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Isbell LM, Graber ML, Rovenpor DR, Liu G. Influence of comorbid depression and diagnostic workup on diagnosis of physical illness: a randomized experiment. Diagnosis (Berl) 2023; 10:257-266. [PMID: 37185165 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2020-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with mental illness are less likely to receive the same physical healthcare as those without mental illness and are less likely to be treated in accordance with established guidelines. This study employed a randomized experiment to investigate the influence of comorbid depression on diagnostic accuracy. METHODS Physicians were presented with an interactive vignette describing a patient with a complex presentation of pernicious anemia. They were randomized to diagnose either a patient with or without (control) comorbid depression and related behaviors. All other clinical information was identical. Physicians recorded a differential diagnosis, ordered tests, and rated patient likeability. RESULTS Fifty-nine physicians completed the study. The patient with comorbid depression was less likeable than the control patient (p=0.03, 95 % CI [0.09, 1.53]). Diagnostic accuracy was lower in the depression compared to control condition (59.4 % vs. 40.7 %), however this difference was not statistically significant χ2(1)=2.035, p=0.15. Exploratory analyses revealed that patient condition (depression vs. control) interacted with the number of diagnostic tests ordered to predict diagnostic accuracy (OR=2.401, p=0.038). Accuracy was lower in the depression condition (vs. control) when physicians ordered fewer tests (1 SD below mean; OR=0.103, p=0.028), but there was no difference for physicians who ordered more tests (1 SD above mean; OR=2.042, p=0.396). CONCLUSIONS Comorbid depression and related behaviors lowered diagnostic accuracy when physicians ordered fewer tests - a time when more possibilities should have been considered. These findings underscore the critical need to develop interventions to reduce diagnostic error when treating vulnerable populations such as those with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Isbell
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Mark L Graber
- Society to Improve Diagnosis in Medicine, Plymouth, MA, USA
- Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | | | - Guanyu Liu
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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Xiang G, Teng Z, Li Q, Chen H. Self-concept Clarity and Subjective Well-Being: Disentangling Within- and Between-Person Associations. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2023; 24:1439-1461. [PMID: 37193058 PMCID: PMC10064969 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-023-00646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that, among adolescents, clarity about one's self-concept is closely related to subjective well-being. However, longitudinal studies are scarce, and whether a clear self-concept is the cause or effect of subjective well-being remains unclear. This study examined the dynamic longitudinal associations between self-concept clarity and subjective well-being at the between- and within-person levels over a one-year time span among adolescents (baseline Mage = 16.01 years; 57.0% girls) from China. The data were collected in three waves (each at a six-month interval), in which adolescents reported their self-concept clarity and well-being (i.e., positive and negative affect and personal satisfaction with life). Both Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPMs) and Cross-Lagged Panel Models (CLPMs) were applied to examine the stability, cross-sectional relationships, and cross-lagged effects between adolescents' self-concept clarity and subjective well-being over time. The CLPMs provided unique support for a reciprocal relations model of self-concept clarity and subjective well-being (including both cognitive and emotional well-being) across three time points, although the results of traditional CLPM might represent an unknown blend of between- and within-person effects. However, the RI-CLPM analyses provided tentative support only for cross-sectional correlations between self-concept clarity and well-being outcomes. Our findings advance the literature by elucidating longitudinal relationships between self-concept clarity and subjective well-being in collectivist cultural contexts using CLPM and RI-CLPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Xiang
- Tian Jiabing College of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002 China
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road No. 2, Chongqing, 400715 China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Zhaojun Teng
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road No. 2, Chongqing, 400715 China
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Qingqing Li
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road No. 2, Chongqing, 400715 China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
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Vannucci M, Chiorri C, Pelagatti C, Favilli L. Semantic Self-Images and Well-Being in Young and Older Adults: Does the Accessibility Matter? Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060716. [PMID: 35741600 PMCID: PMC9221324 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated whether and how age group, dimensions of well-being and their interactions predicted the phenomenological properties of semantic self-images, taking also into account the different levels of accessibility of self-images (i.e., order of generation). Results on the first self-image revealed that, independently of age, higher levels of life satisfaction predicted higher likelihood of positive than negative statement and higher levels of negative affect and life satisfaction predicted higher levels of personal relevance of the self-image. When all self-images were considered, for higher levels of life satisfaction neutral and positive self-images were more likely than negative ones, and for lower levels of positive affect, neutral images were more likely than negative ones. Moreover, young adults were more likely than older adults to report neutral rather than negative self-images and, for higher levels of positive affect, they were more likely to report neutral and positive images instead of negative ones. These results suggest that the accessibility of semantic self-images should be taken into account in the investigation of the complex association between well-being and semantic self-images. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manila Vannucci
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via San Salvi 12, Padiglione 26, 50135 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-055-2055863 (M.V.); +39-010-20953709 (C.C.); Fax: +39-055-6236047 (M.V.); +39-010-20953728 (C.C.)
