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Boukrina O, Madden EB, Giordano N, Karim D, Staples R, Graves WW. Targeting Phonology or Semantics to Improve Reading Aloud Response Times and Accuracy: A Case Series Investigation of Stroke Survivors With Aphasia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2024:1-33. [PMID: 39146330 DOI: 10.1044/2024_ajslp-23-00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acquired reading deficits, or alexia, affect a significant proportion of individuals with aphasia. We sought to improve treatment for alexia by targeting specific cognitive information-processing components critical to reading (i.e., phonology or semantics). METHOD To target either phonological or semantic processing, we administered two anomia treatments, phonomotor treatment (PMT) and semantic feature analysis, modified to include a focus on reading throughout the therapy. Chronic left-hemisphere stroke survivors (N = 5) completed one or two 60-hr treatment rounds. Based on predictions from a computational reading model, three participants received the treatment recommended for their specific reading challenges (e.g., PMT for phonological deficits), while two participants had the nonrecommended treatment first, followed by the recommended model-matched treatment. Changes in reading aloud accuracy and response times (RTs) from before to after treatment were examined as a function of matching treatment to the deficit profile, type of treatment, therapy round, and word characteristics. RESULTS Participants' reading aloud accuracy improved after treatment relative to baseline with higher accuracy for high-frequency words and shorter words. After the first treatment round, participants' accuracy and RT improved, irrespective of whether treatment was matched to the deficit profile. Furthermore, participants who completed the second treatment round continued achieving accuracy gains. Following treatment, participants demonstrated enhanced reading efficiency and generalized improvements on the selected sections of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test. CONCLUSIONS While larger studies are needed to test for the effects of matching treatment type to the deficit profile, we conclude that treatments targeting specific information-processing components can effectively improve reading. Doubling the treatment dose offers small but significant gains. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26517319.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Boukrina
- Center for Stroke Rehabilitation Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ
| | - Elizabeth B Madden
- School of Communication Science and Disorders, College of Communication and Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee
| | - Nicole Giordano
- Center for Stroke Rehabilitation Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ
| | - Dima Karim
- Center for Stroke Rehabilitation Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ
| | - Ryan Staples
- Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
- Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - William W Graves
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark
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Mayer JF, Madden EB, Mozeiko J, Murray LL, Patterson JP, Purdy M, Sandberg CW, Wallace SE. Generalization in Aphasia Treatment: A Tutorial for Speech-Language Pathologists. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2024; 33:57-73. [PMID: 38052053 DOI: 10.1044/2023_ajslp-23-00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Generalization has been defined and instantiated in a variety of ways over the last half-century, and this lack of consistency has created challenges for speech-language pathologists to plan for, implement, and measure generalization in aphasia treatment protocols. This tutorial provides an overview of generalization with a focus on how it relates to aphasia intervention, including a synthesis of existing principles of generalization and examples of how these can be embedded in approaches to aphasia treatment in clinical and research settings. METHOD Three articles collectively listing 20 principles of generalization formed the foundation for this tutorial. The seminal work of Stokes and Baer (1977) focused attention on generalization in behavioral change following treatment. Two aphasia-specific resources identified principles of generalization in relation to aphasia treatment (Coppens & Patterson, 2018; Thompson, 1989). A selective literature review was conducted to identify evidence-based examples of each of these 20 principles from the extant literature. RESULTS Five principles of generalization were synthesized from the original list of 20. Each principle was supported by studies drawn from the aphasia treatment literature to exemplify its application. CONCLUSIONS Generalization is an essential aspect of meaningful aphasia intervention. Successful generalization requires the same dedication to strategic planning and outcome measurement as the direct training aspect of intervention. Although not all people with aphasia are likely to benefit equally from each of the principles reviewed herein, our synthesis provides information to consider for maximizing generalization of aphasia treatment outcomes. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24714399.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F Mayer
- School of Allied Health and Communicative Disorders, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb
| | - Elizabeth B Madden
- School of Communication Science and Disorders, Florida State University, Tallahassee
| | - Jennifer Mozeiko
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
| | - Laura L Murray
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mary Purdy
- Department of Communication Disorders, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven
| | - Chaleece W Sandberg
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Sarah E Wallace
