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Salmonella Prophages, Their Propagation, Host Specificity and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Transduction. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030595. [PMID: 36978463 PMCID: PMC10045043 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica is a zoonotic bacterial pathogen that causes foodborne outbreaks in humans. Lytic bacteriophages to control Salmonella in food production are already being used in scientific studies and some are commercially available. However, phage application is still controversial. In addition to virulent phages, which are used in phage therapy and lyse the bacterial host, lysogenic phages coexist in the environment and can reside as prophages in the bacterial host. Therefore, information about Salmonella prophages is essential to understand successful phage therapy. In 100 Salmonella food isolates of the serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium, we propagated prophages by oxidative stress. In isolates of the serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis, 80% and 8% prophages could be activated, respectively. In the phage lysates from the serovar Typhimurium, the following antibiotic resistance genes or gene fragments were detected by PCR: sul1, sul2, blaTEM, strA and cmlA; however, no tetA,B,C, blaOXA, blaCMY, aadA1, dfr1,2 or cat were detected. In contrast, no resistance genes were amplified in the phage lysates of the serovar Enteritidis. None of the phage lysates was able to transduce phenotypic resistance to WT 14028s. Most of the prophage lysates isolated were able to infect the various Salmonella serovars tested. The high abundance of prophages in the genome of the serovar Typhimurium may counteract phage therapy through phage resistance and the development of hybrid phages.
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Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection in Children: Influence of Antibiotic Therapy on Postconvalescent Excretion and Clinical Course-A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101187. [PMID: 34680768 PMCID: PMC8532930 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Although published recommendations are available, the use of antibiotics in non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections in children is still controversially debated in clinical practice. Patients might even be put at risk, with necessary antibiotic therapy being withheld due to the widespread concern of prolonged post-convalescent shedding. The authors conducted a systematic review to assess whether antibiotic treatment influences fecal excretion or the clinical course in children with NTS infection. (2) Methods: The review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines. In a Medline database search, studies assessing the influence of antibiotic therapy on excretion and/or the clinical course of NTS infections were selected. Studies reporting on adults only were not considered. Out of 532 publications which were identified during the systematic literature search, 14 publications were finally included (3273 patients in total). Quality and bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) or the Cochrane risk-of bias tool (ROB-2). (3) Results: Four early studies from decades ago demonstrated a prolongation of intestinal NTS excretion in children after antibiotic treatment, whereas most studies published more recently observed no significant influence, which might be due to having used more “modern” antibiotic regimes (n = 7 studies). Most studies did not describe significant differences regarding the severity and duration of symptoms between untreated patients and those treated with antibiotics. Quality and bias were mainly moderate (NOS) or variable (ROB-2), respectively. (4) Conclusions: There is no substantial evidence of prolonged excretion of NTS in pediatric patients after treatment with newer antimicrobials. Consequently, clinicians should not withhold antibiotics in NTS infection for children at risk, such as for very young children, children with comorbidities, and those with suspected invasive disease due to concerns about prolonged post-convalescent bacterial excretion. In the majority of cases with uncomplicated NTS diarrhea, clinicians should refrain from applying antibiotics.
