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Yang H, Tan S, Qiao J, Xu Y, Gui Z, Meng Y, Dong B, Peng G, Ibhagui OY, Qian W, Lu J, Li Z, Wang G, Lai J, Yang L, Grossniklaus HE, Yang JJ. Non-invasive detection and complementary diagnosis of liver metastases via chemokine receptor 4 imaging. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1827-1839. [PMID: 35145271 PMCID: PMC9363530 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive detection of early-stage liver metastases from different primary cancers is a pressing unmet medical need. The lack of both molecular biomarkers and the sensitive imaging methodology makes the detection challenging. In this study, we observed the elevated expression of chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in uveal melanoma (UM) patient liver tissues, and high CXCR4 expression in liver metastases of UM murine models, regardless of the expression levels in the primary tumors. Based on these findings, we identified CXCR4 as an imaging biomarker and exploited a CXCR4-targeted MRI contrast agent ProCA32.CXCR4 for molecular MRI imaging. ProCA32.CXCR4 has strong CXCR4 binding affinity, high metal selectivity, and r1 and r2 relaxivities, which enables the sensitive detection of liver micrometastases. The MRI imaging capacity for detecting liver metastases was demonstrated in three UM models and one ovarian cancer model. The imaging results were validated by histological and immunohistochemical analysis. ProCA32.CXCR4 has strong potential clinical application for non-invasive diagnosis of liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Shanshan Tan
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Jingjuan Qiao
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Yiting Xu
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Zongxiang Gui
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Yuguang Meng
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Bin Dong
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Guangda Peng
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Oluwatosin Y. Ibhagui
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Weiping Qian
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jimmy Lu
- grid.504342.4Codex BioSolutions Inc, Gaithersburg, MD USA
| | - Zezhong Li
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Guimin Wang
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinping Lai
- grid.414896.6Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Sacramento Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA
| | - Lily Yang
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Hans E. Grossniklaus
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jenny J. Yang
- grid.256304.60000 0004 1936 7400Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
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Salarian M, Ibhagui OY, Yang JJ. Molecular imaging of extracellular matrix proteins with targeted probes using magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1622. [PMID: 32126587 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of proteins and carbohydrates that supports different biological structures and processes such as tissue development, elasticity, and preservation of organ structure. Diseases involving inflammation, fibrosis, tumor invasion, and injury are all attributed to the transition of the ECM from homeostasis to remodeling, which can significantly change the biochemical and biomechanical features of ECM components. While contrast agents have played an indispensable role in facilitating clinical diagnosis of diseases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there is a strong need to develop novel biomarker-targeted imaging probes for in vivo visualization of biological processes and pathological alterations at a cellular and molecular level, for both early diagnosis and monitoring drug treatment. Herein, we will first review the pathological accumulation and characterization of ECM proteins recognized as important molecular features of diseases. Developments in MRI probes targeting ECM proteins such as collagen, fibronectin, and elastin via conjugation of existing contrast agents to targeting moieties and their applications to various diseases, are also reviewed. We have also reviewed our progress in the development of collagen-targeted protein MRI contrast agent with significant improvement in relaxivity and metal binding specificity, and their applications in early detection of fibrosis and metastatic cancer. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Peptide-Based Structures Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Salarian
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jenny J Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Salarian M, Yang H, Turaga RC, Tan S, Qiao J, Xue S, Gui Z, Peng G, Han H, Mittal P, Grossniklaus HE, Yang JJ. Precision detection of liver metastasis by collagen-targeted protein MRI contrast agent. Biomaterials 2019; 224:119478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ashur-Fabian O, Zloto O, Fabian I, Tsarfaty G, Ellis M, Steinberg DM, Hercbergs A, Davis PJ, Fabian ID. Tetrac Delayed the Onset of Ocular Melanoma in an Orthotopic Mouse Model. