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Qu S, Xu R, Yi G, Li Z, Zhang H, Qi S, Huang G. Patient-derived organoids in human cancer: a platform for fundamental research and precision medicine. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:6. [PMID: 38342791 PMCID: PMC10859360 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is associated with a high degree of heterogeneity, encompassing both inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, along with considerable variability in clinical response to common treatments across patients. Conventional models for tumor research, such as in vitro cell cultures and in vivo animal models, demonstrate significant limitations that fall short of satisfying the research requisites. Patient-derived tumor organoids, which recapitulate the structures, specific functions, molecular characteristics, genomics alterations and expression profiles of primary tumors. They have been efficaciously implemented in illness portrayal, mechanism exploration, high-throughput drug screening and assessment, discovery of innovative therapeutic targets and potential compounds, and customized treatment regimen for cancer patients. In contrast to conventional models, tumor organoids offer an intuitive, dependable, and efficient in vitro research model by conserving the phenotypic, genetic diversity, and mutational attributes of the originating tumor. Nevertheless, the organoid technology also confronts the bottlenecks and challenges, such as how to comprehensively reflect intra-tumor heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment, tumor angiogenesis, reduce research costs, and establish standardized construction processes while retaining reliability. This review extensively examines the use of tumor organoid techniques in fundamental research and precision medicine. It emphasizes the importance of patient-derived tumor organoid biobanks for drug development, screening, safety evaluation, and personalized medicine. Additionally, it evaluates the application of organoid technology as an experimental tumor model to better understand the molecular mechanisms of tumor. The intent of this review is to explicate the significance of tumor organoids in cancer research and to present new avenues for the future of tumor research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanqiang Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Dadao Bei Street 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Nanfang Glioma Center, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Brain disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Dadao Bei Street 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongyang Xu
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhong Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Dadao Bei Street 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Nanfang Glioma Center, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Brain disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Dadao Bei Street 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Dadao Bei Street 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Nanfang Glioma Center, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Brain disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Dadao Bei Street 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Huayang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Dadao Bei Street 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Dadao Bei Street 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
- Nanfang Glioma Center, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
- Institute of Brain disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Dadao Bei Street 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guanglong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Dadao Bei Street 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
- Nanfang Glioma Center, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
- Institute of Brain disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Dadao Bei Street 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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Sariyar E, Firtina Karagonlar Z. Modelling the Sorafenib-resistant Liver Cancer Microenvironment by Using 3-D Spheroids. Altern Lab Anim 2023; 51:301-312. [PMID: 37555318 DOI: 10.1177/02611929231193421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer, and it usually occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. For patients with advanced HCC, systemic treatment is the first choice - however, resistance occurs frequently. Sorafenib was the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for advanced HCC, and resistance to the therapy is a serious concern. When sorafenib therapy fails in a patient, it can be challenging to decide whether they can undergo a second-line therapy, and to determine which therapy they will be able to tolerate. Thus, physiologically relevant in vitro preclinical models are crucial for screening potential therapies, and 3-D tumour spheroids permit studies of tumour pathobiology. In this study, a drug-resistant 3-D tumour spheroid model was developed, based on sorafenib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells, LX2 stellate cells and THP-1 monocytes. Model tumour spheroids that were formed with the sorafenib-resistant cells demonstrated lower diffusion of doxorubicin and exhibited increased resistance to regorafenib. Moreover, in the sorafenib-resistant spheroids, there was increased presence of CD68-positive cells and a reduction in inflammatory marker secretion. The sorafenib-resistant cell line-derived spheroids also showed a higher expression of FGF-19, PDGF-AA and GDF-15, which are known to be involved in malignancies. This multi-cell type spheroid model represents a potentially useful system to test drug candidates in a microenvironment that mimics the drug-resistant tumour microenvironment in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Sariyar
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, İzmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