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Abd Hamid IJ, Azman NA, Gennery AR, Mangantig E, Hashim IF, Zainudeen ZT. Systematic Review of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases in Malaysia: 1979-2020. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1923. [PMID: 32983118 PMCID: PMC7479198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are under-reported in Malaysia. The actual disease frequency of PID in this country is unknown due to the absence of a national patient registry for PID. Objective: This systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence rates of PID cases diagnosed and published in Malaysia from 1st of January 1979 until 1st of March 2020. It also aimed to describe the various types of PIDs reported in Malaysia. Method: Following the development of a comprehensive search strategy, all published literature of PID cases from Malaysia was identified and collated. All cases that fulfilled the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) classification diagnosis were included in the systematic review. Data were retrieved and collated into a proforma. Results: A total of 4,838 articles were identified and screened, with 34 publications and 119 patients fulfilling the criteria and being included in the systematic review. The prevalence rate was 0.37 per 100,000 population. In accordance with the IUIS, the distribution of diagnostic classifications was immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunities (36 patients, 30.3%), combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features (21 patients, 17.6%), predominant antibody deficiencies (24 patients, 20.2%), diseases of immune dysregulation (13 patients, 10.9%), congenital defects in phagocyte number or function (20 patients, 16.8%), defects in intrinsic and innate immunity (4 patients, 3.4%), and autoinflammatory disorders (1 patient, 0.8%). Parental consanguinity was 2.5%. Thirteen different gene mutations were available in 21.8% of the cases. Conclusion: PIDs are underdiagnosed and under-reported in Malaysia. Developing PID healthcare and a national patient registry is much needed to enhance the outcome of PID patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Juliana Abd Hamid
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Institut Perubatan and Pergigian Termaju, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Nur Adila Azman
- Department of Biomedical Science, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Sir James Spence Professor of Child Health, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Mangantig
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Institut Perubatan and Pergigian Termaju, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Ilie Fadzilah Hashim
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Institut Perubatan and Pergigian Termaju, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Zarina Thasneem Zainudeen
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Institut Perubatan and Pergigian Termaju, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
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Abatcha MG, Effarizah ME, Rusul G. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, resistance genes and class 1 integrons of Salmonella serovars in leafy vegetables, chicken carcasses and related processing environments in Malaysian fresh food markets. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Ploton MC, Gaschignard J, Lemaitre C, Cadennes A, Germanaud D, Poncelet G, Bidet P, Faye A, Basmaci R. Salmonella Typhimurium bacteraemia complicated by meningitis and brain abscess in a 3-month-old boy. J Paediatr Child Health 2017; 53:204-205. [PMID: 28194898 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Gaschignard
- AP-HP, General Paediatrics Unit, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Lemaitre
- AP-HP, General Paediatrics Unit, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alice Cadennes
- AP-HP, General Paediatrics Unit, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - David Germanaud
- AP-HP, Paediatric Neurology Unit, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,CEA, NeuroSpin, UNIACT, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Géraldine Poncelet
- AP-HP, Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bidet
- AP-HP, Microbiology Unit, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France
| | - Albert Faye
- AP-HP, General Paediatrics Unit, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, URMS 1123 ECEVE, Paris, France
| | - Romain Basmaci
- AP-HP, General Paediatrics Unit, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France
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Acute Hepatic Necrosis Caused by Salmonella enterica Serotype I 4,5,12:-:1,2 in a Dog. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3674-6. [PMID: 26292301 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01256-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatic necrosis was diagnosed in a dog. Gram staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization identified Salmonella enterica in the liver, subsequently confirmed as S. enterica serotype I 4,5,12:-:1,2. This is the first report of acute hepatic necrosis with liver failure caused by Salmonella in a dog.
