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Gaillard B, Seguin C, Remy JS, Pons F, Lebeau L. Erufosine (ErPC3) Cationic Prodrugs as Dual Gene Delivery Reagents for Combined Antitumor Therapy. Chemistry 2019; 25:15662-15679. [PMID: 31549752 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen cationic prodrugs of the antitumor alkylphospholipid (APL) erufosine were rationally synthesized to provide original gene delivery reagents with improved cytotoxicity profile. The DNA complexation properties of these cationic lipids were determined and associated transfection rates were measured. Furthermore, the self-assembly properties of the pro-erufosine compounds were investigated and their critical aggregation concentration was determined. Their hydrolytic stability under pH conditions mimicking the extracellular environment and the late endosome milieu was measured. Hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity of the compounds were investigated. The results obtained in various cell lines demonstrate that the prodrugs of erufosine display antineoplastic activity similar to that of the parent antitumor drug but are not associated with hemolytic toxicity, which is a dose-limiting side effect of APLs and a major obstacle to their use in anticancer therapeutic regimen. Furthermore, by using lipoplexes prepared from a prodrug of erufosine and a plasmid DNA encoding a pro-apoptotic protein (TRAIL), evidence was provided for selective cytotoxicity towards tumor cells while nontumor cells were resistant. This study demonstrates that the combination approach involving well tolerated erufosine cationic prodrugs and cancer gene therapy holds significant promise in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin-BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Cendrine Seguin
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin-BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Serge Remy
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin-BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Françoise Pons
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin-BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Luc Lebeau
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin-BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
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Thaler S, Haritoglou C, Schuettauf F, Choragiewicz T, May CA, Gekeler F, Fischer MD, Langhals H, Schatz A. In vivo biocompatibility of a new cyanine dye for ILM peeling. Eye (Lond) 2014; 29:428-35. [PMID: 25523205 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the biocompatibility of the new cyanine dye: 3,3'-Di-(4-sulfobutyl)-1,1,1',1'-tetramethyl-di-1H-benz[e]indocarbocyanine (DSS) as a vital dye for intraocular application in an in vivo rat model and to evaluate the effects of this dye on retinal structure and function. METHODS DSS at a concentration of 0.5% was applied via intravitreal injections to adult Brown Norway rats with BSS serving as a control. Retinal toxicity was assessed 7 days later by means of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) counts, light microscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and electroretinography (ERG). RESULTS No significant decrease in RGC numbers was observed. No structural changes of the central retina were observed either in vivo (OCT) or under light microscopy. ERGs detected a temporary reduction of retinal function 7 days after injection; this was no longer evident 14 days after injection. CONCLUSIONS DSS showed good biocompatibility in a well-established experimental in vivo setting and may be usable for intraocular surgery as an alternative to other cyanine dyes. In contrast to indocyanine green, it additionally offers fluorescence in the visual spectrum. Further studies with other animal models are needed before translation into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thaler
- Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Haritoglou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - F Schuettauf
- Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T Choragiewicz
- 1] Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany [2] 1st Eye Hospital, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - C A May
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty 'Carl Gustav Carus', Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - F Gekeler
- Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M D Fischer
- Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Langhals
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - A Schatz
- Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Liegl R, Wertheimer C, Kernt M, Docheva D, Kampik A, Eibl-Lindner KH. Attenuation of human lens epithelial cell spreading, migration and contraction via downregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 252:285-92. [PMID: 24263529 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) represents a major challenge in the postoperative management of cataract patients. Spreading, migration and contraction of residual human lens epithelial cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of PCO. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of the alkylphosphocholine (APC) erufosine on these cellular features as well as on PI3K/Akt, a crucial pathway in PCO pathogenesis. METHODS Human lens epithelial cells were cultured under standard cell culture conditions. Cell spreading was analyzed on fibronectin-coated wells and chemokinetic migration was assessed by time-lapse microscopy. For evaluation of cell-mediated collagen matrix contraction, the cells were seeded into collagen gels and incubated with an APC in different non-toxic concentrations before the surface area was measured on day 6. The activity of PI3K/Akt was assessed by an ELISA kit after incubation of the cells with different APC concentrations. RESULTS Human lens epithelial cell spreading and migration were attenuated by APCs as follows: 7 % spreading, 48 % migration (0.1 μM APC), and 32 % spreading, 68 % migration (1.0 μM APC). APC concentrations of 0.1 μM reduced collagen gel diameter by 5 %, and 1.0 μM by less than 1 %, compared to untreated, cell-populated gels that resulted in a cell diameter contraction of 36 %. PI3K was downregulated in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The crucial cellular features of PCO pathogenesis are attenuated by the APC