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Gomes R, Mendes R, Ferreira A, Mendes R, Dias G, Martins F. Physical and Physiological Demands of Amateur Portuguese Field and Assistant Football Referees. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:133. [PMID: 38787002 PMCID: PMC11126070 DOI: 10.3390/sports12050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Referees are crucial elements in football, and they must meet the physical and physiological demands each match poses to them. The aim is to analyse the physical and physiological demands of amateur referees in games at the regional level (4th division), examining the differences between the first and second halves and between assistant (age: 25.10 ± 4.97) and main referees (age: 25.65 ± 5.12). A total of 29 matches were analysed with GPS devices, and internal and external load metrics were analysed. Overall, main referees, due to their central role in game management, showed higher levels of physical and physiological load than assistant referees, with more high-intensity activities, greater distance covered and higher heart rate. The results also revealed that there were no differences between the halves for total distance covered for either the main or assistant referees. However, the main referees covered a greater distance in high-intensity running during the first half (p = 0.05; d = 0.389). These findings emphasise the importance of tailored training protocols to enhance performance and reduce fatigue-related errors, highlighting the significance of endurance, high-intensity running ability, and strategies to manage transient fatigue in referee preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gomes
- Applied Research Unit in Sport Sciences, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.M.); (R.M.); (G.D.); (F.M.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal;
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), Delegação da Covilhã, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-256 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Mendes
- Applied Research Unit in Sport Sciences, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.M.); (R.M.); (G.D.); (F.M.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Amaro Ferreira
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Football Association of Coimbra, 3030-330 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Mendes
- Applied Research Unit in Sport Sciences, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.M.); (R.M.); (G.D.); (F.M.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal;
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-256 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Dias
- Applied Research Unit in Sport Sciences, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.M.); (R.M.); (G.D.); (F.M.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal;
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), Delegação da Covilhã, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-256 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Martins
- Applied Research Unit in Sport Sciences, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.M.); (R.M.); (G.D.); (F.M.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal;
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), Delegação da Covilhã, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- InED—Centre for Research and Innovation in Education, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
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Martínez-Rodríguez A, Sánchez-Sánchez J, López-Fernández J, Lara-Cobos D, Sánchez-Sáez JA. A Global Positioning System Used to Monitor the Physical Performance of Elite Beach Handball Referees in a Spanish Championship. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:827. [PMID: 38339543 PMCID: PMC10857188 DOI: 10.3390/s24030827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Beach handball is a fully developed sporting discipline on all five continents which has attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade, resulting in a proliferation of different studies focusing on players but not on referees. The main objective of this cross-sectional research was to determine the physical demands on elite male beach handball referees in four different competitions: U18 male; U18 female; senior male; and senior female. Twelve elite federated male referees (age: 30.86 ± 8 years; body height: 175.72 ± 4.51 cm; body weight: 80.18 ± 17.99 kg; fat percentage: 20.1 ± 4.41%; national or international experience) belonging to the Technical Committee of the Royal Spanish Handball Federation were recruited for this the study. The physical demands required of referees in official matches were measured by installing a GPS device. The sampling frequency used to record their speed and distance was 15 Hz. A triaxial accelerometer (100 Hz) was used to determine their acceleration. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) between competitions with post hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni adjustment was used to compare among categories. A higher distance covered in zone 1 and speeds of 0 to 6 km-h-1 were recorded. Most accelerations and decelerations occurred in zones 0 and 1 (zone 0: 0 to 1 m·s-2; zone 1: 1 to 2 m·s-2). The lack of differences (p > 0.05) between most analysed variables suggest quite similar physical demands of the four analysed competitions. These results provide relevant information to design optimal training plans oriented to the real physical demands on referees in an official competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
- European Institute of Exercise and Health (EIEH), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-S.); (J.L.-F.)
| | - Jorge López-Fernández
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-S.); (J.L.-F.)
