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Lipp A, Macit B, Woud ML, Dere E, Zlomuzica A. Conscious knowledge of CS-UCS contingency information affects extinction retrieval of conditioned disgust responses: Findings from an online de novo disgust conditioning task. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100368. [PMID: 36762035 PMCID: PMC9883280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to establish and develop an online de novo conditioning paradigm for the measurement of conditioned disgust responses. We further explored the effects of explicit instructions about the CS-UCS contingency on extinction learning and retrieval of conditioned disgust responses. Method The study included a sample of 115 healthy participants. Geometric figures served as conditioned stimuli (CS) and disgust-evoking pictures as unconditioned stimuli (UCS). During disgust conditioning, the CS+ was paired with the UCS (66% reinforcement) and the CS- remained unpaired; during extinction and retrieval, no UCS was presented. Half of the participants (n = 54) received instructions prior to the disgust extinction stating that the UCS will not be presented anymore. 1-2 days or 7-8 days later participants performed a retrieval test. CS-UCS contingency, disgust and valence ratings were used as dependent measures. Results Successful acquisition of conditioned disgust response was observed on the level of CS-UCS contingency, disgust and valence ratings. While some decline in valence and disgust ratings during the extinction stage was observed, contingency instructions did not significantly affect extinction performance. Retrieval one week later revealed that contingency instructions increased the discrimination of the CSs. Conclusions Extinction of conditioned disgust responses is not affected by explicit knowledge of the CS-UCS contingencies. However, contingency instructions prior to extinction seem to have a detrimental effect on long-term extinction retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Lipp
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Beray Macit
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcella L. Woud
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Ekrem Dere
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Armin Zlomuzica
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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2
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Bellarhmouch Y, Jeghal A, Tairi H, Benjelloun N. A proposed architectural learner model for a personalized learning environment. EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 28:4243-4263. [PMID: 36267481 PMCID: PMC9568945 DOI: 10.1007/s10639-022-11392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the need for e-learning is amplified, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic. E-learning platforms present a solution for the continuity of the learning process. Learners are using different platforms and tools for learning. For this, it is necessary to model the learner for the personalization of the learning environment according to his needs, and characteristics, which will allow having a more effective and efficient environment. The existing literature maintains that the learner model represents the basis and the key to adaptation. To achieve this goal, we propose a new adaptation aspect of the learner model by integrating relevant information such as learning style, domain-related data, assessment-related data, and affective data. It has advantages in terms of precision as it solves the problem of management uncertainty of some parameters. Our approach suggests that the combination of stereotype method, fuzzy logic, and similarity techniques is an appropriate approach for initializing and updating the learner model for learning personalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssra Bellarhmouch
- LISAC Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar EL Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Adil Jeghal
- LISAC Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Hamid Tairi
- LISAC Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar EL Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Nadia Benjelloun
- LISAC Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar EL Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
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3
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Louzolo A, Lebedev AV, Björnsdotter M, Acar K, Ahrends C, Kringelbach ML, Ingvar M, Olsson A, Petrovic P. Resistance to Extinction of Evaluative Fear Conditioning in Delusion Proneness. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2022; 3:sgac033. [PMID: 39144763 PMCID: PMC11205979 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Delusional beliefs consist of strong priors characterized by resistance to change even when evidence supporting another view is overwhelming. Such bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE) has been experimentally demonstrated in patients with psychosis as well as in delusion proneness. In this fMRI-study, we tested for similar resistance to change and associated brain processes in extinction of fear learning, involving a well-described mechanism dependent of evidence updating. A social fear conditioning paradigm was used in which four faces had either been coupled to an unconditioned aversive stimulus (CS+) or not (CS-). For two of the faces, instructions had been given about the fear contingencies (iCS+/iCS-) while for two other faces no such instructions had been given (niCS+/niCS-). Interaction analysis