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Rezakhani S, Amiri M, Hassani A, Esmaeilpour K, Sheibani V. Anodal HD-tDCS on the dominant anterior temporal lobe and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: clinical results in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:27. [PMID: 38310304 PMCID: PMC10837991 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a neurocognitive disorder in which the cognitive and mental abilities of humans are declined. Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging noninvasive brain stimulation technique aimed at neuromodulation. In this study, we investigate whether high-definition anodal tDCS stimulation (anodal HD-tDCS) in MCI patients in two different brain regions will be effective in improving cognitive function. METHODS This study was done as a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Sixty MCI patients (clinically diagnosed by expert neurologists) were randomly divided into three groups. Two groups received 2-mA anodal HD-tDCS for 20 min for 2 weeks (5 consecutive days in each week, 10 days in total). In the first group (twenty patients), the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left DLPFC) was targeted. In the second group (twenty patients), the target zone was the dominant anterior temporal lobe (DATL). The third group (twenty patients) formed the Sham group. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QoLAD) were considered as the outcome measures. RESULTS MCI patients obtained the highest MoCA mean scores in both left DLPFC and DATL groups versus the study baseline 2 weeks after the intervention. In addition, the MoCA mean scores of MCI patients were greater in both intervention groups compared to the Sham group up to 3 months post-stimulation (p-value ≤ 0.05). However, as we moved away from the first stimulation day, a decreasing trend in the MoCA mean scores was observed. Moreover, in the left DLPFC and DATL groups, higher QoLAD mean scores were observed 3-month post-stimulation, highlighting the effectiveness of anodal HD-tDCS in improving the quality of life in MCI patients. CONCLUSION In this research, it was shown that applying anodal HD-tDCS at left DLPFC and DATL brain regains for two successive weeks improves cognitive function in MCI patients (by obtaining higher values of MoCA scores) up to 3 months after the intervention compared to the Sham group. This illustrates the positive effects of HD-tDCS, as a non-pharmacological intervention, for improving cognitive function and quality of life in MCI patients. SIGNIFICANCE Two weeks after anodal HD-tDCS of the DLPFC and DATL brain regions, the MCI patients achieved the highest MoCA mean scores compared to the Sham group across all measurement intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Rezakhani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahmood Amiri
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Atefe Hassani
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Ghosh S, Nagarajan L. Tolerability and Effectiveness of Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children with Refractory Epilepsy: A Case Series. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050760. [PMID: 37239232 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There are limited treatment options for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) in children. We performed a pilot study to investigate the tolerability and effectiveness of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in DRE. Twelve children with DRE of varied etiology underwent three to four daily sessions of cathodal tDCS. The seizure frequency at 2 weeks before and after tDCS was obtained from seizure diaries; clinic reviews at 3 and 6 months assessed any longer-term benefits or adverse effects. The spike wave index (SWI) was analyzed in the EEGs done immediately before and after tDCS on the first and last day of tDCS. One child remained seizure free for a year after tDCS. One child had reduced frequency of ICU admissions for status epilepticus for 2 weeks, likely due to reduced severity of seizures. In four children, an improvement in alertness and mood was reported for 2-4 weeks after tDCS. There was no benefit following tDCS in the other children. There were no unexpected or serious adverse effects in any child. Benefit was seen in two children, and the reasons for the lack of benefit in the other children need further study. It is likely that tDCS stimulus parameters will need to be tailored for different epilepsy syndromes and etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Ghosh
- Children's Neuroscience Service, Department of Neurology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lakshmi Nagarajan
- Children's Neuroscience Service, Department of Neurology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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Ashrafzadeh F, Akhondian J, Hashemi N, Esmaeilzadeh M, Ghanaee A, Yavarzadeh H, Imannezhad S, Saeedi Zand N, Mirzadeh HS, Beiraghi Toosi M. Therapeutical impacts of transcranial direct current stimulation on drug-resistant epilepsy in pediatric patients: A double-blind parallel-group randomized clinical trial. Epilepsy Res 2023; 190:107074. [PMID: 36657251 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-resistant epilepsy is a challenging problem in pediatrics. Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) is a non-invasive neurostimulation technique suggested as a promising method for treating epilepsy. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of TDCS in focal epilepsy in children with drug-resistant epilepsy. METHOD We conducted a randomized sham-controlled study with 18 subjects between 6 and 16 years of age, divided equally into two groups. TDCS was performed in 20-minute daily stimulation protocol for five days for both groups. The current intensity was one mA for the first three days, increasing to 1.5 mA on day four and 2 mA on the last day of stimulation. EEG was done before and after the intervention. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in seizure duration in the case group compared with the sham group. CONCLUSION five consecutive days of performing TDCS significantly reduced seizure duration in children with focal Drug-resistant epilepsy. However,further studies in this field are necessary to test the effectiveness and set up a coherent and comprehensive protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Ashrafzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Akhondian