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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Shekari E, Seyfi M, Modarres Zadeh A, Batouli SA, Valinejad V, Goudarzi S, Joghataei MT. Mechanisms of brain activation following naming therapy in aphasia: A systematic review on task-based fMRI studies. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023; 30:780-801. [PMID: 35666667 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2074849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of brain neuroplasticity after naming therapies in patients with aphasia can be evaluated using task-based fMRI. This article aims to review studies investigating brain reorganization after semantic and phonological-based anomia therapy that used picture-naming fMRI tasks. We searched for those articles that compared the activation of brain areas before and after aphasia therapies in the PubMed and the EMBASE databases from 1993 up to April 2020. All studies (single-cases or group designs) on anomia treatment in individuals with acquired aphasia were reviewed. Data were synthesized descriptively through tables to allow the facilitated comparison of the studies. A total of 14 studies were selected and reviewed. The results of the reviewed studies demonstrated that the naming improvement is associated with changes in the activation of cortical and subcortical brain areas. This review highlights the need for a more systematic investigation of the association between decreased and increased activation of brain areas related to anomia therapy. Also, more detailed information about factors influencing brain reorganization is required to elucidate the neural mechanisms of anomia therapy. Overall, regarding the theoretical and clinical aspects, the number of studies that used intensive protocol is growing, and based on the positive potential of these treatments, they could be suitable for the rehabilitation of people with aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shekari
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Seyfi
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Modarres Zadeh
- Department of Speech Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amirhossein Batouli
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Valinejad
- Department of Speech Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Goudarzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jiang YE, Liao XY, Liu N. Applying core lexicon analysis in patients with anomic aphasia: Based on Mandarin AphasiaBank. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2023; 58:1875-1886. [PMID: 36866943 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with anomic aphasia experience difficulties in narrative processing. General discourse measures are time consuming and require necessary skills. Core lexicon analysis has been proposed as an effort-saving approach but has not been developed in Mandarin discourse. AIMS This exploratory study was aimed (1) to apply core lexicon analysis in Mandarin patients with anomic aphasia at the discourse level and (2) to verify the problems with core words among people with anomic aphasia. METHODS & PROCEDURE The core nouns and verbs were extracted from narrative language samples from 88 healthy participants. The production of core words for 12 anomic aphasia and 12 age- and education-matched controls were then calculated and compared. The correlation between the percentages and the Aphasia Quotients of the revised Western Aphasia Battery was analyzed as well. OUTCOMES & RESULTS The core nouns and verbs were successfully extracted. Patients with anomic aphasia produced fewer core words than healthy people, and the percentages differed significantly in different tasks as well as word classes. There was no correlation between the core lexicon use and the severity of aphasia in patients with anomic aphasia. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS Core lexicon analysis may potentially serve as a clinician-friendly manner of quantifying core words produced at the discourse level in Mandarin patients with anomic aphasia. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on the subject Discourse analyses in aphasia assessment and treatment have increasingly garnered attention. Core lexicon analysis based on English AphasiaBank has been reported in recent years. It is correlated with microlinguistic and macrolinguistic measures in aphasia narratives. Nevertheless, the application based on Mandarin AphasiaBank is still under development in healthy individuals and patients with anomic aphasia. What this paper adds to existing knowledge A Mandarin core lexicon set was developed for different tasks. The feasibility of core lexicon analysis to evaluate the corpus of patients with anomic aphasia was preliminarily discussed and the speech performance of patients and healthy people was then compared to provide a reference for the evaluation and treatment of clinical aphasia corpus. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The purpose of this exploratory study was to consider the potential use of core lexicon analysis to evaluate core word production in narrative discourse. Moreover, normative and aphasia data were provided for comparison to develop clinical use for Mandarin patients with anomic aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Er Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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Georgiou AM, Kambanaros M. Therapies and Challenges in the Post-Stroke Aphasia Rehabilitation Arena: Current and Future Prospects. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1674. [PMID: 37763793 PMCID: PMC10537631 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Aphasia is a serious consequence of stroke that results in a breakdown in communication. The course of aphasia recovery differs between afflicted individuals, and responsiveness to treatment cannot be predicted. Aphasiologists continue to investigate numerous behavioral treatment protocols that have shifted their focus to complimentary rehabilitation strategies. The aim of this study is threefold. First, to summarize the different categories of aphasia interventions post-stroke, considering their respective protocols, and present available evidence on the effectiveness of those protocols. Second, to document the challenges regarding the prediction of aphasia treatment response post-stroke in individual patients. Third, to report the challenges faced by researchers in recruiting people with aphasia (PWA) for treatment studies, and provide recommendations on how to increase participant recruitment and retention. This study provides up-to-date information on (i) effective therapies and aphasia recovery processes, and (ii) research recruitment hurdles together with potential strategies for overcoming them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios M. Georgiou