erufosine via downregulation of the PI3K pathway. Thus, erufosine might become a valuable tool for pharmacologic PCO prophylaxis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Liegl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Mathildenstrasse 8, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Eibl KH, Wertheimer C, Kernt M, Wolf A, Kook D, Haritoglou C, Kampik A. Alkylphosphocholines for intraocular lens coating. J Cataract Refract Surg 2013; 39:438-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Haritoglou C, Kampik A. Pharmacology at Surgery. Retina 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Liegl R, Kernt M, Obholzer K, Wolf A, Schumann R, Haritoglou C, Kampik A, Eibl-Lindner KH. [Alkylphosphocholines inhibit lens epithelial cell proliferation and attachment]. Ophthalmologe 2011; 107:937-40. [PMID: 20358233 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-010-2128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is one of the major concerns in modern cataract surgery. Ten years after successful surgery, Nd:YAG capsulotomy is required in up to 42% of patients with an acrylic sharp-edged intraocular lens (IOL). Some accommodative and multifocal IOLs display even higher capsulotomy rates. Pharmacologic prophylaxis with alkylphosphocholines (APCs) could be a novel option in PCO prevention. METHODS The human lens epithelial cell line HLE-B3 served as an in-vitro model. After incubation with APCs in different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM), the trypan blue exclusion assay and the live/dead test were performed at serum concentrations of only 5%. Cell proliferation was assessed with the MTT test. Evaluation of cell attachment was done with fibronectin- and laminin-coated wells. RESULTS APCs can inhibit the proliferation of human lens epithelial cells in the presence of only 5% serum in a dose-dependent manner. Proliferation inhibition of 60% and attachment inhibition of about 50% were reached at concentrations of 0.1 µM. CONCLUSION APCs inhibit proliferation and attachment of human lens epithelial cells in nontoxic concentrations in vitro. The substance can be applied topically, and an intraoperative application for pharmacologic PCO prophylaxis is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Liegl
- Augenklinik der LMU München, Campus Innenstadt, Mathildenstraße 8, 80336, München, Deutschland
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Schuettauf F, Stein T, Choragiewicz TJ, Rejdak R, Bolz S, Zurakowski D, Varde MA, Laties AM, Thaler S. Caspase inhibitors protect against NMDA-mediated retinal ganglion cell death. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 39:545-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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In vivo toxicity testing of methyl blue and aniline blue as vital dyes for intraocular surgery. Retina 2010; 29:1257-65. [PMID: 19934820 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e3181b8615b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the biocompatibility of methyl blue and aniline blue as vital dyes for vitreoretinal surgery in an in vivo rat model and to evaluate the effect of these dyes on retinal structure and function. METHODS Adult Brown-Norway rats received intravitreal injections of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 2% methyl blue or aniline blue dissolved in balanced salt solution with balanced salt solution serving as a control. Retinal toxicity was assessed 7 days thereafter by means of retinal ganglion cell counts, light microscopy, and electroretinography. RESULTS No significant decrease in retinal ganglion cell counts at concentrations up to 0.2% was observed. At 2%, however, a significant retinal ganglion cell loss was detected with both dyes (more pronounced for aniline blue). Light microscopy showed no structural changes in the central retina for concentrations up to 0.2%. Electroretinographies detected no adverse effects of methyl blue or aniline blue on rod- or cone-driven responses at concentrations up to 0.2%. CONCLUSION Methyl blue and aniline blue are very biocompatible and may, therefore, be usable for intraocular surgery. Further testing with other animal models will be necessary to confirm this. The safety margin of methyl blue is possibly higher than that of aniline blue.
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The safety profile of alkylphosphocholines in the model of the isolated perfused vertebrate retina. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 248:511-8. [PMID: 20091176 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-009-1246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkylphosphocholines (APCs) are synthetic phospholipid derivatives, and have been demonstrated to inhibit ocular cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Currently, they are applied clinically for their antitumoral and antiparasitic properties, but have not yet been implemented for clinical use in proliferative ophthalmic disorders. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of APC in the ex vivo model of the isolated perfused vertebrate retina. METHODS Bovine retina preparations were perfused with an oxygen pre-equilibrated standard solution. The electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded using Ag/AgCl-electrodes. After recording stable b-wave amplitudes, an APC was applied at the following concentrations to the nutrient solution: 0.25 microM, 2.5 microM and 25 microM. To investigate the effects of APC on photoreceptor function, a test series at the same concentrations was performed to evaluate the effects of APC on the a-wave amplitude. Aspartate at a concentration of 1 mM was added to the nutrient solution to obtain stable a-wave amplitudes. Thereafter, APC was applied at the same concentrations to the nutrient solution. The recovery of the ERG amplitudes was followed up for 75 minutes. RESULTS No reduction of the a- and b-wave amplitude was found at the end of the exposure time with APC added in each test series. No differences were found between the ERG amplitudes before and after application of APC at the end of the washout. CONCLUSIONS In the ex vivo model of the isolated perfused vertebrate retina, APC has proved to be a safe compound in the concentrations applied. Thus, APCs should further be considered as promising candidates for future clinical applications in ophthalmology.
