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Janssen RJF, de Groot S, Van der Woude LHV, Houdijk H, Vegter RJK. Toward a Standardized and Individualized Laboratory-Based Protocol for Wheelchair-Specific Exercise Capacity Testing in Wheelchair Athletes: A Scoping Review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 102:261-269. [PMID: 34930864 PMCID: PMC9940834 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Previous studies on handrim wheelchair-specific (an)aerobic exercise capacity in wheelchair athletes have used a diversity of participants, equipment, and protocols. Therefore, test results are difficult to compare among studies. The first aim of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the populations studied, the equipment and protocols used, and the reported outcomes from all laboratory-based studies on wheelchair-specific exercise capacity in wheelchair athletes. The second aim is to synthesize these findings into a standardized, yet individualized protocol. A scoping literature search resulted in 10 anaerobic and 38 aerobic protocols. A large variety in equipment, protocol design, and reported outcomes was found. Studies that systematically investigated the influence of protocol features are lacking, which makes it difficult to interpret and compare test outcomes among the heterogeneous group of wheelchair athletes. Protocol design was often dependent on a priori participant knowledge. However, specific guidelines for individualization were missing. However, the common protocol features of the different studies were united into guidelines that could be followed when performing standardized and individualized wheelchair-specific exercise capacity tests in wheelchair athletes. Together with guidelines regarding reporting of participant characteristics, used equipment, and outcome measures, we hope to work toward more international agreement in future testing.
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Evidence-Based Classification in Powerchair Football: Determining the Determinants. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2022; 39:197-213. [PMID: 34740988 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2021-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to initiate the development of an evidence-based sport classification system for powerchair football, a sport that serves athletes with physical impairments. Sport classification is designed to increase participation by minimizing the impact of impairment on competition outcome, and powerchair football lacks an evidence-based system of classification which is required of Paralympic sports. A number of approaches were used to build the theoretical model of sport performance (Step 2 of the International Paralympic Committee model). Key sport activities were identified through surveys of stakeholders and underlying determinants of those key activities were identified through game and database analyses. Current findings support drive control, ball control, communication, and adjustment to the ball as key activities in powerchair football with joint-specific strength and range of motion, sensory, and neurological variables identified as underlying determinants.
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Validity of Performance Assessment Methods in Elite Paracanoeists. J Hum Kinet 2022; 81:269-276. [PMID: 35291632 PMCID: PMC8884882 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of valid and reliable research methods in paralympic sports seems of great significance, thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of the Wingate test (WAnT) in assessment of anaerobic performance in elite paracanoeists competing in 200 m races. Seven paralympic athletes (32.6 ± 7.76 years), medal winners and finalists of the Paralympic Games, World and European Championships, as well as World Cups were examined. The evaluations were conducted during a competition which was held at the paralympic distance of 200 m, and included the WAnT for upper limbs and the anaerobic threshold test (ATT). Correlations of selected indices of mechanical work and power in the WAnT, as well as anaerobic threshold (AT) power, with the time recorded during the competition were used to determine indices which affected paracanoeing performance. The results indicated strong negative correlations with time achieved in the competition between peak power and total work in the WAnT, and AT power (R = -0.796 p = 0.032; R = -0.882 p = 0.009; R = -0.900 p < 0.001, respectively). The research confirmed the validity of the WAnT for the upper limbs to assess the performance level of paracanoeists. It may be concluded that the WAnT and ATT may be used for monitoring performance during the paralympic 200 m race.
