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Klompstra L, Kyriakou M, Lambrinou E, Piepoli MF, Coats AJS, Cohen-Solal A, Cornelis J, Gellen B, Marques-Sule E, Niederseer D, Orso F, Piotrowicz E, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Simonenko M, Witte KK, Wozniak A, Volterrani M, Jaarsma T. Measuring physical activity with activity monitors in patients with heart failure: from literature to practice. A position paper from the Committee on Exercise Physiology and Training of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 23:83-91. [PMID: 33111464 PMCID: PMC8048426 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this paper were to provide an overview of available activity monitors used in research in patients with heart failure and to identify the key criteria in the selection of the most appropriate activity monitor for collecting, reporting, and analysing physical activity in heart failure research. This study was conducted in three parts. First, the literature was systematically reviewed to identify physical activity concepts and activity monitors used in heart failure research. Second, an additional scoping literature search for validation of these activity monitors was conducted. Third, the most appropriate criteria in the selection of activity monitors were identified. Nine activity monitors were evaluated in terms of size, weight, placement, costs, data storage, water resistance, outcomes and validation, and cut‐off points for physical activity intensity levels were discussed. The choice of a monitor should depend on the research aims, study population and design regarding physical activity. If the aim is to motivate patients to be active or set goals, a less rigorously tested tool can be considered. On the other hand, if the aim is to measure physical activity and its changes over time or following treatment adjustment, it is important to choose a valid activity monitor with a storage and battery longevity of at least one week. The device should provide raw data and valid cut‐off points should be chosen for analysing physical activity intensity levels. Other considerations in choosing an activity monitor should include data storage location and ownership and the upfront costs of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Klompstra
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Martha Kyriakou
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.,Intensive Care Unit, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ekaterini Lambrinou
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Massimo F Piepoli
- Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology, G. da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Andrew J S Coats
- Monash University Australia and University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Alain Cohen-Solal
- Paris University, Cardiology Department, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Justien Cornelis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - David Niederseer
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Orso
- Section of Geriatric Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Geriatrics, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Ewa Piotrowicz
- Telecardiology Center, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emeline M Van Craenenbroeck
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital and Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Simonenko
- Physiology Research and Blood Circulation Department, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test SRL, Heart Transplantation Outpatient Department, Federal State Budgetary Institution, 'V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Centre' of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Klaus K Witte
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anna Wozniak
- Cardio-Respiratory Department, Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Doncaster, UK
| | - Maurizio Volterrani
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiny Jaarsma
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.,Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Pisanu S, Deledda A, Loviselli A, Huybrechts I, Velluzzi F. Validity of Accelerometers for the Evaluation of Energy Expenditure in Obese and Overweight Individuals: A Systematic Review. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:2327017. [PMID: 32832147 PMCID: PMC7424495 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2327017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Even though the validity of accelerometers for the measurement of energy expenditure (EE) has been demonstrated for normal-weight individuals, the applicability of this instrument in obese individuals remains controversial. This review aims to summarize the level of agreement between accelerometers and the gold standards (indirect calorimetry and doubly labelled water) for the measurement of energy expenditure (EE) in obese or overweight individuals. METHODS The literature search was limited to comparison studies assessing agreement in EE determination between accelerometers and indirect calorimetry (IC) or doubly labelled water (DLW). We searched in PubMed and in Scopus until March 1, 2019. The analysis was restricted to obese or overweight adult individuals. The following descriptive information was extracted for each study: sample size, characteristics of participants (sex, age, BMI, fat mass percentage, any pathological conditions, modality of recruitment in the study, and exclusion criteria), accelerometer description (model, type and body position), and type of gold standard and validity protocol (duration, conditions, and requirements during and before the experiment). Three review authors independently screened the obtained results, and the quality of the selected articles was assessed by the QUADAS-2 tool. RESULTS We obtained seventeen eligible articles, thirteen of which showed concerns for the applicability section, due to the patient selection. Regarding the accelerometers, nine devices were validated in the included studies with the BodyMedia SenseWear® (SWA) being the most frequently validated. Although correlations between accelerometers and the gold standard were high in some studies, agreement between the two methods was low, as shown by the Bland-Altman plots. CONCLUSIONS Most accelerometer estimations of EE were inaccurate for obese/overweight subjects, and authors advise to improve the accuracy of algorithms for SWA software, or the predicted equations for estimating EE from other accelerometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Deledda
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Loviselli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Lyon, France