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:775. [PMID: 30671022 PMCID: PMC6331424 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular melanoma research, the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, is hindered by limited in vivo models. In a series of experiments using melanoma cells injected intraocularly into mouse eyes, we developed a model for ocular melanoma. Inoculation of 5 × 105 B16F10 cells led to rapid tumor growth, extensive lung metastasis, and limited animal survival, while injection of 102 cells was sufficient for intraocular tumors to grow with extended survival. In order to improve tumor visualization, 102 melanoma cells (B16F10 or B16LS9) were inoculated into Balb/C albino mouse eyes. These mice developed intraocular tumors that did not metastasize and exhibited extended survival. Next, we studied the therapeutic potential of inhibitor of the thyroid hormones-αvβ3 integrin signaling pathway in ocular melanoma. By utilizing tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), a thyroid hormone derivative, a delay in tumor onset in the B16F10 (integrin+) arm was observed, compared to the untreated group, while in the B16LS9 cells (integrin-) a similar rate of tumor onset was noticed in both experimental and control groups. In summary, following an optimization process, the mouse ocular melanoma model was developed. The models exhibited an extended therapeutic window and can be utilized as a platform for investigating various drugs and other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Ashur-Fabian
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, The Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- *Correspondence: Osnat Ashur-Fabian
| | - Ofira Zloto
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ina Fabian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galya Tsarfaty
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Martin Ellis
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, The Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David M. Steinberg
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aleck Hercbergs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Ido Didi Fabian
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Han Z, Brown JR, Niederkorn JY. Growth and Metastasis of Intraocular Tumors in Aged Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:2366-76. [PMID: 27138736 PMCID: PMC4857834 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Since deterioration of the immune apparatus is closely associated with cancer, we examined the effect of aging on the growth and metastasis of intraocular melanomas in mice. Methods Murine B16LS9 melanoma cells were transplanted into the posterior compartment of the eye (vitreous chamber) and intraocular tumor growth and development of liver metastases were evaluated in young (8–10 weeks of age) and old (>18 months of age) mice. Liver metastases were also induced by intrasplenic injection of melanoma cells. Natural killer (NK) cells from the livers of mice harboring liver metastases were evaluated in vitro for their cytolytic activity. Results Tumors grew more rapidly in the eyes of young mice than old mice, yet old mice developed significantly more liver metastases. Increased liver metastasis in old mice was evident even when melanoma cells were injected intrasplenically as a means of bypassing the influence of the ocular immunosuppressive environment. Increased liver metastases in old mice correlated with reduced cytolytic activity of liver NK cells. Lethally irradiated young mice reconstituted with bone marrow from old donors developed significantly more liver metastases than young mice reconstituted with bone marrow from young donors, indicating that bone marrow–derived cells were the root cause of the heightened development of metastases in old mice. Conclusions Aging affects the growth and metastasis of intraocular melanomas. Even though intraocular melanomas grow slower in old mice, the development of liver metastases is exacerbated and correlates with a reduction in liver NK cell activity in the old mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph R Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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Animal Models of Uveal Melanoma: Methods, Applicability, and Limitations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4521807. [PMID: 27366747 PMCID: PMC4913058 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4521807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Animal models serve as powerful tools for investigating the pathobiology of cancer, identifying relevant pathways, and developing novel therapeutic agents. They have facilitated rapid scientific progress in many tumor entities. However, for establishing a powerful animal model of uveal melanoma fundamental challenges remain. To date, no animal model offers specific genetic attributes as well as histologic, immunologic, and metastatic features of uveal melanoma. Syngeneic models with intraocular injection of cutaneous melanoma cells may suit best for investigating immunologic/tumor biology aspects. However, differences between cutaneous and uveal melanoma regarding genetics and metastasis remain problematic. Human xenograft models are widely used for evaluating novel therapeutics but require immunosuppression to allow tumor growth. New approaches aim to establish transgenic mouse models of spontaneous uveal melanoma which recently provided preliminary promising results. Each model provides certain benefits and may render them suitable for answering a respective scientific question. However, all existing models also exhibit relevant limitations which may have led to delayed research progress. Despite refined therapeutic options for the primary ocular tumor, patients' prognosis has not improved since the 1970s. Basic research needs to further focus on a refinement of a potent animal model which mimics uveal melanoma specific mechanisms of progression and metastasis. This review will summarise and interpret existing animal models of uveal melanoma including recent advances in the field.