suggested that individuals who score high on delusion-proneness (hDP; n = 20) displayed less extinction of evaluative fear compared to those with low delusion proneness (lDP; n = 23; n = 19 in fMRI-analysis) for non-instructed faces (F = 5.469, P = .024). The resistance to extinction was supported by a difference in extinction related activity between the two groups in medial prefrontal cortex and its connectivity with amygdala, as well as in a cortical network supporting fear processing. For instructed faces no extinction was noted, but there was a larger evaluative fear (F = 5.048, P = 0.03) and an increased functional connectivity between lateral orbitofrontal cortex and fear processing regions for hDP than lDP. Our study links previous explored BADE-effects in delusion associated phenotypes to fear extinction, and suggest that effects of instructions on evaluative fear learning are more pronounced in delusion prone subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Louzolo
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander V Lebedev
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Björnsdotter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kasim Acar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christine Ahrends
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and The Royal Academy of MusicAarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten L Kringelbach
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and The Royal Academy of MusicAarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark
- Hedonia Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Ingvar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Predrag Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Grasser LR, Jovanovic T. Safety learning during development: Implications for development of psychopathology. Behav Brain Res 2021; 408:113297. [PMID: 33862062 PMCID: PMC8102395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fear and safety learning are necessary adaptive behaviors that develop over the course of maturation. While there is a large body of literature regarding the neurobiology of fear and safety learning in adults, less is known regarding safety learning during development. Given developmental changes in the brain, there are corresponding changes in safety learning that are quantifiable; these may serve to predict risk and point to treatment targets for fear and anxiety-related disorders in children and adolescents. For healthy, typically developing youth, the main developmental variation observed is reduced discrimination between threat and safety cues in children compared to adolescents and adults, while lower expression of extinction learning is exhibited in adolescents compared to adults. Such distinctions may be related to faster maturation of the amygdala relative to the prefrontal cortex, as well as incompletely developed functional circuits between the two. Fear and anxiety-related disorders, childhood maltreatment, and behavioral problems are all associated with alterations in safety learning for youth, and this dysfunction may proceed into adulthood with corresponding abnormalities in brain structure and function-including amygdala hypertrophy and hyperreactivity. As impaired inhibition of fear to safety may reflect abnormalities in the developing brain and subsequent psychopathology, impaired safety learning may be considered as both a predictor of risk and a treatment target. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies over the course of development, and studies that query change with interventions are needed in order to improve outcomes for individuals and reduce long-term impact of developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Chrysler Dr, Tolan Park Suite 2C Room 273, Detroit, MI 48201 United States.
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Chrysler Dr, Tolan Park Suite 2C, Detroit, MI 48201 United States.
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5
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Neurocircuitry of Contingency Awareness in Pavlovian Fear Conditioning. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:1039-1053. [PMID: 33990933 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In Pavlovian fear conditioning, contingency awareness provides an indicator of explicit fear learning. A less studied aspect of fear-based psychopathologies and their treatment, awareness of learned fear is a common cause of distress in persons with such conditions and is a focus of their treatment. The present work is a substudy of a broader fear-conditioning fMRI study. Following fear conditioning, we identified a subset of individuals who did not exhibit explicit awareness of the CS-US contingency. This prompted an exploratory analysis of differences in "aware" versus "unaware" individuals after fear conditioning. Self-reported expectancies of the CS-US contingency obtained immediately following fear conditioning were used to differentiate the two groups. Results corrected for multiple comparisons indicated significantly greater BOLD signal in the bilateral dlPFC, right vmPFC, bilateral vlPFC, left insula, left hippocampus, and bilateral amygdala for the CS+>CS- contrast in the aware group compared with the unaware group (all p values ≤ 0.004). PPI analysis with a left hippocampal seed indicated stronger coupling with the dlPFC and vmPFC in the aware group compared with the unaware group (all p values ≤ 0.002). Our findings add to our current knowledge of the networks involved in explicit learning and awareness of conditioned fear, with important clinical implications.
