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Su B, Bao Z, Guo Y, Zheng H, Zhou J, Lu F, Jiang J. Changes in Shape Discrimination Sensitivity Under Glare Conditions After Orthokeratology in Myopic Children: A Prospective Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:6. [PMID: 36626175 PMCID: PMC9838587 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate changes in shape discrimination under mesopic conditions with and without glare after orthokeratology in myopic children. Methods This prospective study included 79 eyes of 79 myopic children (ages: 8-16 years). Shape discrimination thresholds (SDTs) were measured using radial frequency patterns, with a radial frequency of 4 cycles/360°, a peak spatial frequency of 3 cycles per degree, a contrast of 20%, and a mean radius of 1.5 degrees. SDT under mesopic conditions with and without glare was measured before orthokeratology and again at 1 week and 1 month after orthokeratology. Changes in the SDTs and their relationships to baseline ocular parameters were analyzed. Results SDTs with glare decreased significantly at 1 week (-0.08 ± 0.15 log(arcsec), P < 0.001) and 1 month (-0.09 ± 0.15 log(arcsec), P < 0.001) after orthokeratology. SDTs without glare remained stable (P = 0.81 and P = 1.00, respectively). The difference between SDTs with and without glare also decreased significantly at 1 week (-0.10 ± 0.17 log(arcsec), P < 0.001) and at 1 month (-0.08 ± 0.18 log(arcsec), P = 0.001) after orthokeratology. Based on a multivariate analysis, the greater decrease in SDT with glare after 1 month of orthokeratology was associated with a higher baseline spherical equivalent refraction. Conclusions Orthokeratology resulted in improved shape discrimination in myopic children under mesopic conditions but only when measured in the presence of glare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Su
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhishu Bao
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huihu Zheng
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Lu
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
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Lu W, Song G, Zhang Y, Lian Y, Ma K, Lu Q, Jin Y, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Lv F, Jin W. The effect of orthokeratology lenses on optical quality and visual function in children. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1142524. [PMID: 37123367 PMCID: PMC10140410 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1142524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess changes in optical quality and visual function in children after 3 months of wearing orthokeratology (OK) lenses. Methods A total of 25 myopic children aged 8-12 years were recruited and completed the follow-up study. Optical quality, visual function and corneal morphology were assessed at baseline and at follow-ups 1 and 3 months after wearing OK lenses. Optical quality parameters mainly included the modulation transfer function (MTF) cutoff, objective scattering index (OSI), Strehl ratio (SR) and the predicted visual acuities (PVAs). Visual function was assessed by visual acuity, monocular contrast sensitivity function (CSF) across five spatial frequencies and the area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) that was also computed as an index for overall CSF. Results The MTF cutoff and SR values both increased after 1 month of wearing the OK lenses (baseline vs. 1 month: P MTF = 0.008 and P SR = 0.049); this improvement plateaued after 3 months of lens wear (1 month vs. 3 months: P MTF = 0.626, P SR = 0.428). The corneal morphology also showed the similar change trend. The OSI showed the opposite change trend (baseline vs. 1 month: P OSI < 0.001; 1 month vs. 3 months: P OSI = 0.720). The mean CSF at 1.5 cpd decreased significantly after 1 month of wearing the lenses (baseline vs. 1 month: p = 0.001) and recovered after 3 months of lens wear (baseline vs. 3 months: p = 0.076). CSF at spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd as well as the AULCSF did not significantly differ between any two timepoints (all Ps > 0.05). Conclusion After 3 months of wearing OK lenses, the subjects exhibited a decrease in optical quality, similar to corneal morphology, whereas their visual function remained largely unchanged. Thus, the optical quality was more susceptible to OK lenses than visual function in children. The initial month of OK treatment of children is a key period to be paid close attention to deterioration of optical quality and visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guanxin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Lv,
| | - Wanqing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wanqing Jin,