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Hashemi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahla Esmaeilzadeh
- Student Research Committee (SRC), Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanaee
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hanieh Yavarzadeh
- MA Student of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Imannezhad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nazanin Saeedi Zand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hanieh Sadat Mirzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Beiraghi Toosi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Ng MC, El-Alawi H, Toutant D, Choi EH, Wright N, Khanam M, Paunovic B, Ko JH. A Pilot Study of High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Refractory Status Epilepticus: The SURESTEP Trial. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:181-194. [PMID: 36323975 PMCID: PMC9629761 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is a life-threatening emergency with high mortality and poor functional outcomes in survivors. Treatment is typically limited to intravenous anesthetic infusions and multiple anti-seizure medications. While ongoing seizures can cause permanent neurological damage, medical therapies also pose severe and life-threatening side effects. We tested the feasibility of using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (hd-tDCS) in the treatment of RSE. We conducted 20-min hd-tDCS sessions at an outward field orientation, intensity of 2-mA, 4 + 1 channels, and customized for deployment over the electrographic maximum of epileptiform activity ("spikes") determined by real-time clinical EEG monitoring. There were no adverse events from 32 hd-tDCS sessions in 10 RSE patients. Over steady dosing states of infusions and medications in 29 included sessions, median spike rates/patient fell by 50% during hd-tDCS on both automated (p = 0.0069) and human (p = 0.0277) spike counting. Median spike rates for any given stimulation session also fell by 50% during hd-tDCS on automated spike counting (p = 0.0032). Immediately after hd-tDCS, median spike rates/patient remained down by 25% on human spike counting (p = 0.018). Compared to historical controls, hd-tDCS subjects were successfully discharged from the intensive care unit (ICU) 45.8% more often (p = 0.004). When controls were selected using propensity score matching, the discharge rate advantage improved to 55% (p = 0.002). Customized EEG electrode targeting of hd-tDCS is a safe and non-invasive method of hyperacutely reducing epileptiform activity in RSE. Compared to historical controls, there was evidence of a cumulative chronic clinical response with more hd-tDCS subjects discharged from ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus C Ng
- Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
- Undergraduate Medical Education, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Hussam El-Alawi
- Undergraduate Medical Education, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Darion Toutant
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Eun Hyung Choi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Natalie Wright
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Manzuma Khanam
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Bojan Paunovic
- Undergraduate Medical Education, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ji Hyun Ko
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Simula S, Daoud M, Ruffini G, Biagi MC, Bénar CG, Benquet P, Wendling F, Bartolomei F. Transcranial current stimulation in epilepsy: A systematic review of the fundamental and clinical aspects. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:909421. [PMID: 36090277 PMCID: PMC9453675 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.909421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transcranial electrical current stimulation (tES or tCS, as it is sometimes referred to) has been proposed as non-invasive therapy for pharmacoresistant epilepsy. This technique, which includes direct current (tDCS) and alternating current (tACS) stimulation involves the application of weak currents across the cortex to change cortical excitability. Although clinical trials have demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of tES, its specific effects on epileptic brain activity are poorly understood. We sought to summarize the clinical and fundamental effects underlying the application of tES in epilepsy. Methods A systematic review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A database search was performed in PUBMED, MEDLINE, Web of Science and Cochrane CENTRAL for articles corresponding to the keywords “epilepsy AND (transcranial current stimulation OR transcranial electrical stimulation)”. Results A total of 56 studies were included in this review. Through these records, we show that tDCS and tACS epileptic patients are safe and clinically relevant techniques for epilepsy. Recent articles reported changes of functional connectivity