| | - Carlo Chiorri
- Department of Educational Sciences—Psychology Unit, University of Genoa, Corso Podestà 2, 16128 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-055-2055863 (M.V.); +39-010-20953709 (C.C.); Fax: +39-055-6236047 (M.V.); +39-010-20953728 (C.C.)
| | - Claudia Pelagatti
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Laura Favilli
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via San Salvi 12, Padiglione 26, 50135 Florence, Italy;
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Cross L, Whiteman L, Ward S, Atherton G. Moving From Me to We: Interpersonal Coordination’s Effects on Self-Construal. OPEN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psych-2020-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We all move in time together throughout our lives, and doing so has been shown to lead to more pro-social attitudes and behaviors towards co-actors. However, little research has investigated how coordinated movement affects how individuals feel about themselves. This mixed-methods study took self-generated qualitative responses of how participants construed their own identities after either coordinated movement or a carefully matched control task. Responses were analysed qualitatively using thematic analyses, and quantitatively using content analysis. Four themes were identified from thematic analysis, and inferential statistical testing showed significant differences in how participants construed their identities post coordination (cf. control). Participants in the coordinated condition generated a higher proportion of interdependent (social) rather than independent (personal) self-construals, driven by differences in broad social structures/constructs rather than close specific social relations. Furthermore, participants in the coordinated condition reported less mental state items, and more sexual/romantic items. These findings may explain how and why coordinated movement leads to prosociality amongst those who take part, by leading individuals to think of themselves and each other in group terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Cross
- Department of Psychology , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk, UK, L39 4QP
| | - Liam Whiteman
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YF, UK
| | - Sarah Ward
- Department of Sociology , School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , HD1 3DH
| | - Gray Atherton
- Department of Psychology , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK, L39 4QP
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Isbell LM, Tager J, Beals K, Liu G. Emotionally evocative patients in the emergency department: a mixed methods investigation of providers' reported emotions and implications for patient safety. BMJ Qual Saf 2020; 29:1-2. [PMID: 31988259 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2019-010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency department (ED) physicians and nurses frequently interact with emotionally evocative patients, which can impact clinical decision-making and behaviour. This study introduces well-established methods from social psychology to investigate ED providers' reported emotional experiences and engagement in their own recent patient encounters, as well as perceived effects of emotion on patient care. METHODS Ninety-four experienced ED providers (50 physicians and 44 nurses) vividly recalled and wrote about three recent patient encounters (qualitative data): one that elicited anger/frustration/irritation (angry encounter), one that elicited happiness/satisfaction/appreciation (positive encounter), and one with a patient with a mental health condition (mental health encounter). Providers rated their emotions and engagement in each encounter (quantitative data), and reported their perception of whether and how their emotions impacted their clinical decision-making and behaviour (qualitative data). RESULTS Providers generated 282 encounter descriptions. Emotions reported in angry and mental health encounters were remarkably similar, highly negative, and associated with reports of low provider engagement compared with positive encounters. Providers reported their emotions influenced their clinical decision-making and behaviour most frequently in angry encounters, followed by mental health and then positive encounters. Emotions in angry and mental health encounters were associated with increased perceptions of patient safety risks; emotions in positive encounters were associated with perceptions of higher quality care. CONCLUSIONS Positive and negative emotions can influence clinical decision-making and impact patient safety. Findings underscore the need for (1) education and training initiatives to promote awareness of emotional influences and to consider strategies for managing these influences, and (2) a comprehensive research agenda to facilitate discovery of evidence-based interventions to mitigate emotion-induced patient safety risks. The current work lays the foundation for testing novel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Isbell