- The Brain and Neurorehabilitation Lab, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, 3041 Limassol, Cyprus;
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Shah-Basak P, Boukrina O, Li XR, Jebahi F, Kielar A. Targeted neurorehabilitation strategies in post-stroke aphasia. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2023; 41:129-191. [PMID: 37980575 PMCID: PMC10741339 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-231344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphasia is a debilitating language impairment, affecting millions of people worldwide. About 40% of stroke survivors develop chronic aphasia, resulting in life-long disability. OBJECTIVE This review examines extrinsic and intrinsic neuromodulation techniques, aimed at enhancing the effects of speech and language therapies in stroke survivors with aphasia. METHODS We discuss the available evidence supporting the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and functional MRI (fMRI) real-time neurofeedback in aphasia rehabilitation. RESULTS This review systematically evaluates studies focusing on efficacy and implementation of specialized methods for post-treatment outcome optimization and transfer to functional skills. It considers stimulation target determination and various targeting approaches. The translation of neuromodulation interventions to clinical practice is explored, emphasizing generalization and functional communication. The review also covers real-time fMRI neurofeedback, discussing current evidence for efficacy and essential implementation parameters. Finally, we address future directions for neuromodulation research in aphasia. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive review aims to serve as a resource for a broad audience of researchers and clinicians interested in incorporating neuromodulation for advancing aphasia care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Boukrina
- Kessler Foundation, Center for Stroke Rehabilitation Research, West Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Xin Ran Li
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Fatima Jebahi
- Department of Speech, Languageand Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Aneta Kielar
- Department of Speech, Languageand Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Cherney LR, Carpenter J. Behavioral interventions for poststroke aphasia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 185:197-220. [PMID: 35078599 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823384-9.00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a long history of behavioral interventions for poststroke aphasia with hundreds of studies supporting the benefits of aphasia treatment. However, interventions for aphasia are complex with many interacting components, and no one treatment is appropriate for all persons with aphasia. We present a novel, simple framework for classifying aphasia interventions. The framework is incorporated within the overarching International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) model and is consistent with the commonly-held definition that aphasia is a multimodality disorder that impairs, in varying degrees, the understanding and expression of both oral and written language modalities. Furthermore, within the language impairment level, it distinguishes between the linguistic areas of phonology, semantics, and syntax that may be impaired individually or in combination. We define the terminology of the proposed framework and then categorize some common examples of behavioral interventions for post-stroke aphasia. We describe some of these interventions in greater detail to illustrate the extensive toolbox of evidence-based treatments for aphasia. We address some key issues that clinicians, usually speech-language pathologists, consider when selecting interventions for their specific patients with aphasia, including dose. Finally, we address various models of service delivery for persons with aphasia such as Intensive Comprehensive Aphasia Programs (ICAPs) and Aphasia Centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora R Cherney
- Center for Aphasia Research and Treatment, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Julia Carpenter
- Center for Aphasia Research and Treatment, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States
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Tabrizi R, Walton L, Simon E, Silkes JP. Repetition Priming in Treatment of Anomia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2022; 31:48-66. [PMID: 34029115 DOI: 10.1044/2021_ajslp-20-00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Repetition priming has been suggested as a method for targeting implicit processes in anomia treatment. Prior studies have used masked priming for this purpose. This study extends that work with visible primes, a more clinically feasible approach. METHOD This study used a single-subject design across three participants with aphasia. Treatment involved repeated exposure to identity primes (trained condition) or sham primes (untrained condition) paired with pictures. Analyses assessed acquisition effects for trained items and untrained items that were seen during the training period, generalization to untrained items that had not been seen, and generalization to broader language skills, immediately and 3 months post-treatment. RESULTS All participants improved in naming trained items immediately after treatment, with greater improvements for trained than for untrained items. All participants maintained some degree of improvement on trained items 3 months post-treatment, although the degree differed across participants. Inconsistent generalization occurred to unexposed items. Improvements were noted in some areas of broader language ability, although these varied. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a repetition priming treatment paradigm may increase naming accuracy for individuals with anomia and may benefit other aspects of language. Participant factors may have influenced response to treatment. Directions for future investigation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Tabrizi