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Harrewijn A, Kitt ER, Abend R, Matsumoto C, Odriozola P, Winkler AM, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Gee DG. Comparing neural correlates of conditioned inhibition between children with and without anxiety disorders - A preliminary study. Behav Brain Res 2021; 399:112994. [PMID: 33160010 PMCID: PMC7855938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a first-line treatment for pediatric anxiety disorders, is based on principles of threat learning and extinction. However, CBT does not work sufficiently for up to 40% of clinically anxious youth. The neural and behavioral correlates of conditioned inhibition might provide promising targets for attempts to improve CBT response. During conditioned inhibition, threat and safety cues appear together, forming a safety compound. Here, we test whether this safety compound elicits a reduced fear response compared to pairing the threat cue with a novel cue (novel compound). The current pilot study compares behavioral, physiological, and neural correlates of conditioned inhibition between children with (n = 17, Mage = 13.09, SDage = 3.05) and without (n = 18, Mage = 14.49, SDage = 2.38) anxiety disorders. Behavioral and physiological measures did not differ between children with and without anxiety disorders during fear acquisition. During testing, children with anxiety disorders showed overall higher skin conductance response and expected to hear the aversive sound following the novel compound more often than children without anxiety disorders. Children with anxiety disorders showed more activity in the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to the safety versus novel compound. Children without anxiety disorders showed the opposite pattern - more right vmPFC activity to the novel versus safety compound (F(1,31) = 5.40, p = 0.03). No group differences manifested within the amygdala, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, or hippocampus. These pilot findings suggest a feasible approach for examining conditioned inhibition in pediatric anxiety disorders. If replicated in larger samples, findings may implicate perturbed conditioned inhibition in pediatric anxiety disorders and provide targets for CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Harrewijn
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Kitt
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Rany Abend
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Chika Matsumoto
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Paola Odriozola
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Dylan G Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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7
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Javanbakht A, Grasser LR, Madaboosi S, Chowdury A, Liberzon I, Diwadkar VA. The Neurocircuitry Underlying Additive Effects of Safety Instruction on Extinction Learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:576247. [PMID: 33510623 PMCID: PMC7835842 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.576247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction learning is the dominant laboratory model for exposure therapy, a treatment involving both experience of safety near the feared object, and safety instructions relayed by a therapist. While the experiential aspect of extinction learning is well researched, less is known about instructed extinction learning and its neurocircuitry. Here, in 14 healthy participants we examined the neural correlates of, and the network interactions evoked by instructed extinction learning. Following fear conditioning to two CS+ stimuli, participants were instructed about the absence of the aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) for one of the CS+s (instructed CS; CS+I) but not the second CS+ (uninstructed CS+; CS+U). Early during extinction learning, greater activation was observed for the CS+I > CS+U contrast in regions including the vmPFC, dmPFC, vlPFC, and right parahippocampus. Subsequently, psychophysiological interaction (PPI) was applied to investigate functional connectivity of a seed in the vmPFC. This analyses revealed significant modulation of the dmPFC, parahippocampus, amygdala, and insula. Our findings suggest that the addition of cognitive instruction yields greater activation of emotion regulation and reappraisal networks during extinction learning. This work is a step in advancing laboratory paradigms that more accurately model exposure therapy and identifies regions which may be potential targets for neuromodulation to enhance psychotherapy effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Javanbakht
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Shantanu Madaboosi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Asadur Chowdury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M University Central Texas, Killeen, TX, United States
| | - Vaibhav A. Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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8
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Pittig A, Wong AHK. Incentive-based, instructed, and social observational extinction of avoidance: Fear-opposite actions and their influence on fear extinction. Behav Res Ther 2021; 137:103797. [PMID: 33429135 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Avoidance is a transdiagnostic symptom of clinical anxiety and its reduction a major focus of cognitive-behavioral treatments. This study examined the instrumental extinction of goal-directed avoidance by means of incentives, verbal instruction, and social observation and their influence on fear extinction. Participants acquired conditioned fear and instrumental avoidance responses (N = 160). In four randomized groups, the reduction of avoidance by incentives for non-avoidance, instructions to refrain from avoidance, and social observation of non-avoidance was compared to no intervention before removing the aversive outcome. Conditioned fear when avoidance became unavailable subsequently was tested. Incentives, instruction, and observation all reduced avoidance better than no intervention, however, with different degrees and influence on conditioned fear. Incentives and instructions strongly reduced avoidance despite high levels of fear (i.e., fear-opposite actions). This initiated fear extinction, thereby reducing conditioned fear when avoidance became unavailable. Social observation directly reduced conditioned fear, presumably because it conveyed additional information about the absence of the aversive outcome. However, observation only moderately reduced avoidance and resulted in higher fear when avoidance became unavailable. The effects of social observation may depend on the nuances of the demonstrator's behavior. The clear effects of incentive and instructions provide support for clinical interventions to reduce avoidance during exposure therapy and can serve as experimental models for their controlled investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Pittig
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Alex H K Wong