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Rystsov GK, Lisov AV, Zemskova MY. Polymers of 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Induce Formation of Spheroids in Mammalian Cells. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816202206019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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Murtadha AH, Azahar IIM, Sharudin NA, Has ATC, Mokhtar NF. Influence of nNav1.5 on MHC class I expression in breast cancer. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Van Zundert I, Fortuni B, Rocha S. From 2D to 3D Cancer Cell Models-The Enigmas of Drug Delivery Research. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2236. [PMID: 33187231 PMCID: PMC7696259 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, research has made impressive breakthroughs towards drug delivery systems, resulting in a wide range of multifunctional engineered nanoparticles with biomedical applications such as cancer therapy. Despite these significant advances, well-designed nanoparticles rarely reach the clinical stage. Promising results obtained in standard 2D cell culture systems often turn into disappointing outcomes in in vivo models. Although the overall majority of in vitro nanoparticle research is still performed on 2D monolayer cultures, more and more researchers started acknowledging the importance of using 3D cell culture systems, as better models for mimicking the in vivo tumor physiology. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the 3D cancer cell models currently available. We highlight their potential as a platform for drug delivery studies and pinpoint the challenges associated with their use. We discuss in which way each 3D model mimics the in vivo tumor physiology, how they can or have been used in nanomedicine research and to what extent the results obtained so far affect the progress of nanomedicine development. It is of note that the global scientific output associated with 3D models is limited, showing that the use of these systems in nanomedicine investigation is still highly challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatrice Fortuni
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
| | - Susana Rocha
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
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Doctor A, Seifert V, Ullrich M, Hauser S, Pietzsch J. Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Systems in Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102765. [PMID: 32993034 PMCID: PMC7600608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In preclinical cancer research, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems such as multicellular spheroids and organoids are becoming increasingly important. They provide valuable information before studies on animal models begin and, in some cases, are even suitable for reducing or replacing animal experiments. Furthermore, they recapitulate microtumors, metastases, and the tumor microenvironment much better than monolayer culture systems could. Three-dimensional models show higher structural complexity and diverse cell interactions while reflecting (patho)physiological phenomena such as oxygen and nutrient gradients in the course of their growth or development. These interactions and properties are of great importance for understanding the pathophysiological importance of stromal cells and the extracellular matrix for tumor progression, treatment response, or resistance mechanisms of solid tumors. Special emphasis is placed on co-cultivation with tumor-associated cells, which further increases the predictive value of 3D models, e.g., for drug development. The aim of this overview is to shed light on selected 3D models and their advantages and disadvantages, especially from the radiopharmacist's point of view with focus on the suitability of 3D models for the radiopharmacological characterization of novel radiotracers and radiotherapeutics. Special attention is paid to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) as a predestined target for the development of new radionuclide-based theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Doctor
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Verena Seifert
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Ullrich
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-260-2622
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Semertzidou A, Brosens JJ, McNeish I, Kyrgiou M. Organoid models in gynaecological oncology research. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 90:102103. [PMID: 32932156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture and animal models represent experimental cornerstones for the investigation of tissue, organ and body physiology in the context of gynaecological research. However, their ability to accurately reflect human mechanisms in vivo is limited. The development of organoid technologies has begun to address this limitation by providing platforms ex vivo that resemble the phenotype and genotype of the multi-cellular tissue from which they were derived more accurately. In this review, we discuss advances in organoid derivation from endometrial, ovarian, fallopian tube and cervical tissue, both benign and malignant, the manipulation of organoid microenvironment to preserve stem cell populations and achieve long-term expansion and we explore the morphological and molecular kinship of organoids to parent tissue. Apart from providing new insight into mechanisms of carcinogenesis, gynaecological cancer-derived organoids can be utilised as tools for drug screening of chemotherapeutic and hormonal compounds where they exhibit interpatient variability consistent with states in vivo and xenografted tumours allowing for patient-tailored treatment strategies. Bridging organoid with bioengineering accomplishments is clearly the way forward to the generation of organoid-on-a-chip technologies enhancing the robustness of the model and its translational potential. Undeniably, organoids are expected to stand their ground in the years to come and revolutionize development and disease modelling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Semertzidou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer & Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea - Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Jan J Brosens
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Iain McNeish
- Department of Surgery and Cancer & Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maria Kyrgiou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer & Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea - Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK.