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Cao J, Jager MJ. Animal Eye Models for Uveal Melanoma. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2015; 1:141-50. [PMID: 27172424 DOI: 10.1159/000370152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models play an important role in understanding tumor growth and may be used to develop novel therapies against human malignancies. The significance of the results from animal experiments depends on the selection of the proper model. Many attempts have been made to create appropriate animal models for uveal melanoma and its characteristic metastatic behavior. One approach is to use transgenic animal models or to implant tumor cells. A variety of tumor types have been used for this purpose: tumor cells, such as Greene melanoma, murine B16 melanoma, and human uveal melanoma cells, may be implanted in the eyes of hamsters, rats, rabbits, and mice, among others. Various inoculation routes, including into the anterior chamber and posterior compartment, and retro-orbitally, have been applied to obtain tumor growth mimicking ocular uveal melanoma. However, when we choose animal models, we must be conscious of many disadvantages, such as variable tumor growth, or the need for immunosuppression in xenogeneic grafts. In this paper, we will discuss the various eye models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Chung HJ, Mahalingam M. Angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry and vascular invasion in cutaneous malignant melanoma – implications for therapeutic strategies and targeted therapies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:621-39. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.883281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Piña Y, Houston SK, Murray TG, Koru-Sengul T, Decatur C, Scott WK, Nathanson L, Clarke J, Lampidis TJ. Retinoblastoma treatment: impact of the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose on molecular genomics expression in LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumors. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6:817-30. [PMID: 22701083 PMCID: PMC3373226 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s29688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on the spatial distribution of the genetic expression of key elements involved in angiogenesis, hypoxia, cellular metabolism, and apoptosis in LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumors. METHODS The right eye of each LH(BETA)T(AG) transgenic mouse (n = 24) was treated with either two or six subconjunctival injections of 2-DG (500 mg/kg) or saline control at 16 weeks of age. A gene expression array analysis was performed on five different intratumoral regions (apex, center, base, anterior-lateral, and posterior-lateral) using Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Gene 1.0 ST arrays. To test for treatment effects of each probe within each region, a two-way analysis of variance was used. RESULTS Significant differences between treatment groups (ie, 0, 2, and 6 injections) were found as well as differences among the five retinal tumor regions evaluated (P < 0.01). More than 100 genes were observed to be dysregulated by ≥2-fold difference in expression between the three treatment groups, and their dysregulation varied across the five regions assayed. Several genes involved in pathways important for tumor cell growth (ie, angiogenesis, hypoxia, cellular metabolism, and apoptosis) were identified. CONCLUSIONS 2-DG was found to significantly alter the gene expression in LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumor cells according to their location within the tumor as well as the treatment schedule. 2-DG's effects on genetic expression found here correlate with previous reported results on varied processes involved in its in vitro and in vivo activity in inhibiting tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Piña
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Liang Z, Zhan W, Zhu A, Yoon Y, Lin S, Sasaki M, Klapproth JMA, Yang H, Grossniklaus HE, Xu J, Rojas M, Voll RJ, Goodman MM, Arrendale RF, Liu J, Yun CC, Snyder JP, Liotta DC, Shim H. Development of a unique small molecule modulator of CXCR4. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34038. [PMID: 22485156 PMCID: PMC3317778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis, the spread and growth of tumor cells to distant organ sites, represents the most devastating attribute and plays a major role in the morbidity and mortality of cancer. Inflammation is crucial for malignant tumor transformation and survival. Thus, blocking inflammation is expected to serve as an effective cancer treatment. Among anti-inflammation therapies, chemokine modulation is now beginning to emerge from the pipeline. CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) interaction and the resulting cell signaling cascade have emerged as highly relevant targets since they play pleiotropic roles in metastatic progression. The unique function of CXCR4 is to promote the homing of tumor cells to their microenvironment at the distant organ sites. Methodology/Principal Findings We describe the actions of N,N′-(1,4-phenylenebis(methylene))dipyrimidin-2-amine (designated MSX-122), a novel small molecule and partial CXCR4 antagonist with properties quite unlike that of any other reported CXCR4 antagonists, which was prepared in a single chemical step using a reductive amination reaction. Its specificity toward CXCR4 was tested in a binding affinity assay and a ligand competition assay using 18F-labeled MSX-122. The potency of the compound was determined in two functional assays, Matrigel invasion assay and cAMP modulation. The therapeutic potential of MSX-122 was evaluated in three different murine models for inflammation including an experimental colitis, carrageenan induced paw edema, and bleomycin induced lung fibrosis and three different animal models for metastasis including breast cancer micrometastasis in lung, head and neck cancer metastasis in lung, and uveal melanoma micrometastasis in liver in which CXCR4 was reported to play crucial roles. Conclusions/Significance We developed a novel small molecule, MSX-122, that is a partial CXCR4 antagonist without mobilizing stem cells, which can be safer for long-term blockade of metastasis than other reported CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Weiqiang Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aizhi Zhu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Younghyoun Yoon
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Songbai Lin
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maiko Sasaki
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Hua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hans E. Grossniklaus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Voll
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark M. Goodman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard F. Arrendale
- The Emory Institute for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - C. Chris Yun
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- The Emory Institute for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (DCL); (JPS)
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- The Emory Institute for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (DCL); (JPS)
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (DCL); (JPS)
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Piña Y, Decatur C, Murray T, Houston S, Gologorsky D, Cavalcante M, Cavalcante L, Hernandez E, Celdran M, Feuer W, Lampidis T. Advanced retinoblastoma treatment: targeting hypoxia by inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumors. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 5:337-43. [PMID: 21468343 PMCID: PMC3065577 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s16172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the dose response of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin, on tumor burden and hypoxia, and study the treatment effect on vasculature in LHBETATAG retinal tumors. Methods: This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and follows Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology guidelines. Eighteen-week-old LHBETATAG retinal tumor eyes (n = 30) were evaluated. Mice were divided into five groups and received periocular injections once weekly for two consecutive weeks of: a) 80% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide, vehicle control), b) 0.00333 mg/kg, c) 0.167 mg/kg, d) 3.33 mg/kg, and e) 6.67 mg/kg of rapamycin. Tumor sections were analyzed for hypoxia, tumor burden, and vasculature with immunohistochemistry techniques. Results: Reduction in tumor burden and hypoxia was significantly different between rapamycin doses and control (P < 0.002). Eyes treated with rapamycin at 0.167, 3.33, and 6.67 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in tumor burden in comparison with the vehicle control group (P = 0.019, P = 0.001, P = 0.009, respectively) and the 0.00333 mg/kg dose response (P = 0.023, P = 0.001, P = 0.010, respectively). Eyes treated with rapamycin at 3.33 mg/kg showed a significant reduction in the amount of hypoxia in comparison with the lower concentration groups (0.00333 and 0.167 mg/kg) of rapamycin (P = 0.024 and P = 0.052, respectively). The number of mature vessels was significantly lower in the 3.33 mg/kg treated versus vehicle control (P = 0.015; equal variances assumed, t-test for equality of means). The number of neovessels was not significantly different between both groups (P = 0.092). Conclusion: Inhibition of mTOR was shown to reduce tumor burden, hypoxia, and vasculature in the LHBETATAG retinoblastoma tumor model. Rapamycin may have a role in combination with chemotherapy or other adjuvant therapies to enhance retinoblastoma tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Piña
