In their own words: developing the Parent Experiences Questionnaire following neonatal brain injury using participatory design

Training in neonatal neurocritical care: A case-based interdisciplinary approach

Interdisciplinary fetal-neonatal neurology (FNN) training strengthens neonatal neurocritical care (NNCC) clinical decisions. Neonatal neurological phenotypes require immediate followed by sustained neuroprotective care path choices through discharge. Serial assessments during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) rounds are supplemented by family conferences and didactic interactions. These encounters collectively contribute to optimal interventions yielding more accurate outcome predictions. Maternal-placental-fetal (MPF) triad disease pathways influence postnatal medical complications which potentially reduce effective interventions and negatively impact outcome. The science of uncertainty regarding each neonate's clinical status must consider timing and etiologies that are responsible for fetal and neonatal brain disorders. Shared clinical decisions among all stakeholders' balance "fast" (heuristic) and "slow" (analytic) thinking as more information is assessed regarding etiopathogenetic effects that impair the developmental neuroplasticity process. Two case vignettes stress the importance of FNN perspectives during NNCC that integrates this dual cognitive approach. Clinical care paths evaluations are discussed for an encephalopathic extremely preterm and full-term newborn. Recognition of cognitive errors followed by debiasing strategies can improve clinical decisions during NICU care. Re-evaluations with serial assessments of examination, imaging, placental-cord, and metabolic-genetic information improve clinical decisions that maintain accuracy for interventions and outcome predictions. Discharge planning includes shared decisions among all stakeholders when coordinating primary care, pediatric subspecialty, and early intervention participation. Prioritizing social determinants of healthcare during FNN training strengthens equitable career long NNCC clinical practice, education, and research goals. These perspectives contribute to a life course brain health capital strategy that will benefit all persons across each and successive lifespans.

Stepping up to COVID-19: A Clinical Trial of a Telepsychology Positive Parenting Program Targeting Behavior Problems in Children With Neurological Risk

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a stepped-care parenting program implemented during COVID-19 among families of behaviorally at-risk children with neurological or neurodevelopmental disorders aged 3-9 years.

METHODS

Stepped-care I-InTERACT-North increased psychological support across 3 steps, matched to family needs: (1) guided self-help (podcast), (2) brief support, and (3) longer-term parent support. The intervention was provided by clinicians at The Hospital for Sick Children. Recruitment occurred via hospital and research cohort referral. A single-arm trial using a pragmatic prospective pre-post mixed-method design was utilized to assess accrual, engagement, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy.

RESULTS

Over 15 months, 68 families enrolled (83% consent rate) and 56 families completed stepped-care (Step 1 = 56; Step 2 = 39; Step 3 = 28), with high adherence across Steps (100%, 98%, and 93%, respectively). Parents reported high acceptability, reflected in themes surrounding accessibility, comprehension, effectiveness, and targeted care. Positive parenting skill increases were documented, and robust improvement in child behavior problems was apparent upon Step 3 completion (p =.001, d = .390). Stepped-care was as effective as traditional delivery, while improving consent and completion rates within a pandemic context.

CONCLUSIONS

This stepped-care telepsychology parenting program provides a compelling intervention model to address significant gaps in accessible mental health intervention while simultaneously balancing the need for efficient service. Findings inform program scalability beyond COVID-19 and emphasize the value of stepped-care intervention in delivering and monitoring mental health treatment.

Telehealth services for cardiac neurodevelopmental care during the COVID-19 pandemic: a site survey from the Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative

OBJECTIVE

COVID-19 has markedly impacted the provision of neurodevelopmental care. In response, the Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative established a Task Force to assess the telehealth practices of cardiac neurodevelopmental programmes during COVID-19, including adaptation of services, test protocols and interventions, and perceived obstacles, disparities, successes, and training needs.

STUDY DESIGN

A 47-item online survey was sent to 42 Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative member sites across North America within a 3-week timeframe (22 July to 11 August 2020) to collect cross-sectional data on practices.

RESULTS

Of the 30 participating sites (71.4% response rate), all were providing at least some clinical services at the time of the survey and 24 sites (80%) reported using telehealth. All but one of these sites were offering new telehealth services in response to COVID-19, with the most striking change being the capacity to offer new intervention services for children and their caregivers. Only a third of sites were able to carry out standardised, performance-based, neurodevelopmental testing with children and adolescents using telehealth, and none had completed comparable testing with infants and toddlers. Barriers associated with language, child ability, and access to technology were identified as contributing to disparities in telehealth access.