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8
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Koshkin V, Bleker de Oliveira M, Peng C, Ailles LE, Liu G, Covens A, Krylov SN. Spheroid-Based Approach to Assess the Tissue Relevance of Analysis of Dispersed-Settled Tissue Cells by Cytometry of the Reaction Rate Constant. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9348-9355. [PMID: 32522000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytometry of Reaction Rate Constant (CRRC) uses time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to measure a rate constant of a catalytic reaction in individual cells and, thus, facilitate accurate size determination for cell subpopulations with distinct efficiencies of this reaction. Reliable CRRC requires uniform exposure of cells to the reaction substrate followed by their uniform imaging, which in turn, requires that a tissue sample be disintegrated into a suspension of dispersed cells, and these cells settle on the support surface before being analyzed by CRRC. We call such cells "dispersed-settled" to distinguish them from cells cultured as a monolayer. Studies of the dispersed-settled cells can be tissue-relevant only if the cells maintain their 3D tissue state during the multi-hour CRRC procedure. Here, we propose an approach for assessing tissue relevance of the CRRC-based analysis of the dispersed-settled cells. Our approach utilizes cultured multicellular spheroids as a 3D cell model and cultured cell monolayers as a 2D cell model. The CRRC results of the dispersed-settled cells derived from spheroids are compared to those of spheroids and monolayers in order to find if the dispersed-settled cells are representative of the spheroids. To demonstrate its practical use, we applied this approach to a cellular reaction of multidrug resistance (MDR) transport, which was followed by extrusion of a fluorescent substrate from the cells. The approach proved to be reliable and revealed long-term maintenance of MDR transport in the dispersed-settled cells obtained from cultured ovarian cancer spheroids. Accordingly, CRRC can be used to determine accurately the size of a cell subpopulation with an elevated level of MDR transport in tumor samples, which makes CRRC a suitable method for the development of MDR-based predictors of chemoresistance. The proposed spheroid-based approach for validation of CRRC is applicable to other types of cellular reactions and, thus, will be an indispensable tool for transforming CRRC from an experimental technique into a practical analytical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilij Koshkin
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Chun Peng
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Laurie E Ailles
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario N5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Department of Medicine, Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Allan Covens
- Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Foglietta F, Canaparo R, Muccioli G, Terreno E, Serpe L. Methodological aspects and pharmacological applications of three-dimensional cancer cell cultures and organoids. Life Sci 2020; 254:117784. [PMID: 32416169 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, in which cells grow in flat layers on plastic surfaces, are considered the standard model for use in drug screening and for biological assays. However, these models do not accurately represent in vivo cell organization due to a lack in cell-cell/matrix interactions and in tissue and microenvironment structure. For that reason, three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have been introduced as an innovative platform in recent years, allowing cells to grow and interact with each other in all three dimensions thanks to an artificial environment. In a 3D model cells show more interesting aspects from a physiological point of view, demonstrating several improvements in viability, morphology, proliferation and differentiations, response to external and internal stimuli, drug metabolism and efficacy and in vivo relevance. This review explores recent techniques in the development of 3D cell models with a particular focus on their application from a pharmacological point of view, starting from the concept of spheroid models generated by scaffold-free or scaffold-based techniques. Finally, special attention is paid to the concept of organoids, 3D constructs that replicate the 3D architecture of intact organs and the technology involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Foglietta
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Roberto Canaparo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 13, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giampiero Muccioli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 13, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Enzo Terreno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Loredana Serpe
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 13, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Chen M, Vial ML, St John JA. 3D-tips: user-friendly mesh barrier pipette tips for 3D-spheroid culture. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:80. [PMID: 31673287 PMCID: PMC6819412 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three dimensional (3D) cell cultures have been an area of increasing interest and relevance across several research fields including drug discovery, developmental biology and stem cell-based therapies. However, handling 3D structures can be difficult. In particular, the replacement of liquid media and reagents in which liquid is removed using pipettes is difficult to perform as the 3D spheroids can be easily aspirated into the pipette tip. RESULTS We have developed the 3D-tip, a novel tool that facilitates media change and washing procedures of 3D-spheroid cultures. The 3D-tip contains a mesh with 40-μm pores allowing the aspiration of liquids including media, drugs, buffers and reagents, with the mesh acting as a barrier preventing the spheroids being aspirated into the pipette tip. After aspiration of liquids, the spheroids are gently deposited back into the culture vessel. Our results demonstrate that the 3D-tips offer superior handling of 3D-spheroid cultures in comparison to commonly used methods. We showed that the 3D-tips can easily be used on both fixed and unfixed spheroids and on cancer cell, stem cell and glial cell spheroids.In contrast with the 50/50 media exchange method, the 3D-tips allow a complete media change with minimal loss of spheroids and without damaging their morphology. Our results showed that 86.0% of spheroids remained in the chamber after changing the media using the 3D-tips. In contrast, only 45.0% of spheroids remained using the 50/50 media exchange strategy.In comparison with the centrifugation technique, the 3D-tips preserved spheroids whereas centrifugation led to the loss of spheroids and/or the alteration of the size and shape of the 3D cellular structures. We observed that 87.6 and 84.6% of the fixed and unfixed spheroids remained using the 3D-tip, respectively. In contrast, only 66.3% of the fixed spheroids and 36.4% of the unfixed spheroids were left using the centrifugation method. From a time perspective, the 3D-tips dramatically reduce the time taken for replacing media. CONCLUSIONS This novel pipette tip is suitable for high throughput screening and automation and will revolutionise the techniques used for the production and analysis of 3D spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Vial
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - James A. St John
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
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Chen M, Vial ML, Tello Velasquez J, Ekberg JAK, Davis RA, St John JA. The serrulatane diterpenoid natural products RAD288 and RAD289 stimulate properties of olfactory ensheathing cells useful for neural repair therapies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10240. [PMID: 29980748 PMCID: PMC6035228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are being trialled for cell transplantation therapies for neural repair as they have unique properties which can enhance neuron regeneration. However, improvements in cell viability, proliferation and migration are needed to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Growth factors can enhance cell activity, but they can also induce side effects as they can act on numerous cell types. An alternative approach is to identify natural products (NPs) that more selectively activate specific cell functions. We have examined two pure NPs, 3-acetoxy-7,8-dihydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (RAD288) and 3,7,8-trihydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (RAD289) isolated from the Australian plant Eremophila microtheca. We determined that RAD288 and RAD289 stimulated the viability and proliferation of OECs in two-dimensional cultures and increased cell viability in three-dimensional spheroids. Both compounds also enhanced OEC-mediated phagocytosis of neural debris. However, only RAD288 stimulated migration of OECs, demonstrating that key structural changes to the compound can dramatically affect the resultant cellular action. In addition, cell-type specific action is highlighted by the result that neither compound stimulated the viability of Schwann cells which are a closely-related glial cell type. Therefore, these small molecules may have high potential for selective activation of specific therapeutically-useful activities of OECs for transplantation therapies to repair the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Vial
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia. .,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia. .,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.
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12
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Roncoroni L, Elli L, Braidotti P, Tosi D, Vaira V, Tacchini L, Lombardo V, Branchi F, Scricciolo A, Doneda L. Transglutaminase 2 Mediates the Cytotoxicity of Resveratrol in a Human Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Cell Lines. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:761-769. [PMID: 29757003 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1470648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound extracted from plants and is also a constituent of red wine. Our aim was to evaluate if the cytotoxic effect of resveratrol (RES) on cholangiocarcinoma (CC) and gallbladder cancer (GBC) cell lines could be abolished by TG2 inhibition. Human CC and GBC cell lines (SK-ChA-1 and MZ-ChA-1), grown in a three-dimensional cell culture system (MCTS, multicellular tumor spheroids), were treated for 72 h with RES (32, 64 µM) alone or combined with different TG2 inhibitors (Cystamine, B003, T101). We investigated: cells viability; cell morphology with light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); immunoreactivity with immunohistochemistry; Q-Banding karyotype analysis; TG2 activity; Western blotting. RES treatment induced a significant inhibition of cell growth, ranging from 24% to 76% in both cell lines. The inhibitors successfully reduced TG2 activity without any variation of protein quantity as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. TG2 inhibition resulted in cell growth normalization. In addition, morphologic analysis by light and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the cytotoxic effect of RES and its reduction consequent to TG2 inhibition. Our data demonstrated a connection between the cytotoxic effect of RES in SK-ChA-1 and MZ-ChA-1 and TG2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Roncoroni
- a Center for the Diagnosis and Prevention of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical , Surgical and Odontoiatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.,e Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Luca Elli
- a Center for the Diagnosis and Prevention of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Paola Braidotti