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Guenterberg KD, Grignol VP, Relekar KV, Varker KA, Chen HX, Kendra KL, Olencki TE, Carson WE. A pilot study of bevacizumab and interferon-α2b in ocular melanoma. Am J Clin Oncol 2011; 34:87-91. [PMID: 20458209 PMCID: PMC4294796 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0b013e3181d2ed67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that administration of bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes vascular endothelial growth factor, in combination with high-dose interferon-alpha2b (IFN-α2b), an inhibitor of basic fibroblast growth factor, would have clinical activity in patients with metastatic ocular melanoma. METHODS Patients with metastatic ocular melanoma received bevacizumab (15 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks) plus IFN-α2b (5 MU/m subcutaneously 3 times weekly for 2 weeks followed by a dose of 10 MU/m subcutaneously thereafter). Patients exhibiting a clinical response or stabilization of disease were treated until disease progression. RESULTS In this pilot study, 5 patients were treated (3 men, 2 women) with a mean age of 63.8 years (range, 53-71 years). Overall, the regimen was well-tolerated. The following adverse events were noted: grade 3 dyspnea (2 patients), grade 3 and 4 fatigue (2), grade 3 muscle weakness (1), grade 3 anorexia (1), grade 1 and 2 proteinuria (2), and grade 3 diarrhea (1). All adverse events resolved with a treatment holiday or dose reduction. One patient had reduction in tumor burden of 23% by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria and 2 patients had stabilization of disease lasting 28 and 36 weeks, respectively. Two patients failed to respond and progressed after 6 and 7 weeks of therapy. CONCLUSION Bevacizumab and IFN-α2b were well tolerated in this patient population, and clinical activity was observed. Further study of high-dose IFN-α2b in combination with bevacizumab in this setting is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie P. Grignol
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kiran V. Relekar
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kimberly A. Varker
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Kari L. Kendra
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas E. Olencki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - William E. Carson
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Zhu A, Zhan W, Liang Z, Yoon Y, Yang H, Grossniklaus HE, Xu J, Rojas M, Lockwood M, Snyder JP, Liotta DC, Shim H. Dipyrimidine amines: a novel class of chemokine receptor type 4 antagonists with high specificity. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8556-68. [PMID: 21105715 DOI: 10.1021/jm100786g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)/stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) interaction and the resulting cell signaling cascade play a key role in metastasis and inflammation. On the basis of the previously published CXCR4 antagonist 5 (WZ811), a series of novel nonpeptidic anti-CXCR4 small molecules have been designed and synthesized to improve potency. Following a structure-activity profile around 5, more advanced compounds in the N,N'-(1, 4-phenylenebis(methylene)) dipyrimidin-2-amines series were discovered and shown to possess higher CXCR4 binding potential and specificity than 5. Compound 26 (508MCl) is the lead compound and exhibits subnanomolar potency in three in vitro assays including competitive binding, Matrigel invasion and Gα(i) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) modulation signaling. Furthermore, compound 26 displays promising effects by interfering with CXCR4 function in three mouse models: paw inflammation, Matrigel plug angiogenesis, and uveal melanoma micrometastasis. These data demonstrate that dipyrimidine amines are unique CXCR4 antagonists with high potency and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhi Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Piña Y, Cebulla CM, Murray TG, Alegret A, Dubovy SR, Boutrid H, Feuer W, Mutapcic L, Jockovich ME. Blood vessel maturation in human uveal melanoma: spatial distribution of neovessels and mature vasculature. Ophthalmic Res 2009; 41:160-9. [PMID: 19321938 DOI: 10.1159/000209670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study are (1) to evaluate the spatial distribution of neovessels and mature vessels in human uveal melanoma tumors and (2) to determine whether vessel maturation is associated with the major indicators for poor prognosis. METHODS Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on human tissue specimens from enucleated eyes (n = 14) to assess total vessels, neovessels, mature vessels, and cell proliferation. Tumor morphology was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin and modified periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining.The spatial distribution of neovessels and mature vessels was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and correlated with major indicators of poor prognosis (i.e., aggressive PAS patterns, epithelioid cytology, mitotic figures, extraocular extension, anterior tumor location, ciliary body involvement, large tumor size, cell proliferation, and angiogenic activity). RESULTS Neovesseldensity was greater than mature vessel density in apical (p = 0.17), central (p = 0.036), and peripheral (p = 0.31) regions of the tumors, while mature vessel density was greater than neovessel