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Khan MI, Ochiai RL, Von Seidlein L, Dong B, Bhattacharya SK, Agtini MD, Bhutta ZA, Do GC, Ali M, Kim DR, Favorov M, Clemens JD. Non-typhoidal Salmonella rates in febrile children at sites in five Asian countries. Trop Med Int Health 2010; 15:960-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chimalizeni Y, Kawaza K, Molyneux E. The epidemiology and management of non typhoidal salmonella infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 659:33-46. [PMID: 20204753 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0981-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Soliman R, Clerihew L, Jollands A, Kirkpatrick M, Mowle D. Salmonella Infantis Subdural Empyema in a Healthy Infant. Scott Med J 2008. [DOI: 10.1258/rsmsmj.53.3.57a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Focal intracranial infections such as brain abscess, subdural empyema, or epidural abscess are unusual manifestations of salmonellosis found almost solely in immuno-compromised patients. We describe an unusual case of an 11-month old immuno-competent girl with a Salmonella Infantis subdural empyema. The case responded well to surgical drainage and long course of antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.S. Soliman
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyNinewells Hospital Dundee, UK
| | - L. Clerihew
- Department of Paediatrics Ninewells Hospital
| | - A. Jollands
- Department of Paediatrics Ninewells Hospital
| | | | - D Mowle
- Department of Neurosurgery Ninewells Hospital
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Enwere G, Biney E, Cheung YB, Zaman SMA, Okoko B, Oluwalana C, Vaughan A, Greenwood B, Adegbola R, Cutts FT. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of community-acquired invasive bacterial infections in children aged 2-29 months in The Gambia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:700-5. [PMID: 16874169 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000226839.30925.a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of community-acquired bacteremia (CAB) in Africa is several-fold higher than in industrialized countries. We report here the incidence of invasive bacterial infections in rural Gambia and compare the clinical characteristics of children with pneumococcal infection with those of children with extraintestinal nontyphoidal salmonella infection (NTS) or other bacterial infections. METHODS As part of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine trial, we investigated children aged 2-29 months who presented with signs suggestive of invasive bacterial infections. RESULTS The incidence of invasive bacterial infections in all subjects was 1009 (95% CI, 903-1124) cases per 100,000 person-years. It was 1108 (95% CI, 953-1282) among children who had not received pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Incidence decreased with increasing age but remained relatively high in 24- to 29-month-olds for pneumococcal infections. Pneumococcal infection was more frequent than NTS infections in the hot dry season. Respiratory symptoms and signs, consolidation on chest radiograph, and a primary diagnosis of pneumonia were more frequent in children with pneumococcal infection than in those with NTS or other infections. Diarrhea, laboratory evidence of malaria infection, and a primary diagnosis of malaria were more common in children with NTS infections. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial infections continue to cause significant morbidity in rural Africa. Although vaccines could greatly reduce the pneumococcal burden, a high index of suspicion and appropriate use of antimicrobials are needed to manage other causes of invasive bacterial infections.
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Abstract
Typhoid fever is estimated to have caused 21.6 million illnesses and 216,500 deaths globally in 2000, affecting all ages. There is also one case of paratyphoid fever for every four of typhoid. The global emergence of multidrug-resistant strains and of strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones is of great concern. We discuss the occurrence of poor clinical response to fluoroquinolones despite disc sensitivity. Developments are being made in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis, and genomic and proteomic studies reveal the possibility of new targets for diagnosis and treatment. Further, we review guidelines for use of diagnostic tests and for selection of antimicrobials in varying clinical situations. The importance of safe water, sanitation, and immunisation in the presence of increasing antibiotic resistance is paramount. Routine immunisation of school-age children with Vi or Ty21a vaccine is recommended for countries endemic for typhoid. Vi vaccine should be used for 2-5 year-old children in highly endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Bhan
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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[Salmonella infections in children: a retrospective study over a four-year period]. Arch Pediatr 2005; 12:23-7. [PMID: 15653050 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidemiological state of salmonella infections in Languedoc-Roussillon (France) and discussion of therapeutic indications. MATERIAL AND METHOD Retrospective study over a four-year period of paediatric salmonella infections requiring hospitalisation in Montpellier University Hospital. Analysis of clinical, bacteriological, laboratory and therapeutic data. RESULTS One hundred and sixty nine cases of paediatric salmonella infections have been investigated. The clinical triad consisted of diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever. Six severe cases have been observed and seemed to have been independent of patient's background. Laboratory findings showed inconstantly hyperleucocytosis and increase in CRP levels. Stool analysis remained the reference laboratory test to detect salmonella. Two major strains of salmonella have been identified: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium and Enteriditis. Treatments have been essentially symptomatic but 20% of the children (n=34) required antibiotic therapy. A favourable outcome was observed in all the children. DISCUSSION Incidence of salmonella infections is increasing in France, particularly in the Languedoc-Roussillon area. Diagnosis of mild forms is generally easy but certain patient background seems to expose to severe forms. Treatment of salmonella infections is mainly symptomatic, only severe or specific cases (young age, immunodepression...) requiring antibiotic treatment. The growing antibiotic use and the increasing of resistance are currently the main problems in the management of salmonella infections. Those infections remain a public health problem in Languedoc-Roussillon.