| | - Daniel Lara-Cobos
- Beach Handball Section, Italian Handball Federation, 00135 Roma, Italy;
| | - Juan Antonio Sánchez-Sáez
- Grupo de Investigación GDOT—Gestión Deportiva, Ocio y Tecnología, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
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Castillo-Rodríguez A, Caparrós JLR, Figueiredo A, González-Fernández FT, Onetti-Onetti W. Cause-Effect: The Relationship between Role and Experience with Psychological and Physical Responses in the Competition Context in Soccer Referees. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:289-300. [PMID: 38053965 PMCID: PMC10694706 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/169174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of psychological responses (impulsivity, self-esteem, self-confidence, and anxiety) in baseline and pre-competitive contexts of national soccer referees (SRs), their control of the game (yellow and red cards), and physical performance (PP) according to the role (assistant or main referee), and experience in the category. Twenty-seven national SRs from Spain participated in this study. Baseline and pre-competitive psychological data were collected through the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2 test), Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P test), and Rosenberg tests. Furthermore, WIMU PRO™ inertial devices were used to monitor PP. The results indicated that a lack of perseverance and self-esteem were higher in the main SRs and somatic anxiety in assistant SRs. Experience of SRs was related to anxiety, self-confidence, self-esteem, impulsivity dimensions, and PP metrics (p < 0.05). Finally, red cards were related to positive and negative urgency (r = 0.38 and r = 0.35, p < 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, the main SRs and SRs with more experience had better psychological characteristics and PP in a competitive context. However, yellow and red cards were not associated with these factors, although red cards were related with urgency. Based on these data, specific training programs could be incorporated to enhance emotional control in SRs with less experience to achieve greater performance and professional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Castillo-Rodríguez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Figueiredo
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Castillo-Rodríguez A, Alejo-Moya EJ, Figueiredo A, Onetti-Onetti W, González-Fernández FT. Influence of physical fitness on decision-making of soccer referees throughout the match. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19702. [PMID: 37809542 PMCID: PMC10558927 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between physical fitness and physical performance in competition and the decision-making (successes and errors). A sample of 22 male national-level soccer referees (weight: 72.7 kg; height: 178.0 cm; age: 23.4 years) participated in this study. Physical fitness was assessed through 6 series of 40 m (velocity) and Yo-yo (aerobic) test in annual exam by Soccer Committee, physical performance was performed through the total distance covered in competition (Experiment 1), and decision-making was registered through a simulated Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) with the consensus of 2 national referees evaluating only warnings (yellow cards), expulsions (red cards), established penalties and obvious goal actions (called and no called) (Experiments 2 and 3). Results showed that physical fitness test was related with total distance (rho = 0.63, p < .01) and success rate percentage (rho = 0.74, p < .05) registered during competition. The success rate percentage, in the first half, was observed 44% successes, and in the second half, 59% successes. The number of events called was related with the physical fitness test score (R2 = 0.71, p = .035; R2 = 0.64, p = .056, respectively). As conclusion, the main finding of this study has provided insight into decision-making behavior in real competitive matches and the physical fitness was the predictor of the successful decision-making being able to determine the permanency, promotion or decrease of category.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilio José Alejo-Moya
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences. University of Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueiredo
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Martinho DV, Field A, Rebelo A, Gouveia ÉR, Sarmento H. A Systematic Review of the Physical, Physiological, Nutritional and Anthropometric Profiles of Soccer Referees. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:72. [PMID: 37561241 PMCID: PMC10415246 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of soccer referees is widely accepted by international soccer organizations and governing bodies, although there is little research summarizing and appraising the literature on soccer referees. The aim of this study was to systematically review the information related to physical demands, nutrition and physiological profiling of soccer referees. METHODS Conforming with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searches of three electronic databases (Web of Sciences, PubMed and Scopus) were conducted on 24 April 2022. The following search terms were used: (Soccer OR football AND refer*) AND (physical OR physiolo* OR load* OR "body composition" OR "fat mass" OR "fat free mass" OR "body size" OR "nutrition*" OR "nutritional assessment" OR "nutritional intake" OR "macronutrient*" OR "micronutrient*"). The inclusion criteria of the manuscripts written in English were that articles with male and/or female soccer referees and included relevant data concerning performance, physical testing, nutrition, body composition, body size and/or physiology of soccer referees. The tools developed