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Zhang Y, Chen S, Deng Z, Yang J, Yuan J. Benefits of Implicit Regulation of Instructed Fear: Evidence From Neuroimaging and Functional Connectivity. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:201. [PMID: 32231516 PMCID: PMC7082334 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Instructed fear, which denotes fearful emotions learned from others' verbal instructions, is an important form of fear acquisition in humans. Maladaptive instructed fear produces detrimental effects on health, but little is known about performing an efficient regulation of instructed fear and its underlying neural substrates. To address this question, 26 subjects performed an instructed fear task where emotional experiences and functional neuroimages were recorded during watching, explicit regulation (calmness imagination), and implicit regulation (calmness priming) conditions. Results indicated that implicit regulation decreased activity in the left amygdala and left insula for instructed fear; however, these effects were absent in explicit regulation. The implementation of implicit regulation did not increase activity in the frontoparietal control regions, while explicit regulation increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity. Furthermore, implicit regulation increased functional connectivity between the right amygdala and right fusiform gyrus, and decreased functional connectivity between the right medial temporal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus, which are key nodes of memory retrieval and cognitive control networks, respectively. These findings suggest a favourable effect of implicit regulation on instructed fear, which is subserved by less involvement of control-related brain mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhang
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLab), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengdong Chen
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLab), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongyan Deng
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLab), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiemin Yang
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLab), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajin Yuan
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLab), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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Effects of verbal instructions and physical threat removal prior to extinction training on the return of conditioned fear. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1202. [PMID: 31988311 PMCID: PMC6985120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Instructions given prior to extinction training facilitate the extinction of conditioned skin conductance (SCRs) and fear-potentiated startle responses (FPSs) and serve as laboratory models for cognitive interventions implemented in exposure-based treatments of pathological anxiety. Here, we investigated how instructions given prior to extinction training, with or without the additional removal of the electrode used to deliver the unconditioned stimulus (US), affect the return of fear assessed 24 hours later. We replicated previous instruction effects on extinction and added that the additional removal of the US electrode slightly enhanced facilitating effects on the extinction of conditioned FPSs. In contrast, extinction instructions hardly affected the return of conditioned fear responses. These findings suggest that instruction effects observed during extinction training do not extent to tests of return of fear 24 hours later which serve as laboratory models of relapse and improvement stability of exposure-based treatments.
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Morriss J, van Reekum CM. I feel safe when i know: Contingency instruction promotes threat extinction in high intolerance of uncertainty individuals. Behav Res Ther 2019; 116:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Zuccolo PF, Hunziker MHL. A review of boundary conditions and variables involved in the prevention of return of fear after post-retrieval extinction. Behav Processes 2019; 162:39-54. [PMID: 30708059 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that the return of fear may be prevented by post-retrieval extinction (PRE), a procedure consisting of extinction training after the presentation of a retrieval cue. However, attempts to replicate these findings have yielded mixed results, with some studies showing diminished fear responses after PRE, whereas others show no effect on the return of fear following this procedure. The discrepancies across studies have been interpreted as evidence that there might be conditions under which PRE is not effective (boundary conditions), but these variables have yet to be fully described. We aimed to provide an overview of PRE in humans. We briefly present the theory and research that originated post-retrieval procedures with a focus on the experimental setup used in human studies. We continue with a compilation of possible experimental boundary conditions along with some questions for future research.
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13
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Javanbakht A. A Theory of Everything: Overlapping Neurobiological Mechanisms of Psychotherapies of Fear and Anxiety Related Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 12:328. [PMID: 30670956 PMCID: PMC6331393 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarities within the phenomenology, neurobiology, psychotherapeutic, and pharmacological treatments of distinctly categorized anxiety and fear related disorders suggest the involvement of common neurobiological mechanisms in their formation. This theory of integration is the focus of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach initiated by the NIH. The current article explores potential facets of overlap among mainstream methods of psychotherapy for anxiety, fear, and trauma related disorders. These overlaps include associative learning of safety, cognitive reappraisal and emotion regulation, therapist as a social safety cue, and contextualization. Temporal contextualization and placing memories in their time and place will be suggested as a potentially important, and less explored aspect of psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Javanbakht
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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14
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Kredlow MA, Orr SP, Otto MW. Exploring the boundaries of post-retrieval extinction in healthy and anxious individuals. Behav Res Ther 2018; 108:45-57. [PMID: 29981938 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over a dozen studies have examined the efficacy of post-retrieval extinction (PRE) in healthy adults in the fear conditioning laboratory, with a recent meta-analysis reporting an overall small-moderate effect on attenuating the return of fear compared to standard extinction. The current study was designed to extend PRE effects to a mixed sample of healthy and anxious individuals, explore potential moderators, and examine the benefit of PRE for a memory conditioned over multiple days. Healthy (n = 49) and anxious (n = 43) adults received either one day of acquisition followed by PRE, one day of acquisition followed by extinction, or three days of acquisition followed by PRE. Comparing participants who received one day of acquisition followed by PRE or extinction, no significant effect of PRE was observed on differential skin conductance response reinstatement or reactivity to the conditioned stimulus alone. Anxiety symptoms did not moderate outcomes. There was no difference in return of fear for anxious participants who received three days of acquisition followed by PRE versus one day of acquisition followed by PRE. These results further highlight the variability of findings in the PRE literature and need for further examination of individual difference factors that may moderate PRE effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alexandra Kredlow
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Scott P Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, East Building 120 -2nd Avenue, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States.
| | - Michael W Otto
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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