- c Pathology Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, Università Degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Delfina Tosi
- c Pathology Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, Università Degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Valentina Vaira
- f Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Lorenza Tacchini
- d Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Vincenza Lombardo
- a Center for the Diagnosis and Prevention of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Federica Branchi
- a Center for the Diagnosis and Prevention of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Alice Scricciolo
- a Center for the Diagnosis and Prevention of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Luisa Doneda
- b Department of Biomedical , Surgical and Odontoiatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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Leek R, Grimes DR, Harris AL, McIntyre A. Methods: Using Three-Dimensional Culture (Spheroids) as an In Vitro Model of Tumour Hypoxia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 899:167-96. [PMID: 27325267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26666-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Regions of hypoxia in tumours can be modelled in vitro in 2D cell cultures with a hypoxic chamber or incubator in which oxygen levels can be regulated. Although this system is useful in many respects, it disregards the additional physiological gradients of the hypoxic microenvironment, which result in reduced nutrients and more acidic pH. Another approach to hypoxia modelling is to use three-dimensional spheroid cultures. In spheroids, the physiological gradients of the hypoxic tumour microenvironment can be inexpensively modelled and explored. In addition, spheroids offer the advantage of more representative modelling of tumour therapy responses compared with 2D culture. Here, we review the use of spheroids in hypoxia tumour biology research and highlight the different methodologies for spheroid formation and how to obtain uniformity. We explore the challenge of spheroid analyses and how to determine the effect on the hypoxic versus normoxic components of spheroids. We discuss the use of high-throughput analyses in hypoxia screening of spheroids. Furthermore, we examine the use of mathematical modelling of spheroids to understand more fully the hypoxic tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Leek
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David Robert Grimes
- Gray Laboratory, Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, QMC, D Floor, West Block, W/D/1374, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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Lama R, Zhang L, Naim JM, Williams J, Zhou A, Su B. Development, validation and pilot screening of an in vitro multi-cellular three-dimensional cancer spheroid assay for anti-cancer drug testing. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:922-31. [PMID: 23306053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cancer cell proliferation assay for anti-cancer drug screening is a very artificial model and cannot represent the characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) solid tumors. The multi-cellular in vitro 3D tumor spheroid model is of intermediate complexity, and can provide a bridge to the gap between the complex in vivo tumors and simple in vitro monolayer cell cultures. In this study, a simple and cost-effective cancer 3D spheroid assay suitable for small molecule anti-cancer compound screening was developed, standardized and validated on H292 non-small lung cancer cell line. A pilot screening with this assay was performed utilizing a compound library consisting of 41 anti-cancer agents. The traditional 2D monolayer cell proliferation assay was also performed with the same cell line and compounds. A correlational study based on the IC(50) values from the 2D and 3D assays was conducted. There is low correlation with the two sets of biological data, suggesting the two screening methods provide different information regarding the potency of the tested drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Lama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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Xu K, Buchsbaum RJ. Isolation of mammary epithelial cells from three-dimensional mixed-cell spheroid co-culture. J Vis Exp 2012:3760. [PMID: 22566026 DOI: 10.3791/3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While enormous efforts have gone into identifying signaling pathways and molecules involved in normal and malignant cell behaviors(1-2), much of this work has been done using classical two-dimensional cell culture models, which allow for easy cell manipulation. It has become clear that intracellular signaling pathways are affected by extracellular forces, including dimensionality and cell surface tension(3-4). Multiple approaches have been taken to develop three-dimensional models that more accurately represent biologic tissue architecture(3). While these models incorporate multi-dimensionality and architectural stresses, study of the consequent effects on cells is less facile than in two-dimensional tissue culture due to the limitations of the models and the difficulty in extracting cells for subsequent analysis. The important role of the microenvironment around tumors in tumorigenesis and tumor behavior is becoming increasingly recognized(4). Tumor stroma is composed of multiple cell types and extracellular molecules. During tumor development there are bidirectional signals between tumor cells and stromal cells(5). Although some factors participating in tumor-stroma co-evolution have been identified, there is still a need to develop simple techniques to systematically identify and study the full array of these signals(6). Fibroblasts are the most abundant cell type in normal or tumor-associated stromal tissues, and contribute to deposition and maintenance of basement membrane and paracrine growth factors(7). Many groups have used three