by the National Institute of Health were used to assess risk of bias according to the study design. RESULTS In total, 110 manuscripts were included in the present review. Match activities of soccer referees and assistant referees are not comparable. Variation in performance is influenced by competitive level and competitive schedules. Additionally, match performance is often used to validate field protocols. The associations between match indicators and field protocols were not constant across the included studies, particularly in short-maximal tests. An age decline in physical performance was not conclusive. Body size did not discriminate between referees and assistant referees, as well as referees of different competitive levels. Few studies focused on nutritional guidelines among referees, particularly exercise energy expenditure. Energy intake was comparable across studies, but referees did not follow the daily dietary recommendations. Aerobic output was frequently assessed, and it was not comparable to the values for soccer players. CONCLUSIONS Although there are decreases in the running profiles of older referees, they maintain the same distances from the ball, and thus, age per se should not be used to define participation at the international level. The assessment of physical fitness warrants future consideration given the levels of fatigue that are apparent at the end of matches. In order to attain ideal levels of body composition, future studies need to provide guidelines for daily energy expenditure and nutritional intake. TRIAL REGISTRATION The protocol was published in INPLASY (International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) with the registration number 202280052 and https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.005 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Adam Field
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - André Rebelo
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física e Exercício e Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Élvio R Gouveia
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
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Li J, Wu Y. Feasibility Study of Mass Sports Fitness Program Based on Neural Network Algorithm. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:3639157. [PMID: 35978895 PMCID: PMC9377887 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3639157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mass sports has become a world trend, setting off a new health revolution in the world. Mass fitness programs not only enrich people's lives. It not only relieves the psychological pressure of modern people but also promotes people's health and improves people's quality of life. According to the time-consuming stability of neural network algorithm, this paper proposes a sports video recognition algorithm based on BP neural network. The static and dynamic features are classified by BP neural network, and the basic probability assignment is constructed according to the preliminary recognition results. At the same time, we use evidence theory to fuse the preliminary results and get the results of motion video recognition. It can be applied to the generation model of the feasible scheme of mass sports fitness. Relevant experiments show that the whole model that generates the feasible mass sports fitness scheme can accurately generate the sports fitness scheme of multiple patient users and ensure the rationality and safety of the sports fitness scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Physical Education Department, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Yejin Wu
- School of Physical Education and Health, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, China
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López Aguilar J, Castillo-Rodriguez A, Chinchilla-Minguet JL, Onetti-Onetti W. Relationship between age, category and experience with the soccer referee's self-efficacy. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11472. [PMID: 34178441 PMCID: PMC8199919 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soccer referees (SRs) encounter stressful situations during competitions and sometimes even outside them, which may affect their decision making. Therefore, it is important that they possess or acquire optimal levels of self-efficacy, since it is related to less stress during competition, also guaranteeing sports performance and prevent sports abandonment. The objectives of this study were to characterize the profile, in terms of self-efficacy, of SRs depending on their category, age, and experience and to determine the relationship of these factors on SR self-efficacy. Two-hundred fifty-six Spanish referees participated in this study and Referee Self-Efficacy Scale was administered and completed. The results indicated that the SRs older than 25 years, of national category, and with experience greater than or equal to 8 years, have higher levels of self-efficacy than those with the least (p < .01). Likewise, moderate positive correlations were also observed between global self-efficacy and the category, age, and experience of the SRs. In conclusion, age, category and experience factors relate the self-efficacy of the SR, which can explain up to 17% of the variance, affecting decision-making and other decisive behaviors in the competition. These findings are of interest to delegations and referee committees seeking to implement psychological intervention programs to prevent burnout and abandonment of sports practice due to the consequences of low self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José López Aguilar
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Wanesa Onetti-Onetti
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja. UNIR, Logroño, Spain
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