| | - Fernanda Velluzzi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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3
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Abstract
Obesity is a major health issue in both developed and developing countries. The balance between energy intake and exercise is important, and measurements of both energy intake and energy expenditure are required. Many studies have attempted to monitor energy intake via wearable technology, but no standard methods have yet been developed for this purpose. This is in marked contrast to the long history of measurement and estimation of energy expenditure. Indirect calorimetry is commonly used in the laboratory. Energy expenditure associated with daily activity is the most important measure, although a number of alternative measures have also been proposed. This mini-review discusses the current status of energy expenditure measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyo Tamura
- Waseda University, Future Robotics Organization, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Weight and Body Composition in Healthy Non-Athlete Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020478. [PMID: 30813495 PMCID: PMC6412279 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ramadan involves one month of fasting from sunrise to sunset. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on weight and body composition. Methods: In May 2018, we searched six databases for publications that measured weight and body composition before and after Ramadan, and that did not attempt to influence physical activity or diet. Results: Data were collected from 70 publications (90 comparison groups, 2947 participants). There was a significant positive correlation between starting body mass index and weight lost during the fasting period. Consistently, there was a significant reduction in fat percentage between pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan in people with overweight or obesity (−1.46 (95% confidence interval: −2.57 to −0.35) %, p = 0.010), but not in those of normal weight (−0.41 (−1.45 to 0.63) %, p = 0.436). Loss of fat-free mass was also significant between pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan, but was about 30% less than loss of absolute fat mass. At 2–5 weeks after the end of Ramadan, there was a return towards, or to, pre-Ramadan measurements in weight and body composition. Conclusions: Even with no advice on lifestyle changes, there are consistent—albeit transient—reductions in weight and fat mass with the Ramadan fast, especially in people with overweight or obesity.
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5
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Williams NI, Mallinson RJ, De Souza MJ. Rationale and study design of an intervention of increased energy intake in women with exercise-associated menstrual disturbances to improve menstrual function and bone health: The REFUEL study. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 14:100325. [PMID: 30723840 PMCID: PMC6353734 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exercising women who consume inadequate energy relative to expenditure are at risk for downstream health consequences, such as menstrual cycle disturbances and poor bone health. Collectively, these conditions are known as the Female Athlete Triad (Triad). Clinicians often prescribe hormonal contraceptives to address this issue; however, the recommended treatment is reversal of the energy deficit. This paper describes the design of the REFUEL study, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that explored the effectiveness of a 12-month intervention of increased energy intake on the reversal of an unhealthy energetic status and menstrual dysfunction and subsequent improvements in bone health in exercising women with severe menstrual cycle disturbances. Methods Women between the ages of 18–35 years and participating in at least 2 h/week of purposeful exercise were recruited. Those who reported irregular or absent menstrual cycles and were determined to have an exercise-associated menstrual disturbance (EAMD) were randomized into either the treatment group (EAMD + Cal), which was instructed to increase caloric intake throughout the intervention, or a control group (EAMD Control). Women who reported eumenorrhea were eligible for the ovulatory (OV) Control group. Repeated measures of energetic and metabolic status, reproductive status, and skeletal health were obtained. Discussion The REFUEL study is the first RCT to explore a non-pharmacological treatment approach among exercising women with the Triad. 118 women were randomized, and 55 women completed the entire study. The findings of this study have the potential to inform and alter clinical practice for exercising young women who present with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy I Williams
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Kinesiology, Noll Laboratory, Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rebecca J Mallinson
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Kinesiology, Noll Laboratory, Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mary Jane De Souza
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Kinesiology, Noll Laboratory, Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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6
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Gaz DV, Rieck TM, Peterson NW, Ferguson JA, Schroeder DR, Dunfee HA, Henderzahs-Mason JM, Hagen PT. Determining the Validity and Accuracy of Multiple Activity-Tracking Devices in Controlled and Free-Walking Conditions. Am J Health Promot 2018; 32:1671-1678. [PMID: 29558811 DOI: 10.1177/0890117118763273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinicians and fitness professionals are increasingly recommending the use of activity trackers. This study compares commercially available activity tracking devices for step and distance accuracy in common exercise settings. DESIGN Cross sectional. SETTING Rochester, Minnesota. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-two men (n = 10) and women (n = 22) participated in the study. MEASURES Researchers manually counted steps and measured distance for all trials, while participants wore 6 activity tracking devices that measured steps and distance. ANALYSIS We computed the difference between the number of steps measured by the device and the actual number of steps recorded by the observers, as well as the distance displayed by the device and the actual distance measured. RESULTS The analyses showed that both the device and walking trials affected the accuracy of the results (steps or distance, P < .001). Hip-based devices were more accurate and consistent for measuring step count. No significant differences were found among devices or locations for the distance measured. CONCLUSIONS Hip-based activity tracking devices varied in accuracy but performed better than their wrist-based counterparts for step accuracy. Distance measurements for both types of devices were more consistent but lacked accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Gaz