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Szymczak Ł, Podgórski T, Domaszewska K. Comparison of the Levels of Hematological Parameters at Rest and after Maximum Exercise between Physically Active People with Spinal Cord Injury and Able-Bodied People. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312323. [PMID: 34886049 PMCID: PMC8656939 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to reveal the difference in the hematological reaction to the applied exercise-induced workload between the able-bodied and physically active people with cervical spinal cord injury. The study covered 11 males with spinal cord injury and 11 able-bodied persons. An incremental stress test was carried out until the maximum individual workloads were achieved. The peak oxygen uptake was measured with the use of the ergospirometric method. Venous blood test results at rest and after finishing the maximal exercise showed hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (HCT) value, erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC) and platelets (PLT) counts as well as the relative percentage of granulocytes (GRA), lymphocytes (LYM), and monocytes (MON). RBC, HCT as well as Hb and PLT among people with the injury were statistically lower (p < 0.001) large effect size, than in the control group. Statistically significant difference between the test and control group, subjected to the maximal exercise stress test, was observed in the exercise induced change of the PLT [p < 0.001, (ES: 2.631)] WBC [p < 0.05, (ES: 1.429)] and the percentage of LYM and GRA [p < 0.05, (ES: 1.447) for LYM and (ES: 1.332) for GRA] between both groups, subjected to the maximal cardiac stress test on the manual cycloergometer. The analysis of the obtained results indicates that people with spinal cord injury are much more vulnerable to the occurrence of microcytic anemia compared to able-bodied people. The after-exercise percentage shift of selected subpopulations of leukocytes in both groups indicates a delayed post-exercise recovery among people with spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Szymczak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Domaszewska
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-501-476-716
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Esatbeyoglu F, Marszalek J, MacDonald K, Ashcroft L. Differences in fundamental sitting volleyball skills between functional sport classes: a video analysis method. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1912956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Esatbeyoglu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
- World Para Volley Scientific Research Commission
| | - Jolanta Marszalek
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- World Para Volley Scientific Research Commission
| | - Kerry MacDonald
- Director of Sports Science, Medicine and Innovation, Volleyball Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- World Para Volley Scientific Research Commission
| | - Louise Ashcroft
- World Para Volley Medical Director
- World Para Volley Scientific Research Commission
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Personalized Tests in Paralympic Athletes: Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance Profile of Elite Wheelchair Rugby Players. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030118. [PMID: 32916810 PMCID: PMC7563775 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In Paralympic sports, the goal of functional classifications is to minimize the impact of impairment on the outcome of the competition. The present cross-sectional study aimed to investigate aerobic and anaerobic personalized tests in Paralympic athletes and to correlate them with the classification of the international wheelchair rugby federation (IWRF). Sixteen elite players of the Italian wheelchair rugby team volunteered for the study. Aerobic (incremental test to exhaustion) and anaerobic (Wingate 30s all-out test, 5 and 10-meter sprint test, shuttle test, isometric test) sport-performance measurements were correlated singularly or grouped (Z scores) with the classification point. Moreover, a multivariate permutation-based ranking analysis investigated possible differences in the overall level of performance among the adjacent classified groups of players, considering the scores of each test. A statistically significant correlation between the performance parameters and the IWRF functional classification considering both aerobic and anaerobic personalized tests was detected (0.58 ≤ r ≤ 0.88; 0.0260 ≤ p ≤ 0.0001). The multivariate permutation-based ranking analysis showed differences only for the low-pointers versus mid-pointers (p = 0.0195) and high-pointers (p = 0.0075). Although single performance parameters correlated with athletes’ classification point, results of the multivariate permutation-based ranking analysis seem to suggest considering only the most significant anaerobic and sport-specific performance parameters among athletes. These should be combined with the physical assessment and the qualitative observation, which are already part of the classification process to improve its effectiveness.
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Stangier C, Abel T, Zeller S, Quittmann OJ, Perret C, Strüder HK. Comparison of Different Blood Lactate Threshold Concepts for Constant Load Performance Prediction in Spinal Cord Injured Handcyclists. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1054. [PMID: 31611803 PMCID: PMC6777042 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endurance capacity is one of the main performance determinants in handcycling. There are two exercise test procedures primarily applied to determine endurance capacity, to verify training adaptations and predict race performance. This study aims to evaluate the agreement of these applied concepts in handcycling. Methods In a repeated measures cross-over design, 11 highly trained male spinal cord injured (Th12 to L1) handcyclists (age: 40 ± 9 years, height: 183 ± 8 cm, body mass: 73.2 ± 8.5 kg) performed a graded exercise test (GXT) and a lactate minimum test (LMT) to determine lactate threshold at 4 mmol L–1 (LT4 mmol L−1) and lactate minimum (LM), respectively. The agreement of both lactate thresholds concepts for constant load performance prediction (change of ≤ 1 mmol L–1 during the last 20 min) was evaluated within constant load tests (CLT; 30 min) at a power output (PO) corresponding to LT4 mmol L–1 and LM. Oxygen uptake (V.O2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (La) were measured during all tests. Results Power output at the corresponding thresholds (LT4 mmol L−1: 149 ± 34 W vs. LM: 137 ± 18 W) revealed no significant difference (p = 0.06). During the CLT at LT4 mmol⋅L−1 and LM, V.O2, and RPE were not significantly different. However, LA, RER, and HR were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.02) during CLT at LT4 mmol L−1. Bland–Altman plots indicate a wide range of dispersion for all parameters between both lactate threshold concepts. Evaluations of LT4 mmol L−1 and LM did not meet the criteria for constant load performance within the CLT for 33 and 17% of the athletes, respectively. Discussion Both exercise tests and the corresponding lactate threshold concept revealed appropriate estimates to predict a steady state performance for the majority of participants. However, as PO determination at LT4 mmol L−1 and LM exceeds the criteria for constant load performance (increase of ≥ 1 mmol L–1) for 33 and 17% respectively the current results indicate the common criteria for constant load performance (change of ± 1 mmol L–1) might not be sufficiently precise for elite athletes in handcycling. Consequently, exercise test results of elite athletes should be analyzed individually and verified by means of several CLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Stangier
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Abel
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Research Group in Disability Sport, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zeller
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Jan Quittmann
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudio Perret
- European Research Group in Disability Sport, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Heiko K Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Nowak AM, Molik B, Marszałek J. Anaerobic performance among children with spina bifida. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 60:132-139. [PMID: 31343148 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents with spina bifida demonstrate less physical activity. Most of them are wheelchair users. It is important to control their physical fitness for instance their anaerobic performance. They need anaerobic performance to daily activities like transfers that require short and high intensity movements. The aim of this study was to assess anaerobic performance among children with spina bifida and to evaluate their results in relation to normative values from able-bodied peers, as well as to find appropriate, easy and feasible field-based tests measuring anaerobic performance of children with spina bifida in non-laboratory settings. METHODS Ninety-five children and adolescents with spina bifida were divided according to gender and age (four male and four female groups) and performed the 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), the handgrip test and the chest pass test. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the Mann-Whitney U-test, the Pearson correlation (P<0.05) and Effect Size were applied in this study. RESULTS Differences in MP, PP, rMP and rPP between age groups were found. A significant and strong correlation of the 30-second WAnT results (MP, PP) with the handgrip test and the chest pass test was found (P<0.01; r>0.7). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, anaerobic performance of children with spina bifida varies depending on the age group and is "very poor" compared to anaerobic performance of their able-bodied peers. The chest pass test may be a good non-laboratory test to be used to indirectly assess anaerobic performance of children with spina bifida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Nowak
- Department of Physiotherapy, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland -
| | - Bartosz Molik
- Department of Physiotherapy, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Marszałek
- Department of Physiotherapy, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland
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Kelly VG, Chen KK, Oyewale M. Reliability of the 30-15 intermittent fitness test for elite wheelchair rugby players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1453167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent G. Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Performance Sciences Department, Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kexun K. Chen