in epileptic patients after tDCS. We argue that tDCS may act by affecting brain networks, rather than simply modifying local activity in the targeted area. To explain the mechanisms of tES, various cellular effects have been identified. Among them, reduced cell loss, mossy fiber sprouting, and hippocampal BDNF protein levels. Brain modeling and human studies highlight the influence of individual brain anatomy and physiology on the electric field distribution. Computational models may optimize the stimulation parameters and bring new therapeutic perspectives. Conclusion Both tDCS and tACS are promising techniques for epilepsy patients. Although the clinical effects of tDCS have been repeatedly assessed, only one clinical trial has involved a consistent number of epileptic patients and little knowledge is present about the clinical outcome of tACS. To fill this gap, multicenter studies on tES in epileptic patients are needed involving novel methods such as personalized stimulation protocols based on computational modeling. Furthermore, there is a need for more in vivo studies replicating the tES parameters applied in patients. Finally, there is a lack of clinical studies investigating changes in intracranial epileptiform discharges during tES application, which could clarify the nature of tES-related local and network dynamics in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Simula
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Int Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Maëva Daoud
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Int Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabrice Bartolomei
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Int Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
- APHM, Timone Hospital, Epileptology and Cerebral Rhythmology, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Fabrice Bartolomei
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Rezakhani S, Amiri M, Weckhuysen S, Keliris GA. Therapeutic efficacy of seizure onset zone-targeting high-definition cathodal tDCS in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 136:219-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.01.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Luo WY, Liu H, Feng Y, Hao JX, Zhang YJ, Peng WF, Zhang PM, Ding J, Wang X. Efficacy of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on electroencephalographic functional networks in patients with focal epilepsy: Preliminary findings. Epilepsy Res 2021; 178:106791. [PMID: 34837824 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromodulation is a promising therapeutic alternative for epilepsy. We aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of cathodal transcranial current direct stimulation (ctDCS) on electroencephalographic functional networks in focal epilepsy. METHODS A sham-controlled, double-blinded, randomized study was conducted on 25 participants with focal epilepsy who underwent a 5-day, -1.0 mA, 20 min ctDCS, which targeted at the most active interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) region. We examined the electroencephalograms (EEGs) at baseline, immediately and at 4 weeks following ctDCS. The graph theory-based brain networks were established through time-variant partial directed coherence (TVPDC), and were calculated between each pair of EEG signals. The functional networks were characterized using average clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, and small-worldness index. The seizure frequencies, IEDs, graph-theory metrics and cognitive tests were compared. RESULTS Preliminary findings indicated an IED reduction of 30.2% at the end of 5-day active ctDCS compared to baseline (p < 0.10) and a significant IED reduction of 33.4% 4 weeks later (p < 0.05). In terms of the EEG functional network, the small-worldness index significantly reduced by 3.5% (p < 0.05) and the characteristic path length increased by 1.8% (p < 0.10) at the end of the session compared to the baseline. No obvious change was found in the seizure frequency during follow-up (p > 0.05). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) showed no difference between the active and sham groups (p > 0.05). No severe adverse reactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS In focal epilepsy, the 5-day consecutive ctDCS may potentially decrease the IEDs and ameliorate the EEG functional network, proposing a novel personalized therapeutic scenario for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Luo
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Xin Hao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Peng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu-Ming Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Yang D, Shin YI, Hong KS. Systemic Review on Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Parameters and EEG/fNIRS Features for Brain Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:629323. [PMID: 33841079 PMCID: PMC8032955 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.629323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain disorders are gradually becoming the leading cause of death worldwide. However, the lack of knowledge of brain disease’s underlying mechanisms and ineffective neuropharmacological therapy have led to further exploration of optimal treatments and brain monitoring techniques. Objective This study aims to review the current state of brain disorders, which utilize transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and daily usable noninvasive neuroimaging techniques. Furthermore, the second goal of this study is to highlight available gaps and provide a comprehensive guideline for further investigation. Method A systematic search was conducted of the PubMed and Web of Science databases from January 2000 to October 2020 using relevant keywords. Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy were selected as noninvasive neuroimaging modalities. Nine brain disorders were investigated in this study, including Alzheimer’s disease, depression, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, schizophrenia, and traumatic brain injury. Results Sixty-seven studies (1,385 participants) were included for quantitative analysis. Most of the articles (82.6%) employed transcranial direct current stimulation as an intervention method with modulation parameters of 1 mA intensity (47.2%) for 16–20 min (69.0%) duration of stimulation in a single session (36.8%). The frontal cortex (46.4%) and the cerebral cortex (47.8%) were used as a neuroimaging modality, with the power spectrum (45.7%) commonly extracted as a quantitative EEG feature. Conclusion An appropriate stimulation protocol applying tES as a therapy could be an effective treatment for cognitive and neurological brain disorders. However, the optimal tES criteria have not been defined; they vary across persons and disease types. Therefore, future work needs to investigate a closed-loop tES with monitoring by neuroimaging techniques to achieve personalized therapy for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalin Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Il Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan-si, South Korea
| | - Keum-Shik Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan-si, South Korea
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in the management of epilepsy: A systematic review. Seizure 2021; 86:85-95. [PMID: 33582584 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Current therapies for the management of epilepsy are still suboptimal for several patients due to inefficacy, major adverse events, and unavailability. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), an emergent non-invasive neuromodulation technique, has been tested in epilepsy samples over the past two decades to reduce either seizure frequency or electroencephalogram (EEG) epileptiform discharges. METHODS A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO record CRD42020160292). A thorough electronic search was completed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and Scopus databases for trials that applied tDCS interventions to children and adults with epilepsy of any cause, from inception to April 30, 2020. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies fulfilled eligibility criteria, including nine sham-controlled and 18 uncontrolled trials or case reports/series. Samples consisted mainly of drug-resistant focal epilepsy patients that received cathodal tDCS stimulation targeted at the site with maximal EEG abnormalities. At follow-up, 84 % (21/25) of the included studies reported a reduction in seizure frequency and in 43 % (6/14) a decline in EEG epileptiform discharge rate was observed. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS Cathodal tDCS is both a safe and probably effective technique for seizure control in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. However, published trials are heterogeneous regarding samples and methodology. More and larger sham-controlled randomized trials are needed, preferably with mechanistic informed stimulation protocols, to further advance tDCS therapy in the management of epilepsy.
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Buchanan DM, Bogdanowicz T, Khanna N, Lockman-Dufour G, Robaey P, D’Angiulli A. Systematic Review on the Safety and Tolerability of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children and Adolescents. Brain Sci 2021; 11:212. [PMID: 33578648 PMCID: PMC7916366 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a safe, tolerable, and acceptable technique in adults. However, there is limited evidence for its safety in youth. Although limited, there are a handful of important empirical articles that have evaluated safety and tolerability outcomes in youth. However, a synthesis of pediatric safety studies is not currently available. OBJECTIVE To synthesize objective evidence regarding the safety and tolerability of pediatric tDCS based on the current state of the literature. METHODS Our search and report used PRISMA guidelines. Our method systematically examined investigations purposefully designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and acceptability of tDCS in healthy and atypical youth that were submitted to three databases, from the beginning of the database to November 2019. Safety considerations were evaluated by studies utilizing neuroimaging, physiological changes, performance on tasks, and by analyzing reported and objective side effects; tolerability via rate of adverse events; and acceptability via rate of dropouts. RESULTS We report on 203 sham sessions, 864 active sessions up to 2 mA, and 303 active hours of stimulation in 156 children. A total of 4.4% of the active sessions were in neurotypical controls, with the other 95.6% in clinical subjects. CONCLUSION In spite of the fact that the current evidence is sporadic and scarce, the presently reviewed literature provides support for the safety, tolerability, and acceptability, of tDCS in youth for 1-20 sessions of 20 min up to 2 mA. Future pediatric tDCS research is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Matthew Buchanan
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (T.B.); (N.K.); (G.L.-D.); (P.R.); (A.D.)
- Neuroscience of Imagination Cognition Emotion Research Lab, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Neuropsychiatric Lab, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Thomas Bogdanowicz
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (T.B.); (N.K.); (G.L.-D.); (P.R.); (A.D.)