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Healthy Living Program, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas M Rieck
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Healthy Living Program, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nolan W Peterson
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Healthy Living Program, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Ferguson
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Healthy Living Program, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Darrell R Schroeder
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Healthy Living Program, Rochester, MN, USA.,2 Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic Healthy Living Program, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Heather A Dunfee
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Healthy Living Program, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Philip T Hagen
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Healthy Living Program, Rochester, MN, USA.,3 Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Healthy Living Program, Rochester, MN, USA
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7
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Dowd KP, Szeklicki R, Minetto MA, Murphy MH, Polito A, Ghigo E, van der Ploeg H, Ekelund U, Maciaszek J, Stemplewski R, Tomczak M, Donnelly AE. A systematic literature review of reviews on techniques for physical activity measurement in adults: a DEDIPAC study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15:15. [PMID: 29422051 PMCID: PMC5806271 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The links between increased participation in Physical Activity (PA) and improvements in health are well established. As this body of evidence has grown, so too has the search for measures of PA with high levels of methodological effectiveness (i.e. validity, reliability and responsiveness to change). The aim of this “review of reviews” was to provide a comprehensive overview of the methodological effectiveness of currently employed measures of PA, to aid researchers in their selection of an appropriate tool. A total of 63 review articles were included in this review, and the original articles cited by these reviews were included in order to extract detailed information on methodological effectiveness. Self-report measures of PA have been most frequently examined for methodological effectiveness, with highly variable findings identified across a broad range of behaviours. The evidence-base for the methodological effectiveness of objective monitors, particularly accelerometers/activity monitors, is increasing, with lower levels of variability observed for validity and reliability when compared to subjective measures. Unfortunately, responsiveness to change across all measures and behaviours remains under-researched, with limited information available. Other criteria beyond methodological effectiveness often influence tool selection, including cost and feasibility. However, researchers must be aware of the methodological effectiveness of any measure selected for use when examining PA. Although no “perfect” tool for the examination of PA in adults exists, it is suggested that researchers aim to incorporate appropriate objective measures, specific to the behaviours of interests, when examining PA in free-living environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran P Dowd
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Robert Szeklicki
- University School of Physical Education in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marco Alessandro Minetto
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Marie H Murphy
- School of Health Science, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Angela Polito
- National Institute for Food and Nutrition Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Hidde van der Ploeg
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janusz Maciaszek
- University School of Physical Education in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Tomczak
- University School of Physical Education in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alan E Donnelly
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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8
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Koehler K, De Souza MJ, Williams NI. Less-than-expected weight loss in normal-weight women undergoing caloric restriction and exercise is accompanied by preservation of fat-free mass and metabolic adaptations. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:365-371. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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A Comparison of Energy Expenditure Across 3 Gaming Platforms Using an Activity-Based Dance Game. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/cpt.0000000000000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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A Comparison of Energy Expenditure and Heart Rate Response Between a Dance-Based Group Fitness Class and a Dance-Based Video Game on the Xbox Kinect. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/cpt.0000000000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Williams NI, Leidy HJ, Hill BR, Lieberman JL, Legro RS, De Souza MJ. Magnitude of daily energy deficit predicts frequency but not severity of menstrual disturbances associated with exercise and caloric restriction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E29-39. [PMID: 25352438 PMCID: PMC4281686 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00386.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the impact of energy deficiency on menstrual function using controlled feeding and supervised exercise over four menstrual cycles (1 baseline and 3 intervention cycles) in untrained, eumenorrheic women aged 18-30 yr. Subjects were randomized to either an exercising control (EXCON) or one of three exercising energy deficit (ED) groups, i.e., mild (ED1; -8 ± 2%), moderate (ED2; -22 ± 3%), or severe (ED3; -42 ± 3%). Menstrual cycle length and changes in urinary concentrations of estrone-1-glucuronide, pregnanediol glucuronide, and midcycle luteinizing hormone were assessed. Thirty-four subjects completed the study. Weight loss occurred in ED1 (-3.8 ± 0.2 kg), ED2 (-2.8 ± 0.6 kg), and ED3 (-2.6 ± 1.1 kg) but was minimal in EXCON (-0.9 ± 0.7 kg). The overall sum of disturbances (luteal phase defects, anovulation, and oligomenorrhea) was greater in ED2 compared with EXCON and greater in ED3 compared with EXCON AND ED1. The average percent energy deficit was the main predictor of the frequency of menstrual disturbances (f = 10.1, β = -0.48, r(2) = 0.23, P = 0.003) even when weight loss was included in the model. The estimates of the magnitude of energy deficiency associated with menstrual disturbances ranged from -22 (ED2) to -42% (ED3), reflecting an energy deficit of -470 to -810 kcal/day, respectively. This is the first study to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between the magnitude of energy deficiency and the frequency of exercise-related menstrual disturbances; however, the severity of menstrual disturbances was not dependent on the magnitude of energy deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy I Williams
- Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory and the Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Heather J Leidy
- Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory and the Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Brenna R Hill
- Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory and the Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Jay L Lieberman
- Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory and the Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Richard S Legro
- M. S. Hershey Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Jane De Souza
- Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory and the Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and
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12
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Hills AP, Mokhtar N, Byrne NM. Assessment of physical activity and energy expenditure: an overview of objective measures. Front Nutr 2014; 1:5. [PMID: 25988109 PMCID: PMC4428382 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2014.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to assess energy expenditure (EE) and estimate physical activity (PA) in free-living individuals is extremely important in the global context of non-communicable diseases including malnutrition, overnutrition (obesity), and diabetes. It is also important to appreciate that PA and EE are different constructs with PA defined as any bodily movement that results in EE and accordingly, energy is expended as a result of PA. However, total energy expenditure, best assessed using the criterion doubly labeled water (DLW) technique, includes components in addition to physical activity energy expenditure, namely resting energy expenditure and the thermic effect of food. Given the large number of assessment techniques currently used to estimate PA in humans, it is imperative to understand the relative merits of each. The goal of this review is to provide information on the utility and limitations of a range of objective measures of PA and their relationship with EE. The measures discussed include those based on EE or oxygen uptake including DLW, activity energy expenditure, physical activity level, and metabolic equivalent; those based on heart rate monitoring and motion sensors; and because of their widespread use, selected subjective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hills
- Centre for Nutrition and Exercise, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland , South Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University , Gold Coast, QLD , Australia
| | - Najat Mokhtar
- Nutritional and Health-Related Environmental Studies Section, International Atomic Energy Agency , Vienna , Austria
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University , Gold Coast, QLD , Australia
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13
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Santos PC, Abreu S, Moreira C, Lopes D, Santos R, Alves O, Silva P, Montenegro N, Mota J. Impact of compliance with different guidelines on physical activity during pregnancy and perceived barriers to leisure physical activity. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1398-408. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.893369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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15
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Strath SJ, Kaminsky LA, Ainsworth BE, Ekelund U, Freedson PS, Gary RA, Richardson CR, Smith DT, Swartz AM. Guide to the Assessment of Physical Activity: Clinical and Research Applications. Circulation 2013; 128:2259-79. [DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000435708.67487.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Löf M, Henriksson H, Forsum E. Evaluations of Actiheart, IDEEA® and RT3 monitors for estimating activity energy expenditure in free-living women. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e31. [PMID: 25191581 PMCID: PMC4153312 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2013.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity energy expenditure (AEE) during free-living conditions can be assessed using devices based on different principles. To make proper comparisons of different devices' capacities to assess AEE, they should be evaluated in the same population. Thus, in the present study we evaluated, in the same group of subjects, the ability of three devices to assess AEE in groups and individuals during free-living conditions. In twenty women, AEE was assessed using RT3 (three-axial accelerometry) (AEERT3), Actiheart (a combination of heart rate and accelerometry) (AEEActi) and IDEEA (a multi-accelerometer system) (AEEIDEEA). Reference AEE (AEEref) was assessed using the doubly labelled water method and indirect calorimetry. Average AEEActi was 5760 kJ per 24 h and not significantly different from AEEref (5020 kJ per 24 h). On average, AEERT3 and AEEIDEEA were 2010 and 1750 kJ per 24 h lower than AEEref, respectively (P < 0·001). The limits of agreement (± 2 sd) were 2940 (Actiheart), 1820 (RT3) and 2650 (IDEEA) kJ per 24 h. The variance for AEERT3 was lower than for AEEActi (P = 0·006). The RT3 classified 60 % of the women in the correct activity category while the corresponding value for IDEEA and Actiheart was 30 %. In conclusion, the Actiheart may be useful for groups and the RT3 for individuals while the IDEEA requires further development. The results are likely to be relevant for a large proportion of Western women of reproductive age and demonstrate that the procedure selected to assess physical activity can greatly influence the possibilities to uncover important aspects regarding interactions between physical activity, diet and health.
