeted therapy of tumor have gained growing interests advantaged by delivering the drug to the aimed site, achieving localized therapeutic effect effectively under the influence of an external magnetic field. In this study, we formulated magnetic microspheres loaded with E2-a (PLGA-Fe-E2-a) and identified the activity in E. multilocularis-infected mice which infected with 3,000 protoscoleces intraperitoneally. Compared with the untreated control, with the help of a magnet, there was a significant reduction in parasite burden with PLGA-Fe-E2-a treatment and similar reduction observed with albendazole. PLGA-Fe-E2-a treatment group also showed a significant increase in the IFN-γ level and impaired morphological and ultrastructural alterations. Most importantly, one-third concentrations of E2-a from PLGA-Fe-E2 based on the release profile of E2-a was equally effective in inhibiting metacestode growth as E2-a treated group, supporting efficacy and bioavailability of a drug. It will be an alternative treatment for alveolar echinococcosis using magnetic microspheres as drug carriers.

Nutraceutical nanodelivery; an insight into the bioaccessibility/bioavailability of different bioactive compounds loaded within nanocarriers

Nanofoods is a current concept that is based on the application of nanotechnologies in the preparation of safe foods, with superior nutritional and sensory characteristics, and capable of providing multiple health benefits. In line with the principles of this concept, food scientists have focused on developing new types of nano biosystems that can contribute to increasing the bioavailability of bioactive compounds used in food fortification. Numerous research teams have investigated the main factors limiting oral bioavailability including: bioaccessibility, absorption and transformation of bioactive compounds and bioactive-loaded nanocarriers. The physicochemical processes involved in the factors limiting oral bioavailability have been extensively studied, such asthe release, solubility and interaction of bioactive compounds and nanocarriers during food digestion, transport mechanisms of bioactive compounds and nanoparticles through intestinal epithelial cells as well as the chemical and biochemical transformations in phase I and phase II reactions. In this comprehensive review, the physicochemical processes involved in the bioaccessibility/bioavailability of different encapsulated bioactive compounds, that play an important role in human health, will be explained including polyphenols, phytosterols, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals. In particular, the mechanisms involved in the cellular uptake of bioactive-loaded nanocarriers including transcellular transport (diffusion, endocytosis, pinocytosis, transcytosis, phagocytosis), paracellular transport (through the "tight junctions" between epithelial cells), and the active transport of bioactive compounds under the action of membrane transporters are highlighted.

Therapeutic lipid-coated hybrid nanoparticles against bacterial infections

One of the most important health concerns in society is the development of pathogen-causing nosocomial infections. Since the first discovery of antibiotics, bacterial infections have been highly treatable. However, with evolution and the nondiscretionary usage of antibiotics, pathogens have also found new ways to survive the onslaught of antibiotics by surviving intracellularly or through the formation of obstinate biofilms, and through these, the outcomes of regular antibiotic treatments may now be unsatisfactory. Lipid-coated hybrid nanoparticles (LCHNPs) are the next-generation core–shell structured nanodelivery system, where an inorganic or organic core, loaded with antimicrobials, is enveloped by lipid layers. This core–shell structure, with multifarious decorations, not only improves the loading capabilities of therapeutics but also has the potential to improve therapeutic delivery, especially for targeting biofilm-based and intracellular bacterial infections. Although there has been significant interest in the development of LCHNPs, they have yet to be widely exploited for bacterial infections. In this review, we will provide an overview on the latest development of LCHNPs and the various approaches in synthesizing this nano-delivery system. In addition, a discussion on future perspectives of LCHNPs, in combination with other novel anti-bacterial technologies, will be provided towards the end of this review.

Lipid-coated hybrid nanoparticles are next-generation core–shell structured nanodelivery systems, which improve the loading capabilities of therapeutics and can improve therapeutic delivery, especially for targeting biofilm-based and intracellular bacterial infections.

Bioaccessibility study of calcium and vitamin D3 co-microencapsulated in water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions

Calcium and vitamin D₃ were co-encapsulated in three types of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions stabilized with biopolymers: gum arabic, sodium alginate (Alg) and chitosan (Ch). Three calcium salts with different solubility were used: calcium carbonate (CaC), tricalcium phosphate (CaP) and calcium gluconate (CaG). In order to study the bioavailability of calcium and vitamin D₃, the W/O/W double emulsions were subjected to digestion in simulated conditions using in vitro gastrointestinal models. The size of the oil droplets of all double emulsions increased in oral phase and decreased in gastric and intestinal phases. In the intestinal phase, the average diameter of oil globules in the W/O/W(Alg) and W/O/W(Ch) was d₂₃ = 6.56 ± 0.09 and d₂₃ = 5.33 ± 0.01 and the electro-kinetic potential was: ζ ≈ -25 mV and ζ ≈ -17 mV, respectively. Presence of calcium ions in the intestinal fluid decreased the free fatty acids content and decreased the bioaccessibility of vitamin D₃ due to the inhibition of micellization process.