CONCLUSIONS

Telehealth has enabled continuation of at least some cardiac neurodevelopmental services during COVID-19, despite the challenges experienced by providers, children, families, and health systems. The Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative provides a unique platform for sharing challenges and successes across sites, as we continue to shape an evidence-based, efficient, and consistent approach to the care of individuals with CHD.

Pandemic Perils and Promise: Implementation of a Virtual Parenting Intervention during COVID-19 among Children with Early Neurological Conditions

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we examined feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a telepsychological positive parenting intervention (I-InTERACT-North, Internet-basedInteracting Together Everyday: Recovery After Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury) during the COVID-19 pandemic among Canadian families of children at-risk for neurodevelopmental challenges given congenital or neonatal conditions. I-InTERACT-North was developed to improve behavioral and emotional outcomes in children with neurological conditions by utilizing and adapting parenting strategies from several established family-focused programmes.

METHODS

A pragmatic prospective pre-post single-site pilot study design was used to assess feasibility, acceptabilty, and preliminary efficacy of I-InTERACT North during the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESULTS

Thirty-five families of children ages three to nine years were referred between March 2020 and January 2021. Eighteen families enrolled, and 12 (67% adherence) completed the programme. Parents reported strong therapeutic alliance and programme acceptability with barriers due to competing time demands. Therapists reported high acceptability but perceived parental burnout. Parenting confidence (d = 0.70), and child behavior (d = 1.30) improved following the intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Results demonstrate the programme's value to families during the pandemic, while underscoring unique participation barriers. Future research and clinicial implications are discussed.

Building I-INTERACT-North: Participatory Action Research Design of an Online Transdiagnostic Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Program to Optimize Congenital and Neurodevelopmental Risk

To adapt an existing virtual family-based mental health intervention learning platform (I-InTERACT-North), using participatory action research design, to meet the needs of parents and children with congenital, neonatal, and neurodevelopmental conditions that impact development. A purposive sample of parent knowledge users recruited from a large pediatric hospital (n = 21) and clinician stakeholders (n = 16) participated in one interview. An iterative process was adopted to implement feedback in the adaption of the learning platform. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to examine themes across participant feedback. Initial satisfaction with the adapted website was high. Qualitative results revealed four themes: acceptability, usability, recommendations, and dissatisfaction. Addressed with iterations, technical difficulties, wanting more information on content, resources, and intended audience were areas of dissatisfaction. This study reflects the importance of participatory action research methods in informing virtual mental health interventions. Future directions to improve the learning platform are discussed.

Psychosocial Intervention Outcomes for Children with Congenital and Neonatal Conditions: Systematic Review

 

There has been a historic lack of psychosocially geared treatment studies for congenital and neonatal conditions that impact brain development, despite well-established knowledge that these conditions impact cognitive development, quality of life (QoL), mental health, and academic success.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study was to systematically investigate the research literature focusing on the effects of interventions in psychosocially geared programs for children with neonatal brain injury on school and psychological outcomes.

METHODS

Psychosocially geared programs broadly refer to interventions to improve parenting and school functioning, or child behavior, as well as other interventions that have a psychological component but may be more physically oriented, such as goal-directed physiotherapy. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Medline, PsychINFO, and Embase was completed between June and July 2020. The methodological quality of included articles was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Trials (RoB-2).

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria and demonstrated adequate risk of bias (i.e., low risk of bias or some concerns). The studies included family (n = 2), parenting (n = 7), and child (n = 10) interventions. There is some evidence supporting the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for children with neonatal brain injury and their families on academic outcomes, behavior, and QoL, indicated by positive intervention effects in 65% (n = 13) of studies.