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Key Words
- AEE, activity energy expenditure
- AEE5dresult, total energy expenditure, measured using the doubly labelled water method during days 1–5 minus BMR measured using indirect calorimetry
- AEEActi, activity energy expenditure assessed using Actiheart
- AEEIDEEA, activity energy expenditure assessed using IDEEA
- AEERT3, activity energy expenditure assessed using RT3
- AEEref, activity energy expenditure assessed using the doubly labelled water method and indirect calorimetry
- Accuracy
- Activity energy expenditure
- Activity monitors
- CountsActi, counts using Actiheart
- CountsIDEEA, counts using IDEEA
- CountsRT3, counts using RT3
- DIT, dietary induced thermogenesis
- Doubly labelled water
- HRaR, heart rate above resting heart rate
- MET, metabolic equivalent
- TEE, total energy expenditure
- TEE5dresult, TEE during days 1–5
- TEEIDEEA, total energy expenditure measured using IDEEA
- TEEref, total energy expenditure measured using the doubly labelled water method
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Löf
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,
Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University,
Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition,
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - Hanna Henriksson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,
Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University,
Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition,
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - Elisabet Forsum
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,
Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University,
Linköping, Sweden
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Plasqui G, Bonomi AG, Westerterp KR. Daily physical activity assessment with accelerometers: new insights and validation studies. Obes Rev 2013; 14:451-62. [PMID: 23398786 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The field of application of accelerometry is diverse and ever expanding. Because by definition all physical activities lead to energy expenditure, the doubly labelled water (DLW) method as gold standard to assess total energy expenditure over longer periods of time is the method of choice to validate accelerometers in their ability to assess daily physical activities. The aim of this paper was to provide a systematic overview of all recent (2007-2011) accelerometer validation studies using DLW as the reference. The PubMed Central database was searched using the following keywords: doubly or double labelled or labeled water in combination with accelerometer, accelerometry, motion sensor, or activity monitor. Limits were set to include articles from 2007 to 2011, as earlier publications were covered in a previous review. In total, 38 articles were identified, of which 25 were selected to contain sufficient new data. Eighteen different accelerometers were validated. There was a large variability in accelerometer output and their validity to assess daily physical activity. Activity type recognition has great potential to improve the assessment of physical activity-related health outcomes. So far, there is little evidence that adding other physiological measures such as heart rate significantly improves the estimation of energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Plasqui
- Human Biology Department, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Miller GD, Jakicic JM, Rejeski WJ, Whit-Glover MC, Lang W, Walkup MP, Hodges ML. Effect of varying accelerometry criteria on physical activity: the look ahead study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:32-44. [PMID: 23505166 PMCID: PMC3430806 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The importance of physical activity in weight management is widely documented. Although accelerometers offer an objective measure of activity that provide a valuable tool for intervention research, considerations for processing these data need further development. OBJECTIVE This study tests the effects of using different criteria for accelerometry data reduction. DESIGN AND METHODS Data were obtained from 2,240 overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from the Look AHEAD study, with 2,177 baseline accelerometer files used for analysis. Number, duration, and intensity of moderate (≥ 3 metabolic equivalents (METS)) and vigorous (≥ 6 METS) activity bouts were compared using various data reduction criteria. Daily wear time was identified as 1,440 min/day minus non-wear time. Comparisons of physical activity patterns for non-wear time (using either 20, 30, or 60 min of continuous zeros), minimal daily wear time (8, 10, and 12 h), number of days with available data (4, 5, and 6 days), weekdays vs. weekends, and 1- or 2-min time interruptions in an activity bout were performed. RESULTS In this mostly obese population with T2DM (BMI = 36.4 kg/m(2) ; mean age = 59.0 years), there were minimal differences in physical activity patterns using the different methods of data reduction. Altering criteria led to differences in the number of available data (sample size) meeting specific criteria. CONCLUSIONS Although our results are likely directly applicable only to obese individuals with T2DM, an understudied population with regards to physical activity, the systematic analysis for data reduction employed can be more generalizable and provide guidance in this area in the absence of standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Vanhelst J, Baquet G, Gottrand F, Béghin L. Comparative interinstrument reliability of uniaxial and triaxial accelerometers in free-living conditions. Percept Mot Skills 2012; 114:584-94. [PMID: 22755462 DOI: 10.2466/03.26.pms.114.2.584-594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the inter-instrument reliability of the ActiGraph and RT3 accelerometers in free-living conditions. 15 healthy adults wore eight ActiGraph accelerometers and five RT3 accelerometers fastened to their back with an elastic belt and adjustable buckle in free-living conditions. For both accelerometers, the inter-instrument coefficient of variation (CV) decreased with increasing physical activity intensity. The inter-instrument CV of the ActiGraph (3% to 10.5%) was significantly lower than that of the RT3 (12.6% to 35.5%; p < 0.05). This finding demonstrates that the ActiGraph has higher inter-instrument reliability than the RT3. For both accelerometers, the inter-instrument reliability was higher for moderate and vigorous physical activity, the two intensities recommended for public health purposes. Studies using these devices can be compared with a low risk of misclassification of participants who meet the recommendation to perform moderate to vigorous physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Vanhelst
- CIC-9301-CH&U-Inserm of Lille University, Nord de France CHRU of Lille, France.
