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Nadal-Nicolás FM, Galindo-Romero C, Lucas-Ruiz F, Marsh-Amstrong N, Li W, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Pan-retinal ganglion cell markers in mice, rats, and rhesus macaques. Zool Res 2023; 44:226-248. [PMID: 36594396 PMCID: PMC9841181 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Univocal identification of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is an essential prerequisite for studying their degeneration and neuroprotection. Before the advent of phenotypic markers, RGCs were normally identified using retrograde tracing of retinorecipient areas. This is an invasive technique, and its use is precluded in higher mammals such as monkeys. In the past decade, several RGC markers have been described. Here, we reviewed and analyzed the specificity of nine markers used to identify all or most RGCs, i.e., pan-RGC markers, in rats, mice, and macaques. The best markers in the three species in terms of specificity, proportion of RGCs labeled, and indicators of viability were BRN3A, expressed by vision-forming RGCs, and RBPMS, expressed by vision- and non-vision-forming RGCs. NEUN, often used to identify RGCs, was expressed by non-RGCs in the ganglion cell layer, and therefore was not RGC-specific. γ-SYN, TUJ1, and NF-L labeled the RGC axons, which impaired the detection of their somas in the central retina but would be good for studying RGC morphology. In rats, TUJ1 and NF-L were also expressed by non-RGCs. BM88, ERRβ, and PGP9.5 are rarely used as markers, but they identified most RGCs in the rats and macaques and ERRβ in mice. However, PGP9.5 was also expressed by non-RGCs in rats and macaques and BM88 and ERRβ were not suitable markers of viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2510, USA
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | - Nicholas Marsh-Amstrong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2510, USA
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain. E-mail:
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain. E-mail:
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A Review of Complicated Cataract in Retinitis Pigmentosa: Pathogenesis and Cataract Surgery. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:6699103. [PMID: 33489339 PMCID: PMC7803180 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6699103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a set of inherited retinal degenerative diseases that affect photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPEs), possibly associated with some ocular complications, including cataract. The complicated cataract formation is most likely the result of RP-related inflammation response, and the most common morphology category is posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC). Despite the absence of curative pharmacologic treatment, phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation to deal with opacification in the lens is preferred due to the considerable visual outcomes. However, the incidence of intraocular and postoperative complications is higher in RP patients than those without, including intraoperative phototoxic retinal damage, posterior capsular opacification (PCO), capsular contraction syndrome (CCS), pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME), increased postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), and intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation. Hence, it needs much attention to surgery progress and close follow-up. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of RP patients with complicated cataracts from morphology to potential pathogenesis to cataract surgical procedure and provide a concise description and the recommended management of related surgery complications to broaden the knowledge and lower the latent risks to yield better clinical outcomes.
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Meer AMVD, Berger T, Müller F, Foldenauer AC, Johnen S, Walter P. Establishment and Characterization of a Unilateral UV-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration Model in the C57Bl/6J Mouse. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:21. [PMID: 32879777 PMCID: PMC7443125 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether UV irradiation of the mouse eye can induce photoreceptor degeneration, producing a phenotype reminiscent of the rd10 mouse, left eyes of female C57Bl/6J mice were irradiated with a UV LED array (370 nm). A lens was placed between the cornea and LED, allowing illumination of about one-third of the retina. The short-term and long-term effects on the retina were evaluated. Methods First, a dose escalation study, in which corneal dosages between 2.8 and 9.3 J/cm2 were tested, was performed. A dosage of 7.5 J/cm2 was chosen for the following characterization study. Before and after irradiation slit-lamp examinations, full-field electroretinography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography and macroscopy were performed. After different time spans (5 days to 12 weeks) the animals were sacrificed and the retinae used for immunohistochemistry or multielectrode array testing. Right eyes served as untreated controls. Results In treated eyes, spectral domain optical coherence tomography revealed a decrease in retinal thickness to 53%. Full-field electroretinography responses decreased significantly from day 5 on in treated eyes. Multielectrode array recordings revealed oscillatory potentials with a mean frequency of 5.2 ± 0.6 Hz in the illuminated area. Structural changes in the retina were observed in immunohistochemical staining. Conclusions UV irradiation proved to be efficient in inducing photoreceptor degeneration in the mouse retina, while leaving the other retinal layers largely intact. The irradiated area of treated eyes can be identified easily in spectral domain optical coherence tomography and in explanted retinae. Translational Relevance This study provides information on anatomic and functional changes in UV-treated retina, enabling the use of this model for retinitis pigmentosa-like diseases in animals suited for experimental retinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Berger
- Department of Medical Statistics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Institute of Complex Systems, Cellular Biophysics, ICS-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ann Christina Foldenauer
- Department of Medical Statistics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Research Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Johnen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Minella AL, Occelli LM, Narfström K, Petersen-Jones SM. Central retinal preservation in rdAc cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:224-232. [PMID: 28856832 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) due to CEP290 mutations show characteristic macular preservation. Spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a noninvasive technique to investigate retinal structural changes. Loss of integrity of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) on OCT in people with retinal disease has been associated with loss of visual function and is a useful measure of retinal disease progression. We hypothesized that rdAc felines with Cep290 mutation would have a similar pattern of degeneration, with relative central retinal preservation associated with maintenance of the EZ. PROCEDURES Fundus imaging, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and SD-OCT cross-sectional imaging was performed on 11 rdAc cats ranging from 6 months to 10 years of age. Images were collected from the area centralis, visual streak, and the mid-superior and mid-inferior retina. Receptor plus (REC+, encompassing the entire length of photoreceptors) thicknesses were measured. Regional rates of degeneration were determined by regression analysis and compared using unpaired t-tests. The EZ was evaluated for the presence, absence, or loss of definition. RESULTS RdAc cats showed REC+ thinning over time in all regions. The area centralis and visual streak had a slower rate of thinning than the mid-peripheral retina. There was loss of integrity of the EZ initially in the more peripheral regions, while its integrity was maintained in the area centralis and visual streak at all ages studied. CONCLUSIONS rdAc cats show preservation of the central retina with maintenance of EZ integrity, which recapitulates findings in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Louise Minella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Laurence Mireille Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kristina Narfström