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Oyewale
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Baumgart JK, Brurok B, Sandbakk Ø. Peak oxygen uptake in Paralympic sitting sports: A systematic literature review, meta- and pooled-data analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192903. [PMID: 29474386 PMCID: PMC5825058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in Paralympic sitting sports athletes represents their maximal ability to deliver energy aerobically in an upper-body mode, with values being influenced by sex, disability-related physiological limitations, sport-specific demands, training status and how they are tested. Objectives To identify VO2peak values in Paralympic sitting sports, examine between-sports differences and within-sports variations in VO2peak and determine the influence of sex, age, body-mass, disability and test-mode on VO2peak. Design Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Data sources PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscusTM and EMBASE were systematically searched in October 2016 using relevant medical subject headings, keywords and a Boolean. Eligibility criteria Studies that assessed VO2peak values in sitting sports athletes with a disability in a laboratory setting were included. Data synthesis Data was extracted and pooled in the different sports disciplines, weighted by the Dersimonian and Laird random effects approach. Quality of the included studies was assessed with a modified version of the Downs and Black checklist by two independent reviewers. Meta-regression and pooled-data multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the influence of sex, age, body-mass, disability, test mode and study quality on VO2peak. Results Of 6542 retrieved articles, 57 studies reporting VO2peak values in 14 different sitting sports were included in this review. VO2peak values from 771 athletes were used in the data analysis, of which 30% participated in wheelchair basketball, 27% in wheelchair racing, 15% in wheelchair rugby and the remaining 28% in the 11 other disciplines. Fifty-six percent of the athletes had a spinal cord injury and 87% were men. Sports-discipline-averaged VO2peak values ranged from 2.9 L∙min-1 and 45.6 mL∙kg-1∙min-1 in Nordic sit skiing to 1.4 L∙min-1 and 17.3 mL∙kg-1∙min-1 in shooting and 1.3 L∙min-1 and 18.9 mL∙kg-1∙min-1 in wheelchair rugby. Large within-sports variation was found in sports with few included studies and corresponding low sample sizes. The meta-regression and pooled-data multiple regression analyses showed that being a man, having an amputation, not being tetraplegic, testing in a wheelchair ergometer and treadmill mode, were found to be favorable for high absolute and body-mass normalized VO2peak values. Furthermore, high body mass was favourable for high absolute VO2peak values and low body mass for high body-mass normalized VO2peak values. Conclusion The highest VO2peak values were found in Nordic sit skiing, an endurance sport with continuously high physical efforts, and the lowest values in shooting, a sport with low levels of displacement, and in wheelchair rugby where mainly athletes with tetraplegia compete. However, VO2peak values need to be interpreted carefully in sports-disciplines with few included studies and large within-sports variation. Future studies should include detailed information on training status, sex, age, test mode, as well as the type and extent of disability in order to more precisely evaluate the effect of these factors on VO2peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kathrin Baumgart
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Berit Brurok
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Altering the Speed Profiles of Wheelchair Rugby Players With Game-Simulation Drill Design. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:37-43. [PMID: 28422583 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the speed profiles of elite wheelchair rugby (WCR) players during game-simulation training drills of differing player number and shot-clock regulations. A secondary aim was to determine whether the profiles were further influenced by player classification. METHODS Eight elite WCR players (low-point n = 3, high-point n = 5) were monitored using a radio-frequency-based indoor tracking system during training sessions over a 5-mo period. Speed profiles were collected for 3 modified game-simulation drills-3-versus-3 drills (n = 8 observations), 30-s shot clock (n = 24 observations), and 15-s shot clock (n = 16 observations)-and were compared with regular game-simulation drills (4 vs 4, 40-s shot clock; n = 16 observations). Measures included mean and peak speed; exercise-intensity ratios, defined as the ratio of time spent performing at high and low speeds; and the number of high-speed activities performed. RESULTS Compared with regular game-simulation drills, 3-versus-3 drills elicited a moderate increase in mean speed (6.3%; effect size [ES] = 0.7) and the number of high-speed activities performed (44.1%; ES = 1.1). Minimal changes in speed profiles were observed during the 30-s shot clock, although moderate to large increases in all measures were observed during the 15-s shot-clock drills. Classification-specific differences were further identified, with increased activity observed for high-point players during the 3-versus-3 drill and for low-point players during the 15-s shot clock. CONCLUSION By reducing the number of players on court and the shot clock to 15 s, coaches can significantly increase elite WCR players' speed profiles during game-simulation drills.