COVID-19 mental health impact among children with early brain injury and associated conditions

This study describes the impact of COVID-19 among a clinical research sample of children with early brain injury and associated conditions. Between March 2020 and March 2021, 64 children and their parents participated. Children ranged in age between 3 and 14 years (M = 6 years, 3 months; SD = 2 years, 4 months) with a range of diagnoses (i.e., neonatal stroke, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), congenital heart disease (CHD) and preterm birth (<32 weeks)). The abbreviated CoRonavIrus Health Impact Survey (CRISIS) was completed by parents as part of their child's routine intake for neuropsychological services. Questions included COVID-19 specific ratings of child mental health impact, child, and parent stressors, with open-ended questions regarding negative and positive COVID-19 related changes. Over 40% of parents described moderate to extreme influence of COVID-19 on their child's mental health. Common child stressors reported included restrictions on leaving the home and social isolation. Among parents, the most common stress reported was caring for their child's education and daily activities. Children's mental health impact was associated with social isolation, parent mental health, COVID-19 economic concern, and number of siblings in the home. Child's age, sex, brain injury severity, or intellectual functioning were not associated with reported COVID-19 mental health impact. Some COVID-19 positives were identified, namely increased quality family time. Findings reflect the significant pandemic mental health impact among neurologically at-risk children and their families. Implications to future clinical needs and considerations for neuropsychological practice are discussed.

Intensive Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Children with Traumatic Brain Injury: Feasibility Study

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the feasibility and initial outcome of a time-limited and intensive format of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for families of young children who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI).

METHODS

The nonrandomized open trial included 15 families with a child aged 2-5 years who had sustained a TBI and displayed clinically elevated levels of externalizing behavior problems. Families received clinic-based PCIT twice per week over an average of 6 weeks, with the exception of two families that received the same intensity and format of PCIT in the home.

RESULTS

Ten of the 14 families who completed the baseline assessment (71%) completed the intervention and post and follow-up assessments. On average, caregivers completed homework practice on 52% of the days in between sessions. Caregivers reported high acceptability and satisfaction following the intervention, as well as decreases in child externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at the post-assessment and 2-month follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

Results of this open trial provide preliminary support for the feasibility of a time-limited and intensive format of PCIT for families of young children who have sustained a TBI and have elevated levels of behavior problems. This study highlights a promising intervention approach for improving domains commonly affected by early childhood TBI and preventing the development of more severe and persistent problems.

Recognition, identification, and diagnosis announcement of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke: A combined exploratory quantitative and qualitative study on parents' lived experiences

OBJECTIVES

To examine the epidemiology of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS) and the chronology of care from early reported manifestations to formal diagnosis obtained by imaging. To explore how parents experienced the sequence of events, their own perception of potential diagnostic delay, diagnosis announcement, and prognosis discussion, and their current view of their child's quality of life.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed data of all NAIS cases that have been treated in our institution. Quantitative data came from both newborns' and mothers' medical records. Qualitative data were collected from parents in semi-structured interviews based on a standardized questionnaire composed of open-ended questions.

RESULTS

A total of 14 neonates were treated for NAIS in our institution between January 2008 and December 2017. The incidence of NAIS during this period was one out of 4258 births. The majority of neonates presented within 48 hours with a mean of 27h after birth, most often in the form of repetitive focal clonus (13/14). The mean time before diagnosis consideration and confirmation was 5 and 33h, respectively. Late consideration of early reported symptoms was identified as the main source of delay. Despite good reported health outcome, NAIS was associated with significant acute and long-standing parental emotional stress.

CONCLUSION

Maternity hospital caregivers' awareness of NAIS is crucial to reach early diagnosis. Improving this aspect would not only allow better early management, but also make it possible to set up acute neuroprotective strategies. Clinicians should be attentive to the modalities of diagnosis and prognosis announcements, which are associated with considerable stress and misconceptions.

The association between parent stress, coping and mental health, and neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants with congenital heart disease

Caring for the complex needs of a child with congenital heart disease (CHD) can place significant burden on the family. Parent mental health and coping have important influences on resilience and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with CHD. Objectives: To describe the uptake of a cardiac neurodevelopmental program (CNP), examine parent mental health and coping specific to parenting a child with CHD, and explore the relationship between parent mental health and child neurodevelopmental outcomes. Method: Implementation and uptake of the CNP was examined, and forty-four parents of children with CHD completed the DASS and RSQ-CHD. Results: The CNP showed significant uptake in follow-up and interventions offered including 100% completed brain MRIs of eligible patients, 35% increase in neonatal neurology consults, and 100% of families counselled on neurodevelopmental outcomes. A significant proportion of parents endorsed moderate/severe levels of anxiety (25%), depression (20%), and CHD-specific stress. Parents predominantly engaged in secondary control engagement coping (F(2,64)=75.04, p<.001, η_p²=.70). Secondary control engagement coping was associated with lower parent total stress (r=-.48, p=.006) and anxiety (r=-.47, p=.009). Higher parent stress was associated with higher anxiety (r=.45, p=.016), depression (r=.37, p=.05), more severe types of CHD (r=.35, p=.048), older child age (t(30)= -2.33, p=.03), and lower child cognitive scores (r=-.37, p=.045). More severe types of CHD were associated with lower language scores (F(3,35)=3.50, p=.03). Conclusions: This study highlights the relationship between parent mental health and early child cognitive outcomes in CHD and helps inform models of psychological care to reduce family burden and improve child outcomes.