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20
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Zuazagoitia A, Montoya I, Grandes G, Arietaleanizbeascoa MS, Arce V, Martinez V, Sanchez M, Sanchez A. Reliability and validity of the 7-day Physical Activity Recall interview in a Spanish population. Eur J Sport Sci 2012; 14 Suppl 1:S361-8. [PMID: 24444230 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2012.705332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and convergent validity of the 7-day Physical Activity Recall (7-day PAR) interview in a sample of the Spanish population. Valid 7-day PAR interviews were conducted and RT3 accelerometer measurements taken for 160 subjects from the primary care population aged 24-83, 75 men and 85 women. Two 7-day PAR interviews were conducted, with a one-week interval, with 147 of these participants. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients. Convergent validity between the 7-day PAR and the accelerometer data were examined using Spearman's correlation coefficients, and the kappa index of agreement was calculated. The 7-day PAR reliability coefficients were 0.68 (95%CI: 0.58-0.76) for total energy expenditure, 0.65 (95%CI: 0.54-0.73) for the activity dose, and 0.61 (95%CI: 0.50-0.70) and 0.75 (95%CI: 0.67-0.81) for time spent on moderate and vigorous-intensity activity, respectively. These coefficients ranged from 0.91 to 0.96 in participants who reported a typical week in both interviews. Convergent validity ranged from 0.25 for time spent on vigorous activity to 0.52 for the activity dose, and the kappa index was 0.43 (95%CI: 0.30-0.56). Reliability and convergent validity coefficients in the Spanish population were generally moderate and similar to those found in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zuazagoitia
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of the Basque Country , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
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Van Remoortel H, Giavedoni S, Raste Y, Burtin C, Louvaris Z, Gimeno-Santos E, Langer D, Glendenning A, Hopkinson NS, Vogiatzis I, Peterson BT, Wilson F, Mann B, Rabinovich R, Puhan MA, Troosters T. Validity of activity monitors in health and chronic disease: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012; 9:84. [PMID: 22776399 PMCID: PMC3464146 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of physical activity in healthy populations and in those with chronic diseases is challenging. The aim of this systematic review was to identify whether available activity monitors (AM) have been appropriately validated for use in assessing physical activity in these groups. Following a systematic literature search we found 134 papers meeting the inclusion criteria; 40 conducted in a field setting (validation against doubly labelled water), 86 in a laboratory setting (validation against a metabolic cart, metabolic chamber) and 8 in a field and laboratory setting. Correlation coefficients between AM outcomes and energy expenditure (EE) by the criterion method (doubly labelled water and metabolic cart/chamber) and percentage mean differences between EE estimation from the monitor and EE measurement by the criterion method were extracted. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to pool the results across studies where possible. Types of devices were compared using meta-regression analyses. Most validation studies had been performed in healthy adults (n = 118), with few carried out in patients with chronic diseases (n = 16). For total EE, correlation coefficients were statistically significantly lower in uniaxial compared to multisensor devices. For active EE, correlations were slightly but not significantly lower in uniaxial compared to triaxial and multisensor devices. Uniaxial devices tended to underestimate TEE (−12.07 (95%CI; -18.28 to −5.85) %) compared to triaxial (−6.85 (95%CI; -18.20 to 4.49) %, p = 0.37) and were statistically significantly less accurate than multisensor devices (−3.64 (95%CI; -8.97 to 1.70) %, p<0.001). TEE was underestimated during slow walking speeds in 69% of the lab validation studies compared to 37%, 30% and 37% of the studies during intermediate, fast walking speed and running, respectively. The high level of heterogeneity in the validation studies is only partly explained by the type of activity monitor and the activity monitor outcome. Triaxial and multisensor devices tend to be more valid monitors. Since activity monitors are less accurate at slow walking speeds and information about validated activity monitors in chronic disease populations is lacking, proper validation studies in these populations are needed prior to their inclusion in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Van Remoortel