dimensional culture systems to study the role of fibroblasts on various cellular functions, including tumor response to therapies, recruitment of immune cells, signaling molecules, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion(8-15). We have optimized a simple method for assessing the effects of mammary fibroblasts on mammary epithelial cells using a commercially available extracellular matrix model to create three-dimensional cultures of mixed cell populations (co-cultures)(16-22). With continued co-culture the cells form spheroids with the fibroblasts clustering in the interior and the epithelial cells largely on the exterior of the spheroids and forming multi-cellular projections into the matrix. Manipulation of the fibroblasts that leads to altered epithelial cell invasiveness can be readily quantified by changes in numbers and length of epithelial projections(23). Furthermore, we have devised a method for isolating epithelial cells out of three-dimensional co-culture that facilitates analysis of the effects of fibroblast exposure on epithelial behavior. We have found that the effects of co-culture persist for weeks after epithelial cell isolation, permitting ample time to perform multiple assays. This method is adaptable to cells of varying malignant potential and requires no specialized equipment. This technique allows for rapid evaluation of in vitro cell models under multiple conditions, and the corresponding results can be compared to in vivo animal tissue models as well as human tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center
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16
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Lu H, Searle K, Liu Y, Parker T. The effect of dimensionality on growth and differentiation of neural progenitors from different regions of fetal rat brain in vitro: 3-dimensional spheroid versus 2-dimensional monolayer culture. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:48-55. [PMID: 22301365 DOI: 10.1159/000330794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) spheroids are widely used for culturing cells. However, 2-dimensional (2-D) monolayer cultures have also been adopted for culture and used in a broad range of cell biology studies. To address the effect of dimensionality on the growth and differentiation of neuroprogenitor cells in 3-D spheroids and 2-D monolayer cultures, cells were isolated from cerebral cortex, cerebella and brainstem of fetal rat brain then cultured in serum-free DMEM/F12 medium or DMEM with 10% FBS. The growth and differentiation of neuroprogenitor cells from three brain regions in spheroids was compared with that in monolayer cultures, and the differentiation components of neuroprogenitor cells were compared with in vivo brain sections. Neuroprogenitor cells in spheroids proliferate actively over 10 days in culture as showed by Ki67 incorporation and increase in spheroid diameter. More neuroprogenitor cells underwent neuronal differentiation in spheroids than in monolayer cultures. In comparison with fixed rat brain sections, the neuron to astrocyte ratio, as shown by neurofilament to glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity, in spheroids is similar to that found in adult rat tissue sections. Our results suggest that the spheroid culture system mimics the in vivo cytoarchitecture to a greater extent and more closely reflects the cellular composition in adult brain tissue. This supports the notion that the intercellular niche in spheroids is more favorable for the survival and differentiation of neuronal precursors, while the cues in monolayer cultures may favor glial cell survival. It is therefore concluded that dimensionality plays a significant role in determining cellular behavior in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Lu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Environment and Genes Related to Diseases Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, PR China
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Akinlolu O, Ottolino-Perry K, McCart JA, Reilly RM. Antiproliferative effects of 111In- or 177Lu-DOTATOC on cells exposed to low multiplicity-of-infection double-deleted vaccinia virus encoding somatostatin subtype-2 receptor. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 25:325-33. [PMID: 20578838 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses may be limited in their ability to infect and lyse tumor cells because of penetration barriers and viral elimination by the immune system. Combining virotherapy with targeted radiotherapy that uses (111)In- or (177)Lu-DOTATOC may address such issues by spatially enhancing antitumor effects through bystander and/or cross-fire phenomena. In this study, a double-deleted vaccinia virus (vvDD) encoding the gene for somatostatin subtype-2 receptor (sstr-2) infected MC-38 murine colon adenocarcinoma cells and increased their sstr-2 expression by 2-fold. A low multiplicity-of-infection (MOI = 0.1) of vvDD and short exposure time (48 hours) preserved MC-38 viability (>80%-90%) for up to 3 days, permitting targeting of sstr-2 by (111)In- or (177)Lu-DOTATOC. (111)In-DOTATOC, alone or in combination with vvDD, was less effective than (177)Lu-DOTATOC at decreasing the growth of sstr-2-gene-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells or MC-38 cells in monolayer. However, (111)In- or (177)Lu-DOTATOC combined with vvDD provided equivalent growth inhibition of HEK-293 or MC-38 cells as spheroids, suggesting a bystander effect from (111)In-DOTATOC. Growth of the cells was reduced 4-fold (from 20% to <5%) at 8 days in this case. Further evaluation of low-MOI vvDD in combination with (111)In- or (177)Lu-DOTATOC for the treatment of MC-38 tumors in mice is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka Akinlolu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dolznig H, Walzl A, Kramer N, Rosner M, Garin-Chesa P, Hengstschläger M. Organotypic spheroid cultures to study tumor–stroma interaction during cancer development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pinto M, Azzam EI, Howell RW. Investigation of adaptive responses in bystander cells in 3D cultures containing tritium-labeled and unlabeled normal human fibroblasts. Radiat Res 2010; 174:216-27. [PMID: 20681788 DOI: 10.1667/rr1866.