- Neuroscience of Imagination Cognition Emotion Research Lab, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Neha Khanna
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (T.B.); (N.K.); (G.L.-D.); (P.R.); (A.D.)
- Neuroscience of Imagination Cognition Emotion Research Lab, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lockman-Dufour
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (T.B.); (N.K.); (G.L.-D.); (P.R.); (A.D.)
- Neuroscience of Imagination Cognition Emotion Research Lab, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Philippe Robaey
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (T.B.); (N.K.); (G.L.-D.); (P.R.); (A.D.)
- Neuropsychiatric Lab, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Amedeo D’Angiulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (T.B.); (N.K.); (G.L.-D.); (P.R.); (A.D.)
- Neuroscience of Imagination Cognition Emotion Research Lab, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Solomons CD, Shanmugasundaram V. Transcranial direct current stimulation: A review of electrode characteristics and materials. Med Eng Phys 2020; 85:63-74. [PMID: 33081965 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electrode characteristics are crucial in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) since electrode design and placement determine the cortical area being modulated, current density and spatial resolution of stimulation. Early research on tDCS sought to determine optimal parameters for stimulation by specifying maximum current, duration and sizes of electrodes. Further research focused on determining efficient ways to deliver stimulation to targeted regions on the cortex with minimal discomfort to the user by altering electrode size, placement, shape and material. This review aims to give an insight on the main characteristics of electrodes used in tDCS and on the variability found in electrode parameters and placements from tDCS to high definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) applications and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Solomons
- School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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Meiron O, Gale R, Namestnic J, Bennet-Back O, Gebodh N, Esmaeilpour Z, Mandzhiyev V, Bikson M. Antiepileptic Effects of a Novel Non-invasive Neuromodulation Treatment in a Subject With Early-Onset Epileptic Encephalopathy: Case Report With 20 Sessions of HD-tDCS Intervention. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:547. [PMID: 31191235 PMCID: PMC6548848 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The current clinical investigation examined high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) as a focal, non-invasive, anti-epileptic treatment in a child with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. We investigated the clinical impact of repetitive (20 daily sessions) cathode-centered 4 × 1 HD-tDCS (1 mA, 20 min, 4 mm ring radius) over the dominant seizure-generating cortical zone in a 40-month-old child suffering from a severe neonatal epileptic syndrome known as Ohtahara syndrome (OS). Seizures and epileptiform activity were monitored and quantified using video-EEG over multiple days of baseline, intervention, and post-intervention periods. Primary outcome measures were changes in seizure frequency and duration on the last day of intervention versus the last baseline day, preceding the intervention. In particular, we examined changes in tonic spasms, tonic-myoclonic seizures (TM-S), and myoclonic seizures from baseline to post-intervention. A trend in TM-S frequency was observed indicating a reduction of 73% in TM-S frequency, which was non-significant [t(4) = 2.05, p = 0.1], and denoted a clinically significant change. Myoclonic seizure (M-S) frequency was significantly reduced [t(4) = 3.83, p = 0.019] by 68.42%, compared to baseline, and indicated a significant clinical change as well. A 73% decrease in interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs) frequency was also observed immediately after the intervention period, compared to IED frequency at 3 days prior to intervention. Post-intervention seizure-related peak delta desynchronization was reduced by 57%. Our findings represent a case-specific significant clinical response, reduction in IED, and change in seizure-related delta activity following the application of HD-tDCS. The clinical outcomes, as noted in the current study, encourage the further investigation of this focal, non-invasive neuromodulation procedure in other severe electroclinical syndromes (e.g., West syndrome) and in larger pediatric populations diagnosed with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02960347, protocol ID: Meiron 2013-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Meiron
- The Clinical Research Center for Brain Sciences, Herzog Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rena Gale
- Children Respiratory Unit, Herzog Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Julia Namestnic
- Children Respiratory Unit, Herzog Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Odeya Bennet-Back
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nigel Gebodh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zeinab Esmaeilpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vladislav Mandzhiyev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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Simon L, Bikson M. The frontier of tDCS in psychiatry and the role of new technologies. Encephale 2019; 45 Suppl 2:S55-S57. [PMID: 31088687 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Simon
- Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, Lyon, France.
| | - M Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York City, New York, USA
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