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lin BA, Thomas P, Spiezia F, Loppini M, Maffulli N. Changes in daily physical activity before and after total hip arthroplasty. A pilot study using accelerometry. Surgeon 2012; 11:87-91. [PMID: 22683251 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The present single-centre prospective follow-up study assessed the objective changes in physical activity undertaken before and after total hip arthroplasty (THA) using accelerometry. We enrolled 12 female patients who underwent home-based accelerometry assessment one month before and six months after the THA procedure. We assessed the daily amount of physical activity and energy expenditure related to physical activities. We also recorded the intensity of the physical activity, and pre- and post-operative clinical evaluation with the Harris Hip Score (HHS). At 6 months after surgery, we found a statistically significant increase of the total energy cost of physical activity (DA) (P=0.02), without significant increase of activity time (P>0.05). The energy cost of moderate/vigorous activity was statistically significant increased after surgery (P=0.008). Finally, HHS improved form 53.9±15.3 pre-operatively to 78.1±12.2 post-operatively (P=0.03). In our patients, the improvement was significant only for the total energy cost of daily activity. Thus, although patients did not exhibit a more active lifestyle, as shown by the slight increase of the activity time, they significantly increased the amount of moderate or vigorous activities performed after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingtao Alan Lin
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, The Whittington Hospital NHS Trust, Magdala Avenue, London N19 5NF, UK
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Rangan VV, Willis LH, Slentz CA, Bateman LA, Shields AT, Houmard JA, Kraus WE. Effects of an 8-month exercise training program on off-exercise physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 43:1744-51. [PMID: 21364488 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182148a7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An active lifestyle is widely recognized as having a beneficial effect on cardiovascular health. However, no clear consensus exists as to whether exercise training increases overall physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) or whether individuals participating in regular exercise compensate by reducing their off-exercise physical activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in PAEE in response to aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), or combined aerobic and resistance training (AT/RT). METHODS Data are from 82 participants in the Studies of Targeted Risk Reduction Interventions through Defined Exercise-Aerobic Training versus Resistance Training study, a randomized trial of overweight (body mass index = 25-35 kg·m(-2)) adults, in which participants were randomized to receive 8 months of AT, RT, or AT/RT. All subjects completed a 4-month control period before randomization. PAEE was measured using triaxial RT3 accelerometers, which subjects wore for a 5- to 7-d period before and after the exercise intervention. Data reduction was performed with a previously published computer-based algorithm. RESULTS There was no significant change in off-exercise PAEE in any of the exercise training groups. We observed a significant increase in total PAEE that included the exercise training, in both AT and AT/RT but not in RT. CONCLUSIONS Eight months of exercise training was not associated with a compensatory reduction in off-exercise physical activity, regardless of exercise modality. The absence of compensation is particularly notable for AT/RT subjects, who performed a larger volume of exercise than did AT or RT subjects. We believe that the extended duration of our exercise training program was the key factor in allowing subjects to reach a new steady-state level of physical activity within their daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram V Rangan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Bexelius C, Sandin S, Trolle Lagerros Y, Litton JE, Löf M. Estimation of physical activity levels using cell phone questionnaires: a comparison with accelerometry for evaluation of between-subject and within-subject variations. J Med Internet Res 2011; 13:e70. [PMID: 21946080 PMCID: PMC3222159 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity promotes health and longevity. Further elaboration of the role of physical activity for human health in epidemiological studies on large samples requires accurate methods that are easy to use, cheap, and possible to repeat. The use of telecommunication technologies such as cell phones is highly interesting in this respect. In an earlier report, we showed that physical activity level (PAL) assessed using a cell phone procedure agreed well with corresponding estimates obtained using the doubly labeled water method. However, our earlier study indicated high within-subject variation in relation to between-subject variations in PAL using cell phones, but we could not assess if this was a true variation of PAL or an artifact of the cell phone technique. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to compare within- and between-subject variations in PAL by means of cell phones with corresponding estimates using an accelerometer. In addition, we compared the agreement of daily PAL values obtained using the cell phone questionnaire with corresponding data obtained using an accelerometer. METHODS PAL was measured both with the cell phone questionnaire and with a triaxial accelerometer daily during a 2-week study period in 21 healthy Swedish women (20 to 45 years of age and BMI from 17.7 kg/m² to 33.6 kg/m²). The results were evaluated by fitting linear mixed effect models and descriptive statistics and graphs. RESULTS With the accelerometer, 57% (95% confidence interval [CI] 40%-66%) of the variation was within subjects, while with the cell phone, within-subject variation was 76% (95% CI 59%-83%). The day-to-day variations in PAL observed using the cell phone questions agreed well with the corresponding accelerometer results. CONCLUSIONS Both the cell phone questionnaire and the accelerometer showed high within-subject variations. Furthermore, day-to-day variations in PAL within subjects assessed using the cell phone agreed well with corresponding accelerometer values. Consequently, our cell phone questionnaire is a promising tool for assessing levels of physical activity. The tool may be useful for large-scale prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Bexelius
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Evaluation of a questionnaire to assess sedentary and active behaviors in the Southern Community Cohort Study. J Phys Act Health 2011; 9:765-75. [PMID: 21952413 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.9.6.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low physical activity (PA) is linked to cancer and other diseases prevalent in racial/ethnic minorities and low-income populations. This study evaluated the PA questionnaire (PAQ) used in the Southern Cohort Community Study, a prospective investigation of health disparities between African-American and white adults. METHODS The PAQ was administered upon entry into the cohort (PAQ1) and after 12-15 months (PAQ2) in 118 participants (40-60 year-old, 48% male, 74% African-American). Test-retest reliability (PAQ1 versus PAQ2) was assessed using Spearman correlations and the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Criterion validity of the PAQ was assessed via comparison with a PA monitor and a last-month PA survey (LMPAS), administered up to 4 times in the study period. RESULTS The PAQ test-retest reliability ranged from 0.25-0.54 for sedentary behaviors and 0.22-0.47 for active behaviors. The criterion validity for the PAQ compared with PA monitor ranged from 0.21-0.24 for sedentary behaviors and from 0.17-0.31 for active behaviors. There was general consistency in the magnitude of correlations between the PAQ and PA-monitor between African-Americans and whites. CONCLUSIONS The SCCS-PAQ has fair to moderate test-retest reliability and demonstrated some evidence of criterion validity for ranking participants by their level of sedentary and active behaviors.
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Horner FE, Rayson MP, Bilzon JLJ. Reliability and validity of the 3DNX accelerometer during mechanical and human treadmill exercise testing. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35 Suppl 1:S88-97. [PMID: 21483427 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the 3DNX triaxial accelerometer in a laboratory and mechanical setting. METHODS Experiment 1: A total of 10 units were fixed to a Multi-axis shaker table. A schedule comprising a range of accelerations was repeated on two occasions along each of the three measurement axes. Experiment 2: A total of 11 recreationally active individuals completed a treadmill protocol (4-20 km hr(-1)) on two occasions. Two 3DNX accelerometers were secured to the lower back, logging data every 5 s. Oxygen uptake was measured using the Douglas Bag technique. Reliability inter- and intra-units were assessed using a combination of limits of agreement (LoA), coefficient of variation (CV) and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Validity was assessed using simple linear regression. All data are expressed in counts per 5 s (counts 5 s(-1)). RESULTS Experiment 1: CV(intra) ranged from 0.0 to 8.9% in all axes. The absolute bias±95% LoA values were all below four counts 5 s(-1). CV(inter) did not rise above 4.5%. ICCs were 1.0 for all stages in all axes. The relationship between 3DNX counts and acceleration yielded an R(2) value of 0.99 and a standard error of the estimate (SEE) of six counts 5 s(-1). Experiment 2: CV(inter) ranged from 7.7 to 16.0% for trial 1 and from 7.7 to 16.2% for trial 2. ICCs between units ranged from 0.95 to 1.00 for trial 1 and from 0.90 to 0.99 for trial 2. Mean ratio bias±95% LoA values for intra-unit and inter-unit reliability were -0.7% (P>0.05)±12.4% and 0.4% (P>0.05)±5.6%, respectively. The relationship between VO(2) and 3DNX counts for walking and running was linear (R(2)=0.65, SEE=1.42 ml kg(-1) min(-1); R(2)=0.62, SEE=3.63 ml kg(-1) min(-1)). CONCLUSION The 3DNX accelerometer is a reliable and valid device for measuring acceleration in a mechanical setting and during human treadmill exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Horner
- Department for Health, Sport Health and Exercise Science, University of Bath, UK.
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