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Liu G, Wu Y, Bi H, Wang B, Gu T, Du B, Tong J, Zhang B, Wei R. Time Course of Perceived Visual Distortion and Axial Length Growth in Myopic Children Undergoing Orthokeratology. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:693217. [PMID: 34720848 PMCID: PMC8548729 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.693217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To establish the time course of the subjective visual function changes during the first month of orthokeratology treatment in myopic children, and to investigate how the time course variations are associated with the objective optical quality changes and the axial length growth (ALG) after 1 year of treatment. Methods: A total of 58 myopic children aged from 8 to 16 years participated in this self-controlled prospective study. All subjects were fitted with designed spherical four-zone orthokeratology lenses. Subjective visual function was evaluated with orientation discrimination threshold (ODT), and objective optical quality was quantified with the high-order aberration root-mean-square (HOA-RMS) and the changing speed of HOA. The measurements were done before the lens fitting and 1 day, 1-, 2-, and 4-weeks after lens wear. Axial length was obtained at baseline and 1-year follow-up, and ALG was defined as the difference. One-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the difference for statistical analysis. Results: After lens fitting, the ODT time courses peaked on day 1 in 28 children, 1 week in 15 children, 2 weeks in 11 children, and 4 weeks in 4 children. In contrast, the HOA-RMS steadily rose during the first month, and the changing speed of HOA was only transiently elevated on day 1 after the initial lens wear. The ALG was 0.12 ± 0.20 mm in subjects whose ODT peaked at day 1, 0.08 ± 0.09 mm in subjects whose ODT peaked on 1-week, and 0.12 ± 0.15 mm in subjects whose ODT peaked on 2-week or later. There was no difference in axial growth among the subjects whose ODT peaked at different days (P = 0.734). Conclusion: While half ODT time course resembled the changing speed of HOA with a transient elevation on day 1, about a quarter of the ODT time course resemble the steadily rising of HOA-RMS, and the rest was located in the middle. The ALGs in children with different types of ODT time courses were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiyuan Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Bi
- College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, United States
| | - Biying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianpu Gu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianliang Tong
- Doctor's Exchange of Georgia PC, Lawrenceville, GA, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, United States
| | - Ruihua Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Xu J, Tao C, Mao X, Lu X, Bao J, Drobe B, Chen H. Blur Detection Sensitivity Increases in Children Using Orthokeratology. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:630844. [PMID: 33790734 PMCID: PMC8006440 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.630844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate changes in blur detection sensitivity in children using orthokeratology (Ortho-K) and explore the relationships between blur detection thresholds (BDTs) and aberrations and accommodative function. Methods Thirty-two children aged 8–14 years old who underwent Ortho-K treatment participated in and completed this study. Their BDTs, aberrations, and accommodative responses (ARs) were measured before and after a month of Ortho-K treatment. A two forced-choice double-staircase procedure with varying extents of blur in three images (Tumbling Es, Lena, and Street View) was used to measure the BDTs. The participants were required to judge whether the images looked blurry. The BDT of each of the images (BDT_Es, BDT_Lena, and BDT_Street) was the average value of the last three reversals. The accommodative lag was quantified by the difference between the AR and the accommodative demand (AD). Changes in the BDTs, aberrations, and accommodative lags and their relationships were analyzed. Results After a month of wearing Ortho-K lenses, the children’s BDT_Es and BDT_Lena values decreased, the aberrations increased significantly (for all, P ≤0.050), and the accommodative lag decreased to a certain extent [T(31) = 2.029, P = 0.051]. Before Ortho-K treatment, higher-order aberrations (HOAs) were related to BDT_Lena (r = 0.463, P = 0.008) and the accommodative lag was related to BDT_Es (r = −0.356, P = −0.046). After one month, no significant correlations were found between the BDTs and aberrations or accommodative lags, as well as between the variations of them (for all, P ≥ 0.069). Conclusion Ortho-K treatment increased the children’s level of blur detection sensitivity, which may have contributed to their good visual acuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,WEIRC, Wenzhou Medical University-Essilor International Research Center, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunwen Tao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinjie Mao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,WEIRC, Wenzhou Medical University-Essilor International Research Center, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Lu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Bao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,WEIRC, Wenzhou Medical University-Essilor International Research Center, Wenzhou, China
| | - Björn Drobe
- WEIRC, Wenzhou Medical University-Essilor International Research Center, Wenzhou, China.,R&D AMERA, Essilor International, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Affiliated Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,WEIRC, Wenzhou Medical University-Essilor International Research Center, Wenzhou, China
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