The Response to Stress Questionnaire for Parents Following Neonatal Brain Injury

OBJECTIVE

The Response to Stress Questionnaire-Brain Injury (RSQ-BI) was adapted utilizing a patient-oriented approach, exploring parental stress, coping, and associated mental health outcomes in parents of children with neonatal brain injury. The contributions of social risk, child adaptive functioning, and brain injury severity were also explored.

METHODS

Using a mixed-method design, this study explored adapted stressor items on the RSQ-BI. Parents and clinicians engaged in semistructured interviews to examine key stressors specific to being a parent of a child with neonatal brain injury. The adapted RSQ-BI was piloted in a parent sample (N = 77, child mean age 1 year 7 months) with established questionnaires of social risk, child adaptive functioning, severity of the child's injury, coping style, and parent mental health. Descriptive statistics and correlations examined parent stress, coping, and their association with parent mental health.

RESULTS

The final RSQ-BI questionnaire included 15 stressors. Factor analysis showed stressors loaded onto two factors related to (a) daily role stressors and (b) brain injury stressors. Using the RSQ-BI, parents reported brain injury stressors as more stressful than daily role stressors. When faced with these stressors, parents were most likely to engage in acceptance-based coping strategies and demonstrated lower symptoms of parent depression and anxiety.

CONCLUSIONS

The RSQ-BI provides a valuable adaptation to understand both stressors and coping specific to being a parent of a child with neonatal brain injury. Relevant interventions that promote similar coping techniques are discussed for future care and research.

Parent experiences and developmental outcomes following neonatal stroke

OBJECTIVE

Parents of children with neonatal stroke offer critical insight into potential avenues to direct neuropsychological care from the time of diagnosis through the early years. The aims of this study were to (1) describe what parents remember about early prognostic discussions with the medical team and (2) to examine the relationships between initial prognoses and the child's current neurodevelopmental status and parents' mental health. Method: Thirty parents of children with neonatal stroke completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and Parent Experiences Questionnaire (PEQ). The children of these parents were also seen for neurodevelopmental/neuropsychological assessments. Results: Parents recalled discussions with the medical team about motor, language, cognitive, and academic outcomes, with fewer discussions about the impact of neonatal stroke on their child's social skills, behavior, attention, mental health, and adaptive functioning. Many parents recalled poor initial prognoses following their child's diagnosis, with better than expected outcomes 3 years later. Parent self-reported depression, anxiety, and stress were associated with higher ratings of externalizing symptoms in their child. There were no significant correlations between parent mental health and their perception of their child's internalizing symptoms, neurodevelopmental functioning, or any of the child's medical/demographic factors. Conclusions: This study highlights the role of the neuropsychologist in the child's care in educating families and monitoring outcomes, emphasizes mental health support for parents of children with a history of neonatal stroke, and reiterates how environmental factors outside of the neonatal stroke itself can impact the child's functioning.

From Diagnoses to Ongoing Journey: Parent Experiences Following Congenital Heart Disease Diagnoses

OBJECTIVE

Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the current cross-sectional study examined parents' experiences at the time of their child's diagnosis, what they thought helped their child recover, barriers to support, and identified needs for future models of care.

METHOD

The sample included 26 parents (22 mothers, 3 fathers, and 1 mother/father pair) of children with CHD, ranging in age between 6 months and 4 years with a mean age of 2 years.

RESULTS

Qualitative results were organized around five themes: (a) They (medical team) saved my child's life, (b) My child is going to be okay, (c) Not out of the woods, (d) Optimizing support for my child and myself, and (e) What still gets in the way. Parents uniformly expressed a need for greater mental health support for their children as well as programs to improve parents' skill and confidence, with no difference between age groups (< 2 years and > 2 years of age). Common barriers to service included distance and time off work.

CONCLUSION

Parents' experiences informed both acute and long term implications following CHD diagnoses, and highlight current gaps in mental health care. Direction for clinical care and improved intervention opportunities are discussed.