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Godoy PS, Borges M, Faria FRD, Duarte E. Correlação entre classificação funcional, gênero e habilidades motoras de jogadores de handebol em cadeira de rodas. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Santos PBR, Vigário PS, Mainenti MRM, Ferreira AS, Lemos T. Seated limits-of-stability of athletes with disabilities with regard to competitive levels and sport classification. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:2019-2026. [PMID: 28150870 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we asked whether wheelchair rugby (WR) classification and competitive level influence trunk function of athletes with disabilities, in terms of seated limits-of-stability (LoS). Twenty-eight athletes were recruited from international- and national-level WR teams, with each group exhibiting marked differences in years of sports practice and training volume. Athletes were also distributed into three groups according their classification: low-point (0.5-1.5-point); mid-point (2.0-2.5-point); and high-point (3.0-3.5-point). Athletes were asked to sit on a force platform and to lean the body as far as possible in eight predefined directions. Center of pressure (COP) coordinates were calculated from the ground reaction forces acquired with the force platform. LoS were computed as the area of ellipse adjusted to maximal COP excursion achieved for the eight directions. ANOVAs reveal that LoS were not different when international- and national-level players were compared (P=.744). Nevertheless, LoS were larger in players from the high-point group than from the low-point group (P=.028), with the mid-point group being not different from both (P>.194). In summary, (i) competitive level does not impact LoS measures and (ii) LoS are remarkably distinct when comparing both extremes of the WR classification range. Our results suggest that, as a training-resistant measure, LoS could be a valid assessment of trunk impairment, potentially contributing to the development of an evidence-based WR classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B R Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Centro Universitário Augusto Motta - UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - P S Vigário
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Centro Universitário Augusto Motta - UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - M R M Mainenti
- Divisão de Pesquisa e Extensão, Escola de Educação Física do Exército (EsEFEx), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - A S Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Centro Universitário Augusto Motta - UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - T Lemos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Centro Universitário Augusto Motta - UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Altmann VC, Groen BE, Hart AL, Vanlandewijck YC, van Limbeek J, Keijsers NL. The impact of trunk impairment on performance-determining activities in wheelchair rugby. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1005-1014. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. C. Altmann
- Rehabilitation; Sint Maartenskliniek; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - B. E. Groen
- Sint Maartenskliniek Research; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - A. L. Hart
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athlete Training; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Y. C. Vanlandewijck
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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15
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Stoter IK, Hettinga FJ, Altmann V, Eisma W, Arendzen H, Bennett T, van der Woude LH, Dekker R. Initial steps towards an evidence-based classification system for golfers with a physical impairment. Disabil Rehabil 2015; 39:152-163. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1095949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inge K. Stoter
- Center of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,
| | - Florentina J. Hettinga
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Essex, Colchester, UK,
| | | | - Wim Eisma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Rehabilitation, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,
| | - Hans Arendzen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands,
| | - Tony Bennett
- European Disabled Golf Association, La Varenne St Hilaire, France, and
| | - Lucas H. van der Woude
- Center of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Rehabilitation, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,
| | - Rienk Dekker
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Rehabilitation, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,
- Center for Sports Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gil SM, Yanci J, Otero M, Olasagasti J, Badiola A, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Iturricastillo A, Granados C. The Functional Classification and Field Test Performance in Wheelchair Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet 2015; 46:219-30. [PMID: 26240665 PMCID: PMC4519213 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheelchair basketball players are classified in four classes based on the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) system of competition. Thus, the aim of the study was to ascertain if the IWBF classification, the type of injury and the wheelchair experience were related to different performance field-based tests. Thirteen basketball players undertook anthropometric measurements and performance tests (hand dynamometry, 5 m and 20 m sprints, 5 m and 20 m sprints with a ball, a T-test, a Pick-up test, a modified 10 m Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, a maximal pass and a medicine ball throw). The IWBF class was correlated (p<0.05) to the hand dynamometry (r= 0.84), the maximal pass (r=0.67) and the medicine ball throw (r= 0.67). Whereas the years of dependence on the wheelchair were correlated to the velocity (p<0.01): 5 m (r= -0.80) and 20 m (r= -0.77) and agility tests (r= -0.77, p<0.01). Also, the 20 m sprint with a ball (r= 0.68) and the T-test (r= -0.57) correlated (p<0.05) with the experience in playing wheelchair basketball. Therefore, in this team the correlations of the performance variables differed when they were related to the disability class, the years of dependence on the wheelchair and the experience in playing wheelchair basketball. These results should be taken into account by the technical staff and coaches of the teams when assessing performance of wheelchair basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana María Gil
- Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
| | - Javier Yanci
- Department of Physical Education and Sport. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
| | - Montserrat Otero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
| | - Jurgi Olasagasti
- Adapted Sport Federation of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Aduna Badiola
- Department of Physical Education and Sport. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
| | - Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona
- Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
| | - Aitor Iturricastillo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
| | - Cristina Granados
- Department of Physical Education and Sport. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
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Altmann VC, Hart AL, Vanlandewijck YC, van Limbeek J, van Hooff ML. The impact of trunk impairment on performance of wheelchair activities with a focus on wheelchair court sports: a systematic review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2015; 1:22. [PMID: 26284163 PMCID: PMC5005656 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trunk impairment seems to impact significantly on performance in wheelchair court sports, but evidence to support this impression has never been systematically assessed. The objective of this study is to systematically review, describe and synthesise the literature investigating the impact of trunk impairment on wheelchair activities in court sports. METHODS This systematic review was performed according to the consensus statement for the meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE). The search strategy for original articles comprised Medline (1950- November 2014), Cinahl (1981-November 2014), and Embase (1980- November 2014), using the search terms: trunk, trunk muscles, postural balance, posture and wheelchair. Eligibility criteria for further review were 1) participants included experienced wheelchair users, 2) comparisons were made between a) participants with different levels of trunk impairment or b) between able bodied participants and participants with trunk impairment, or c) between participants with trunk impairment with and without compensatory equipment, and 3) outcome measures were quantitative data on wheelchair activities. For methodological quality assessment, the STROBE (Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology) checklist was used. RESULTS After assessment of 358 potentially relevant studies for the eligibility criteria, 25 studies were appropriate for methodological assessment. Twelve articles fulfilled the predetermined minimum of 15 reported items on the 22-item STROBE checklist. These studies were limited to observational studies with small populations. All but one study were restricted to patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). CONCLUSIONS Limited evidence was found about the impact of trunk impairment on wheelchair activities. Reach to the front and multidirectional reach was further in able bodied persons than in persons with SCI. In a perturbation that equals deceleration in wheelchair court sports, able bodied persons maintain balance, whereas persons with SCI lose balance. No evidence was found to support a difference in acceleration between persons with partial trunk muscle strength and persons with full trunk muscle strength. For future research, there is a need for a test that includes all types of trunk impairment and identification of activities that determine performance in wheelchair court sports. Furthermore, populations of athletes with all trunk impairment types should be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola C Altmann
- Rehabilitation Centre, Sint Maartenskliniek, P.O. Box 9011, 6500 GM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne L Hart
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athlete Training, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona USA
| | - Yves C Vanlandewijck
- Department of Rehabilitation sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby players during competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 10:318-24. [PMID: 25202822 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby (WCR) players and establish classification-specific arbitrary speed zones. In addition, indicators of fatigue during full matches were explored. METHODS Seventy-five elite WCR players from 11 national teams were monitored using a radio-frequency-based, indoor tracking system across 2 international tournaments. Players who participated in complete quarters (n = 75) and full matches (n = 25) were included and grouped by their International Wheelchair Rugby Federation functional classification: groups I (0.5), II (1.0-1.5), III (2.0-2.5), and IV (3.0-3.5). RESULTS During a typical quarter, significant increases in total distance (m), relative distance (m/min), and mean speed (m/s) were associated with an increase in classification group (P < .001), with the exception of groups III and IV. However, group IV players achieved significantly higher peak speeds (3.82 ± 0.31 m/s) than groups I (2.99 ± 0.28 m/s), II (3.44 ± 0.26 m/s), and III (3.67 ± 0.32 m/s). Groups I and II differed significantly in match intensity during very-low/low-speed zones and the number of high-intensity activities in comparison with groups III and IV (P < .001). Full-match analysis revealed that activity profiles did not differ significantly between quarters. CONCLUSIONS Notable differences in the volume of activity were displayed across the functional classification groups. However, the specific on-court requirements of defensive (I and II) and offensive (III and IV) match roles appeared to influence the intensity of match activities, and consequently training prescription should be structured accordingly.
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Reliability of the revised wheelchair rugby trunk impairment classification system. Spinal Cord 2013; 51:913-8. [PMID: 24042992 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2013.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Observational, cross-sectional. OBJECTIVES A new classification system for trunk impairment in wheelchair rugby was introduced in 2010. It consists of 10 tests, arranged in an algorithm, to assign four different trunk scores (0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5) to athletes. The purpose of this study was to assess the inter-rater reliability of this classification system. SETTING National competition for wheelchair rugby and wheelchair basketball in the Netherlands and Belgium. METHODS Three experienced wheelchair rugby classifiers independently assigned trunk scores to wheelchair rugby and wheelchair basketball athletes in two sessions. After each session, test descriptions were adjusted. The inter-rater reliability was evaluated by determining the agreement and Fleiss Kappa. RESULTS In the first session, all classifiers agreed on the trunk score in 13 out of 16 athletes; the overall Kappa was 0.76 (P<0.001). The Kappa per trunk score ranged from 0.29 to 1. Four test descriptions were adjusted after the first session. In the second session, there was an agreement in trunk score between the classifiers in 15 out of 21 athletes. The overall Kappa was 0.75 (P<0.0001), and the Kappa per trunk scores ranged from 0.58 to 0.92. After the second session, two test descriptions were improved. CONCLUSION The revised classification system for trunk impairment in wheelchair rugby showed a adequate inter-rater reliability for the allocation of trunk scores.