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Simon Michael Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Wensel TG, Zhang Z, Anastassov IA, Gilliam JC, He F, Schmid MF, Robichaux MA. Structural and molecular bases of rod photoreceptor morphogenesis and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 55:32-51. [PMID: 27352937 PMCID: PMC5112133 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The rod cell has an extraordinarily specialized structure that allows it to carry out its unique function of detecting individual photons of light. Both the structural features of the rod and the metabolic processes required for highly amplified light detection seem to have rendered the rod especially sensitive to structural and metabolic defects, so that a large number of gene defects are primarily associated with rod cell death and give rise to blinding retinal dystrophies. The structures of the rod, especially those of the sensory cilium known as the outer segment, have been the subject of structural, biochemical, and genetic analysis for many years, but the molecular bases for rod morphogenesis and for cell death in rod dystrophies are still poorly understood. Recent developments in imaging technology, such as cryo-electron tomography and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, in gene sequencing technology, and in gene editing technology are rapidly leading to new breakthroughs in our understanding of these questions. A summary is presented of our current understanding of selected aspects of these questions, highlighting areas of uncertainty and contention as well as recent discoveries that provide new insights. Examples of structural data from emerging imaging technologies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G Wensel
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Zhixian Zhang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ivan A Anastassov
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jared C Gilliam
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Feng He
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F Schmid
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Robichaux
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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May CA, Narfström K. Retinal capillary morphology in the Abyssinian cat with hereditary retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2012; 99:45-7. [PMID: 22525835 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ross JW, Fernandez de Castro JP, Zhao J, Samuel M, Walters E, Rios C, Bray-Ward P, Jones BW, Marc RE, Wang W, Zhou L, Noel JM, McCall MA, DeMarco PJ, Prather RS, Kaplan HJ. Generation of an inbred miniature pig model of retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:501-7. [PMID: 22247487 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Pro23His (P23H) rhodopsin (RHO) mutation underlies the most common form of human autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). The objective of this investigation was to establish a transgenic miniature swine model of RP using the human P23H RHO gene. METHODS Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was used to create transgenic miniature pigs that expressed the human P23H RHO mutation. From these experiments, six transgenic founders were identified whose retinal function was studied with full-field electroretinography (ffERG) from 3 months through 2 years. Progeny from one founder were generated and genotyped to determine transgene inheritance pattern. Retinal mRNA was isolated, and the ratio of P23H to wild-type pig RHO was measured. RESULTS A single transgene integration site was observed for five of the six founders. All founders had abnormal scotopic and photopic ffERGs after 3 months. The severity of the ffERG phenotype was grouped into moderately and severely affected groups. Offspring of one founder inherited the transgene as an autosomal dominant mutation. mRNA analyses demonstrated that approximately 80% of total RHO was mutant P23H. CONCLUSIONS Expression of the human RHO P23H transgene in the retina creates a miniature swine model with an inheritance pattern and retinal function that mimics adRP. This large-animal model can serve as a novel tool for the study of the pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention in the most common form of adRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Changes of the vasculature and innervation in the anterior segment of the RCS rat eye. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:906-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The architecture of the mouse ciliary processes and their changes during retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:561-5. [PMID: 19059237 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to most mammalian species, the ciliary processes in the mouse eye form an irregular pattern. Different strains were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The ciliary processes of C57BL/6J animals showed quadrant-specific characteristics: in the superior quadrant, large and radial oriented processes were present. In the inferior quadrant, the processes were small but still mainly radial oriented. In the temporal quadrant, the processes showed a radial, longitudinal course, some being L-shaped. In the nasal quadrant, few processes were oriented longitudinal. In DBA/2 animals, the processes were shorter and the radial orientation less developed. NMRI animals showed the shortest processes with no increase towards the superior quadrant. Additionally we investigated age-related changes in the ciliary processes of Pde6b(rd1) mice, which develop retinal degeneration. In C57BL/6J mice, the ciliary body shape, size and architecture was comparable between 3 and 10 months of age, but showed a mild shortening of the pars plicata in the temporal, inferior and nasal quadrants in animals older than 20 months of age. The parameters of the ciliary body in 3 months old Pde6b(rd1) mice were comparable to those of age-matched C57BL/6J mice. Pde6b(rd1) mice 10 months old revealed significant shortening of the total width of the ciliary body and of the length of ciliary processes in all quadrants. The shape and architecture of the ciliary processes remained preserved.
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Choroidal microcirculation in Abyssinian cats with hereditary rod–cone degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2008; 86:537-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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