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia Tager
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kendall Beals
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guanyu Liu
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Shi W, Yang F, Xia J, Wang M. Differentiating the effects of anger and sadness: A perspective of spontaneous trait inference. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 54:487-494. [PMID: 29658116 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the present research, three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of anger and sadness on spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). Using a probe recognition paradigm, Experiment 1 revealed that angry participants made more errors in response to probes following trait-implying behaviours than sad participants did. Using a false recognition paradigm, Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that angry participants made more errors in response to systematic pair trials than sad participants did. The three experiments provided convergent evidence that angry individuals were more inclined to form STIs than sad individuals were. The current research first demonstrated the different effects of specific negative mood states (anger vs. sadness) on STIs, providing further insight into the relationship between mood and STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Shi
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Teaching Affairs Office, Weihai Vocational College, Weihai, China
| | - Meifang Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Lumma AL, Böckler A, Vrticka P, Singer T. Who am I? Differential effects of three contemplative mental trainings on emotional word use in self-descriptions. SELF AND IDENTITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2017.1294107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Lumma
- Department of Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Böckler
- Department of Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Vrticka
- Department of Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tania Singer
- Department of Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Isbell LM, Lair EC, Rovenpor DR. The Impact of Affect on Out-Group Judgments Depends on Dominant Information-Processing Styles: Evidence From Incidental and Integral Affect Paradigms. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 42:485-97. [PMID: 26984013 DOI: 10.1177/0146167216634061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two studies tested the affect-as-cognitive-feedback model, in which positive and negative affective states are not uniquely associated with particular processing styles, but rather serve as feedback about currently accessible processing styles. The studies extend existing work by investigating (a) both incidental and integral affect, (b) out-group judgments, and (c) downstream consequences. We manipulated processing styles and either incidental (Study 1) or integral (Study 2) affect and measured perceptions of out-group homogeneity. Positive (relative to negative) affect increased out-group homogeneity judgments when global processing was primed, but under local priming, the effect reversed (Studies 1 and 2). A similar interactive effect emerged on attributions, which had downstream consequences for behavioral intentions (Study 2). These results demonstrate that both incidental and integral affect do not directly produce specific processing styles, but rather influence thinking by providing feedback about currently accessible processing styles.
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Hunsinger M, Isbell LM, Clore GL. Sometimes happy people focus on the trees and sad people focus on the forest: context-dependent effects of mood in impression formation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2012; 38:220-32. [PMID: 21957087 PMCID: PMC4116487 DOI: 10.1177/0146167211424166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that affect influences whether people focus on categorical or behavioral information during impression formation. One explanation is that affect confers its value on whatever cognitive inclinations are most accessible in a given situation. Three studies tested this malleable mood effects hypothesis, predicting that happy moods should maintain and unhappy moods should inhibit situationally dominant thinking styles. Participants completed an impression formation task that included categorical and behavioral information. Consistent with the proposed hypothesis, no fixed relation between mood and processing emerged. Whether happy moods led to judgments reflecting category-level or behavior-level information depended on whether participants were led to focus on the their immediate psychological state (i.e., current affective experience; Studies 1 and 2) or physical environment (i.e., an unexpected odor; Study 3). Consistent with research on socially situated cognition, these results demonstrate that the same affective state can trigger entirely different thinking styles depending on the context.
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