density in basal areas of the tumor (p = 0.47). This pattern indicated that vessel maturation begins at the base of the tumor and later extends to the peripheral and apical regions. The difference between mature and neovessel densities for the apical (-0.8 +/- 1.9) and central areas (-0.8 +/- 1.3) of the tumor was significantly higher than the difference obtained for the basal area (0.3 +/- 1.6; p = 0.014 and p = 0.012, respectively), indicating a higher density of mature vessels compared to neovessels at the base. Statistical correlations were found between mature vessel density and tumor size (r = 0.48, p = 0.084), cell proliferation (r = 0.62, p = 0.042), and mitotic figures (r = 0.76, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Significant differences exist in the spatial distribution of mature versus neovessels in human uveal melanoma. Vessel maturation is associated with known clinical and pathologic indicators of poor prognosis (e.g., cell proliferation). Antiangiogenic therapy should be considered for the treatment of ocular malignancies; however, the results of this study indicate that blood vessel maturation heterogeneity may limit the efficacy of vessel targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Piña
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla 33101, USA
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Abstract
Cancer therapy is in the midst of a major paradigm shift. Traditionally, cancer treatments have focused on tumour cells. However, studies over the past few decades have demonstrated that cancer is a vastly complex entity with multiple components affecting a tumour's growth, invasion and metastasis. These components, collectively termed the 'tumour microenvironment', include endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, leucocytes and elements of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Biological agents that target components of the tumour microenvironment may provide an interesting alternative to traditional tumour cell-directed therapy. Because of the complexity of the tumour milieu, the most beneficial therapy will likely involve the combination of one or more agents directed at this new target. This review highlights recent preclinical and clinical studies involving agents that target tumour vasculature, leucocytes, pericytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts and ECM components. We pay particular attention to combination therapies targeting multiple components of the tumour microenvironment, and aim to demonstrate that this strategy holds promise for the future of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hanna
- Tumour Angiogenesis Section, Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Folberg R, Leach L, Valyi-Nagy K, Lin AY, Apushkin MA, Ai Z, Barak V, Majumdar D, Pe'er J, Maniotis AJ. Modeling the behavior of uveal melanoma in the liver. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:2967-74. [PMID: 17591861 PMCID: PMC1986739 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To model the behavior of uveal melanoma in the liver. METHODS A 15-muL suspension of metastatic MUM2B or either primary OCM1 or M619 uveal melanoma cells was injected into the liver parenchyma of 105 CB17 SCID mice through a 1-cm abdominal incision. Animals were killed at 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks after injection. Before euthanatization, 3% FITC-BSA buffer was injected into the retro-orbital plexus of one eye of three mice. Liver tissues were examined by light and fluorescence microscopy, and were stained with human anti-laminin. Vasculogenic mimicry patterns were reconstructed from serial laser scanning confocal microscopic stacks. RESULTS OCM1a cells formed microscopic nodules in the mouse liver within 2 weeks after injection and metastasized to the lung 6 weeks later. By contrast, M619 and MUM2B cells formed expansile nodules in the liver within 2 weeks and gave rise to pulmonary metastases within 4 weeks after injection. Vasculogenic mimicry patterns, composed of human laminin and identical with those in human primary and metastatic uveal melanomas, were detected in the animal model. The detection of human rather than mouse laminin in the vasculogenic mimicry patterns in this model demonstrates that these patterns were of tumor cell origin and were not co-opted from the mouse liver microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS There are currently no effective treatments for metastatic uveal melanoma. This direct-injection model focuses on critical interactions between the tumor cell and the liver. It provides for translationally relevant approaches to the development of new modalities to detect small tumor burdens in patients, to study the biology of clinical dormancy of metastatic disease in uveal melanoma, to design and test novel treatments to prevent the emergence of clinically manifest liver metastases after dormancy, and to treat established uveal melanoma metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Folberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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