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, CA
| | - Logan Walton
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Emily Simon
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, CA
| | - JoAnn P Silkes
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, CA
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
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Becker AM, Baltazar M. Behavior analysis and aphasia: A current appraisal and suggestions for the future. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- April M. Becker
- Department of Behavior Analysis University of North Texas Denton Texas USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Marla Baltazar
- Department of Behavior Analysis University of North Texas Denton Texas USA
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Silkes JP, Fergadiotis G, Graue K, Kendall DL. Effects of Phonomotor Therapy and Semantic Feature Analysis on Discourse Production. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2021; 30:441-454. [PMID: 32628509 DOI: 10.1044/2020_ajslp-19-00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Anomia treatments typically focus on single word retrieval, although the ultimate goal of treatment is to improve functional communication at the level of discourse in daily situations. Aims The focus of this study was to investigate the impact of two effective anomia treatments on discourse production as measured by a story retell task. Method and Procedure Fifty-seven people with aphasia were randomized to receive either a phoneme-based treatment, Phonomotor Therapy (PMT; 28 participants), or a lexical-semantic treatment, Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA; 29 participants). Groups were matched for age, aphasia severity, education, and years post onset. All received 56-60 hr of treatment in a massed treatment schedule. Therapy was delivered for a total of 8-10 hr/week over the course of 6-7 weeks. All participants completed testing 1 week prior to treatment (A1), immediately following treatment (A2), and again 3 months later (A3). Discourse was analyzed through the percentage of correct information units at each time point. Outcomes and Results Both groups showed nonsignificant improvements from pretreatment to immediately posttreatment. The PMT group showed significant improvement 3 months posttreatment, while the SFA group returned to near-baseline levels. Conclusion These results add to our understanding of the effects of both PMT and SFA. Future research should address understanding variability in discourse outcomes across studies and the effects of aphasia severity and individual participant and treatment factors on treatment outcomes for both of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kasey Graue
- Speech and Hearing Sciences Department, Portland State University, OR
| | - Diane L Kendall
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
- University of Pretoria South Africa
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Matar SJ, Sorinola IO, Newton C, Pavlou M. Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation May Improve Discourse Production in Healthy Older Adults. Front Neurol 2020; 11:935. [PMID: 32982943 PMCID: PMC7479316 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) for therapeutic and neurorehabilitation purposes has become increasingly popular in recent years. Previous research has found that anodal tDCS may enhance naming ability and verbal fluency in healthy participants. However, the effect of tDCS on more functional, higher level language skills such as discourse production has yet to be understood. Aims: The present study aimed to investigate in healthy, older adults (a) the effect of anodal tDCS on discourse production vs. sham stimulation and (b) optimal electrode placement for tDCS to target language improvement at the discourse level. Methods: Fourteen healthy, older right-handed participants took part in this sham controlled, repeated measures pilot study. Each participant experienced three different experimental conditions; anodal tDCS on the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), anodal tDCS on the right IFG and sham stimulation while performing a story telling task. Significant changes in language performance before and after each condition were examined in three discourse production tasks: recount, procedural and narrative. Results: Left and right IFG conditions showed a greater number of significant within-group improvements (p < 0.05) in discourse production compared to sham with 6/12 for left IFG, 4/12 for right IFG and 2/12 for sham. There were no significant differences noted between tDCS conditions. No relationship was noted between language performance and physical activity, age, or gender. Conclusions: This study suggests that anodal tDCS may significantly improve discourse production in healthy, older adults. In line with previous tDCS language studies, the left IFG is highlighted as an optimal stimulation site for the modulation of language in healthy speakers. The findings support further exploration of tDCS as a rehabilitative tool for higher-level language skills in persons with aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen J Matar
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac O Sorinola
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Newton
- Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marousa Pavlou
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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