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of radiation-induced bystander effects in normal human cells maintained in three-dimensional (3D) architecture provides more in vivo-like conditions and is relevant to human risk assessment. Linear energy transfer, dose and dose rate have been considered as critical factors in propagating radiation-induced effects. This investigation uses an in vitro 3D tissue culture model in which normal AG1522 human fibroblasts are grown in a carbon scaffold to investigate induction of a G(1) arrest in bystander cells that neighbor radiolabeled cells. Cell cultures were co-pulse-labeled with [(3)H]deoxycytidine ((3)HdC) to selectively irradiate a minor fraction of cells with 1-5 keV/microm beta particles and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to identify the radiolabeled cells using immunofluorescence. The induction of a G(1) arrest was measured specifically in unlabeled cells (i.e. bystander cells) using a flow cytometry-based version of the cumulative labeling index assay. To investigate the relationship between bystander effects and adaptive responses, cells were challenged with an acute 4 Gy gamma-radiation dose after they had been kept under the bystander conditions described above for several hours, and the regulation of the radiation-induced G(1) arrest was measured selectively in bystander cells. When the average dose rate in (3)HdC-labeled cells (<16% of population) was 0.04-0.37 Gy/h (average accumulated dose 0.14-10 Gy), no statistically significant stressful bystander effects or adaptive bystander effects were observed as measured by magnitude of the G(1) arrest, micronucleus formation, or changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Higher dose rates and/or higher LET may be required to observe stressful bystander effects in this experimental system, whereas lower dose rates and challenge doses may be required to detect adaptive bystander responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pinto
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiation Research, UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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Chithrani DB, Jelveh S, Jalali F, van Prooijen M, Allen C, Bristow RG, Hill RP, Jaffray DA. Gold nanoparticles as radiation sensitizers in cancer therapy. Radiat Res 2010; 173:719-28. [PMID: 20518651 DOI: 10.1667/rr1984.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Among other nanoparticle systems, gold nanoparticles have been explored as radiosensitizers. While most of the research in this area has focused on either gold nanoparticles with diameters of less than 2 nm or particles with micrometer dimensions, it has been shown that nanoparticles 50 nm in diameter have the highest cellular uptake. We present the results of in vitro studies that focus on the radiosensitization properties of nanoparticles in the size range from 14-74 nm. Radiosensitization was dependent on the number of gold nanoparticles internalized within the cells. Gold nanoparticles 50-nm in diameter showed the highest radiosensitization enhancement factor (REF) (1.43 at 220 kVp) compared to gold nanoparticles of 14 and 74 nm (1.20 and 1.26, respectively). Using 50-nm gold nanoparticles, the REF for lower- (105 kVp) and higher- (6 MVp) energy photons was 1.66 and 1.17, respectively. DNA double-strand breaks were quantified using radiation-induced foci of gamma-H2AX and 53BP1, and a modest increase in the number of foci per nucleus was observed in irradiated cell populations with internalized gold nanoparticles. The outcome of this research will enable the optimization of gold nanoparticle-based sensitizers for use in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika B Chithrani
- STTARR Innovation Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Multicellular tumor spheroids: an underestimated tool is catching up again. J Biotechnol 2010; 148:3-15. [PMID: 20097238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1139] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present article highlights the rationale, potential and flexibility of tumor spheroid mono- and cocultures for implementation into state of the art anti-cancer therapy test platforms. Unlike classical monolayer-based models, spheroids strikingly mirror the 3D cellular context and therapeutically relevant pathophysiological gradients of in vivo tumors. Some concepts for standardization and automation of spheroid culturing, monitoring and analysis are discussed, and the challenges to define the most convenient analytical endpoints for therapy testing are outlined. The potential of spheroids to contribute to either the elimination of poor drug candidates at the pre-animal and pre-clinical state or the identification of promising drugs that would fail in classical 2D cell assays is emphasised. Microtechnologies, in the form of micropatterning and microfluidics, are also discussed and offer the exciting prospect of standardized spheroid mass production to tackle high-throughput screening applications within the context of traditional laboratory settings. The extension towards more sophisticated spheroid coculture models which more closely reflect heterologous tumor tissues composed of tumor and various stromal cell types is also covered. Examples are given with particular emphasis on tumor-immune cell cocultures and their usefulness for testing novel immunotherapeutic treatment strategies. Finally, tumor cell heterogeneity and the extraordinary possibilities of putative cancer stem/tumor-initiating cell populations that can be maintained and expanded in sphere-forming assays are introduced. The relevance of the cancer stem cell hypothesis for cancer cure is highlighted, with the respective sphere cultures being envisioned as an integral tool for next generation drug development offensives.