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Eibl KH, Liegl R, Kernt M, Priglinger S, Kampik A. Alkylphosphocholines as a potential pharmacologic prophylaxis for posterior capsule opacification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35:900-5. [PMID: 19393891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of alkylphosphocholines (APCs) on human lens epithelial cell (LEC) proliferation, attachment, and migration in a well-established in vitro model. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. METHODS The immortalized human LEC line HLE-B3 was incubated for 24 hours with APC in different concentrations in the presence of Eagle's modified essential medium supplemented with fetal calf serum under standard cell-culture conditions. The trypan blue exclusion test and live-dead assay were performed to exclude toxic concentrations. To determine cell proliferation, cells were incubated with APCs at the maximum slope of the growth curve for 24 hours before the tetrazolium dye-reduction assay (MTT test) was performed. After cells were seeded on coated 24-well plates, incubated with APCs, and rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline, cell attachment was assessed by the MTT test. Migration was determined by a modified Boyden chamber method after incubation of LECs with APCs. RESULTS Alkylphosphocholines were effective inhibitors of human LEC proliferation, attachment, and migration at nontoxic concentrations in vitro. The 50% inhibitory concentration was close to 0.1 mM. An APC concentration of 1.0 mM accounted for the following: inhibition of cell proliferation of more than 80%, reduction in cell attachment to 66.5%, and inhibition of cell migration of more than 90%. All effects were dose dependent. No toxic effects were detected compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Alkylphosphocholines might have the potential for topical application as a single-dose agent to prevent posterior capsule opacification formation. However, further studies are needed before a clinical application can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten H Eibl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Eibl KH, Schwabe K, Welge-Luessen U, Kampik A, Eichler W. The role of alkylphosphocholines in retinal Müller glial cell proliferation. Curr Eye Res 2008; 33:385-93. [PMID: 18398713 DOI: 10.1080/02713680801956460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alkylphosphocholines (APCs) are investigated for their effect on Müller glial cell proliferation and F-actin stress fiber distribution in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Müller cells were incubated with APCs (C18:1-PC and C22:1-PC) +/- fetal calf serum. Proliferation was assessed by BrdU labeling and with the tetrazolium dye-reduction assay. Toxicity was measured using the trypan blue exclusion assay. The distribution of F-actin stress fibers was determined using FITC-phalloidin staining. RESULTS APCs are effective inhibitors of human and rat Müller glial cell proliferation and hypoxia-induced up-regulation of F-actin stress fibers in vitro in non-toxic concentrations. CONCLUSIONS APCs might prevent intraretinal changes as a result of serum stimulation and hypoxia following retinal detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten H Eibl
- University Eye Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Eibl KH, Lewis GP, Betts K, Linberg KA, Gandorfer A, Fisher SK, Kampik A. [Possible role of alkylphosphocholines in retinal reattachment surgery]. Ophthalmologe 2008; 104:972-7. [PMID: 17899122 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-007-1574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a major complication after retinal detachment surgery, but there is no established pharmacotherapy available to control the cell biology of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of alkylphosphocholines [APCs; erucylphosphocholine (ErPC) was used in this study], novel pharmacologic substances with antiproliferative properties, on intraretinal proliferation initiated by experimental retinal detachment in a well-established in vivo model. METHODS Retinal detachments were created in adult pigmented rabbits. ErPC was injected intravitreally on either day 1 or day 2 after detachment. Bromodeoxyuridine (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine, BrdU) was injected on day 3. Following fixation, retinas were triple-labelled with anti-BrdU (proliferation marker), Isolectin B4 (retinal microglia marker), and anti-vimentin (retinal Mueller glia cell marker). The number of anti-BrdU-labelled cells per millimeter of retina was determined from sections imaged by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Toxicity was assessed by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS A single intravitreal injection of ErPC had a significant effect on reducing the number of proliferating non-neural retinal cells on day 3 after experimental retinal detachment in the rabbit. Injection of ErPC on day 1 was more effective than when given on day 2. No evidence of toxicity was observed in the retina on day 3 for any of the conditions. CONCLUSIONS APCs are novel pharmacologic substances that significantly inhibited intraretinal proliferation after experimental retinal detachment in this in vivo model. They could be considered as an adjunct therapy at the time of retinal reattachment surgery to potentially prevent proliferative vitreoretinal diseases such as PVR. However, long-term toxicity studies must be performed before APCs can be considered for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Eibl
- Augenklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Mathildenstrasse 8, 80336, München.
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