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Okumuş M, Salman T, Gürler N, Salman N, Abbasoğlu L. Mesenteric cyst infected with non-typhoidal salmonella infection. Pediatr Surg Int 2004; 20:883-5. [PMID: 15168049 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-004-1159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although extra-intestinal non-typhoidal Salmonella infections are common in developing countries, infection of the mesenteric cyst with Salmonella enteritidis is an extremely rare occurrence. Review of the English literature has revealed one report up to this date. The case of a 4-year-old boy with a mesenteric cyst infected with Salmonella enteritidis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Okumuş
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Goh YL, Yasin R, Puthucheary SD, Koh YT, Lim VKE, Taib Z, Thong KL. DNA fingerprinting of human isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B in Malaysia. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:1134-42. [PMID: 14633043 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS DNA fingerprinting of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B isolated in Malaysia during 1982-83, 1992 and 1996-2002 was carried out by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), antimicrobial susceptibility tests and D-tartrate utilization tests to assess the extent of genetic diversity of these isolates in Malaysia. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty-six human isolates and one food isolate of Salm. Paratyphi B were analysed by PFGE, antimicrobial susceptibility tests and D-tartrate utilization tests. Sixty-five strains were D-tartrate-negative (dT-) while 22 strains were D-tartrate-positive (dT+). Thirty-seven per cent of the Salm. Paratyphi B strains were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. PFGE analysis clearly distinguished the dT- and dT+ strains into two clusters based on the unweighted pair group average method (UPGMA). Twenty-two XbaI-pulsotypes were observed among the 65 dT- strains while 17 XbaI-pulsotypes were observed among the 22 isolates of Salm. Paratyphi B dT+. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that PFGE was very discriminative with 33.7% of the strains yielding distinct fingerprints. Paratyphoid fever in Malaysia is probably caused by one predominant, endemic clone of Salm. Paratyphi B dT- with various subtypes. There was no association between the pulsotypes and the severity of the disease indicating that the severity of the disease is probably multifactorial. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The findings of the present study verify the usefulness of PFGE in characterizing strains of Salm. Paratyphi B. This is the first report on the application of PFGE on a large collection of Salm. Paratyphi B in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Goh
- Microbiology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
The aim of this article is to define the currently accepted role of antibacterials in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. Most cases of acute gastroenteritis in children are viral, self-limited, and need only supportive treatment. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte therapy, with close attention to nutrition, remain central to therapy.Antibacterial therapy serves as an adjunct, to shorten the clinical course, eradicate causative organisms, reduce transmission, and prevent invasive complications. Selection of antibacterials to use in acute bacterial gastroenteritis is based on clinical diagnosis of the likely pathogen prior to definitive laboratory results. Antibacterial therapy should be restricted to specific bacterial pathogens and disease presentations. In general, infections with Shigella spp. and Vibrio cholera should usually be treated with antibacterials, while antibacterials are only used in severe unresponsive infections with Salmonella, Yersinia, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, Plesiomonas spp., and Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials should be avoided in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection. However, empiric therapy may be appropriate in the presence of a severe illness with bloody diarrhea and stool leucocytes, particularly in infancy and the immunocompromised. The benefits and risks of adverse drug reactions should be weighed before prescribing antibacterials. Moreover, a major concern is the emergence of antibacterial-resistant strains due to the widespread use of antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopaorn Phavichitr
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Meningitis due to Salmonella is a very rare sign of Salmonellosis. A 10-day-old female premature neonate with Salmonella typhimurium meningitis is presented in this report. The clinical features, outcome and antibiotic treatment are discussed. Although it is extremely rare, Salmonella meningitis should be considered in differential diagnosis of neonatal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Totan
- Medical Faculty of Ondokuz Mayis University, Department of Pediatrics, Samsun, Turkey.
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