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Anthamatten P, Fiene E, Kutchman E, Mainar M, Brink L, Browning R, Nigg CR. A microgeographic analysis of physical activity behavior within elementary school grounds. Am J Health Promot 2013; 28:403-12. [PMID: 23971525 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.121116-quan-566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is little scholarship on physical activity among children within outdoor spaces and work is needed to advance the design of these spaces from "best practices" towards evidence-based design. This project examined how playground feature density relates to children's physical activity. DESIGN We used the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity to observe children's physical activity. SETTING We observed children during school recess on 24 school grounds in the Denver metropolitan area of Colorado, in spring of 2010 and 2011. SUBJECTS A total of 31,069 observations were made from an estimated 9900 children aged 5 to 12. These were aggregated and analyzed in 397 playground zones. MEASURES We examined utilization, the number of children present in a particular activity zone during an observation, and the percentage of children engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity as they relate to the density of constructed features on school playgrounds. ANALYSIS Ordinary least-squares linear regression model assessed the relationship between playground feature density and the utilization and moderate to vigorous physical activity. RESULTS Significant positive associations were observed between utilization and feature density among all children (β = .20; p < .001) and a statistically significant but small association was observed between moderate to vigorous physical activity and feature density for girls (β = .12; p = .013), but not for boys. CONCLUSION This analysis contributes to evidence that design features of play spaces may influence children's behavior within school grounds.
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Abstract
The volume of literature on field-based physiological testing of wheelchair sports, such as basketball, rugby and tennis, is considerably smaller when compared with that available for individuals and team athletes in able-bodied (AB) sports. In analogy to the AB literature, it is recognized that performance in wheelchair sports not only relies on fitness, but also sport-specific skills, experience and technical proficiency. However, in contrast to AB sports, two major components contribute towards 'wheeled sports' performance, which are the athlete and the wheelchair. It is the interaction of these two that enable wheelchair propulsion and the sporting movements required within a given sport. Like any other athlete, participants of wheelchair sports are looking for efficient ways to train and/or analyse their technique and fitness to improve their performance. Consequently, laboratory and/or field-based physiological monitoring tools used at regular intervals at key time points throughout the year must be considered to help with training evaluation. The present review examines methods available in the literature to assess wheelchair sports fitness in a field-based environment, with special attention on outcome variables, validity and reliability issues, and non-physiological influences on performance. It also lays out the context of field-based testing by providing details about the Paralympic court sports and the impacts of a disability on sporting performance. Due to the limited availability of specialized equipment for testing wheelchair-dependent participants in the laboratory, the adoption of field-based testing has become the preferred option by team coaches of wheelchair athletes. An obvious advantage of field-based testing is that large groups of athletes can be tested in less time. Furthermore, athletes are tested in their natural environment (using their normal sports wheelchair set-up and floor surface), potentially making the results of such testing more relevant than laboratory testing. However, given that many tests, such as the multistage fitness test and the Yo-Yo intermittent test, have originally been developed for AB games players, the assumption that these can also be used for wheelchair athletes may be erroneous. With the array of AB aerobic and anaerobic field tests available, it is difficult to ascertain which ones may be best suited for wheelchair athletes. Therefore, new, wheelchair sport-specific tests have been proposed and validated. Careful selection of tests to enable coaches to distinguish between disability classifications, wheelchair proficiency and actual performance improvements is paramount as this will not only enhance the value of field-based testing, but also help with the development of meaningful normative data.
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WEST CHRISTOPHERR, ROMER LEEM, KRASSIOUKOV ANDREI. Autonomic Function and Exercise Performance in Elite Athletes with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:261-7. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31826f5099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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