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Roncoroni L, Elli L, Bardella MT, Dogliotti E, Grimoldi MG, Viaggi S, Erba E, Zunino A, Doneda L. Cytogenetic Characterization and Cell Cycle Analysis of Three Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines: Comparison Between Two- and Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Systems. Cancer Invest 2009; 28:7-12. [DOI: 10.3109/07357900802653431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Roncoroni L, Elli L, Dolfini E, Erba E, Dogliotti E, Terrani C, Doneda L, Grimoldi MG, Bardella MT. Resveratrol inhibits cell growth in a human cholangiocarcinoma cell line. Liver Int 2008; 28:1426-36. [PMID: 18397227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cholangiocarcinoma is a devastating tumour with a poor prognosis. An efficient therapy is unavailable in unoperable patients and new drugs are widely sought for and required. Resveratrol (RES) is a natural molecule with a reported anticancer effect, evaluated on different tumour cell lines. We tested the efficacy of RES on a cholangiocarcinoma cell line for the first time. METHODS We used the human SK-ChA-1 cell line, cultured in the classical two-dimensional model and in the three-dimensional spheroids. After RES exposure morphology, cell viability (colony-forming assay), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 medium releases, cellular transglutaminase activity, karyotype and cell cycle were evaluated. RESULTS Resveratrol inhibited cell growth in both the cell culture systems used (from -15 to -80% vs untreated controls) and induced a 40-fold increase of LDH and ALP activities in the culture medium. Also, transglutaminase (TG) activity increased in the cell lysates, together with a cell cycle perturbation characterised by an accumulation in the G(1)/S phase. Karyotype and CA 19-9 expression were not influenced by the treatment. CONCLUSIONS The observed cytotoxic effect of RES on the human cholangiocarcinoma SK-ChA-1 cell line cultured two- and three-dimensionally suggests to further analyse its chemotherapic/chemopreventive possibilities for this kind of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Roncoroni
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milano, Italy
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Schneider A, Spitkovsky D, Riess P, Molcanyi M, Kamisetti N, Maegele M, Hescheler J, Schaefer U. "The good into the pot, the bad into the crop!"--a new technology to free stem cells from feeder cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3788. [PMID: 19023443 PMCID: PMC2582950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of embryonic and adult stem cell lines require an initial co-culturing with feeder cells for non-differentiated growth, self renewal and maintenance of pluripotency. However for many downstream ES cell applications the feeder cells have to be considered contaminations that might interfere not just with the analysis of experimental data but also with clinical application and tissue engineering approaches. Here we introduce a novel technique that allows for the selection of pure feeder-freed stem cells, following stem cell proliferation on feeder cell layers. Complete and reproducible separation of feeder and embryonic stem cells was accomplished by adaptation of an automated cell selection system that resulted in the aspiration of distinct cell colonies or fraction of colonies according to predefined physical parameters. Analyzing neuronal differentiation we demonstrated feeder-freed stem cells to exhibit differentiation potentials comparable to embryonic stem cells differentiated under standard conditions. However, embryoid body growth as well as differentiation of stem cells into cardiomyocytes was significantly enhanced in feeder-freed cells, indicating a feeder cell dependent modulation of lineage differentiation during early embryoid body development. These findings underline the necessity to separate stem and feeder cells before the initiation of in vitro differentiation. The complete separation of stem and feeder cells by this new technology results in pure stem cell populations for translational approaches. Furthermore, a more detailed analysis of the effect of feeder cells on stem cell differentiation is now possible, that might facilitate the identification and development of new optimized human or genetically modified feeder cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Schneider
- Institute for Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Dimitry Spitkovsky
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Riess
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Witten-Herdecke at the Hospital Merheim, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marek Molcanyi
- Clinic of Neurosurgery and 2nd Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Naidu Kamisetti
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Maegele
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Witten-Herdecke at the Hospital Merheim, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ute Schaefer
- Department of Experimental Neurotraumatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Friedrich J, Ebner R, Kunz-Schughart LA. Experimental anti-tumor therapy in 3-D: spheroids--old hat or new challenge? Int J Radiat Biol 2008; 83:849-71. [PMID: 18058370 DOI: 10.1080/09553000701727531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To give a state-of-the-art overview on the promise of three-dimensional (3-D) culture systems for anticancer drug development, with particular emphasis on multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Cell-based assays have become an integral component in many stages of routine anti-tumor drug testing. However, they are almost always based on homogenous monolayer or suspension cultures and thus represent a rather artificial cellular environment. 3-D cultures--such as the well established spheroid culture system--better reflect the in vivo behavior of cells in tumor tissues and are increasingly recognized as valuable advanced tools for evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic intervention. The present article summarizes past and current applications and particularly discusses technological challenges, required improvements and recent progress with the use of the spheroid model in experimental therapeutics, as a basis for sophisticated drug/therapy screening. A brief overview is given focusing on the nomenclature of spherical 3-D cultures, their potential to mimic many aspects of the pathophysiological situation in tumors, and currently available protocols for culturing and analysis. A list of spheroid-forming epithelial cancer cell lines of different origin is provided and the recent trend to use spheroids for testing combination treatment strategies is highlighted. Finally, various spheroid co-culture approaches are presented that have been established to study heterologous cell interactions in solid tumors and thereby are able to reflect the cellular tumor environment with increasing accuracy. The intriguing observation that in order to retain certain tumor initiating cell properties, some primary tumor cell populations must be maintained exclusively in 3-D culture is mentioned, adding a new but fascinating challenge for future therapeutic campaigns.
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