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Zhao DR, Gao LB, Gong F, Feng J, Zhang HJ, Wu SG, Wang J, Min YN. TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals eggshell matrix protein changes correlated with eggshell quality in Jing Tint 6 laying hens of different ages. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103463. [PMID: 38281332 PMCID: PMC10840124 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The decline in eggshell quality resulting from aging hens poses a threat to the financial benefits of the egg industry. The deterioration of eggshell quality with age can be attributed to changes in its ultrastructure and chemical composition. Specific matrix proteins in eggshells have a role in controlling crystal growth and regulating structural organization. However, the variations in ultrastructure and organic matrix of eggshells in aging hens remain poorly understood. This study assessed the physical traits, mechanical quality, chemical content, as well as the microstructural and nanostructural properties of eggs from Jing Tint 6 hens at 38, 58, 78, and 108 wk of age. Subsequently, a quantitative proteomic analysis was conducted to identify differences in protein abundance in eggshells between the ages of 38 and 108 wk. The results indicated a notable decline in shell thickness, breaking strength, index, fracture toughness, and stiffness in the 108-wk-age group compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). The ultrastructure variations primarily involved an increased ratio of the mammillary layer and a reduced thickness of the effective layer of eggshell in the 108-wk-age group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences in eggshell compositions were observed among the various age groups (P > 0.05). Proteomic analysis revealed the identification of 76 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the eggshells of the 38-wk-age group and 108-wk-age group, which comprised proteins associated with biomineralization, calcium ion binding, immunity, as well as protein synthesis and folding. The downregulation of ovocleidin-116, osteopontin, and calcium-ion-related proteins, together with the upregulation of ovalbumin, lysozyme C, and antimicrobial proteins, has the potential to influence the structural organization of the eggshell. Therefore, the deterioration of eggshell quality with age may be attributed to the alterations in ultrastructure and the abundance of matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Rong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li-Bing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu-Na Min
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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López AV, Choi S, Park Y, Hanley D, Lee JW, Honza M, Bolmaro RE. Avian obligate brood parasitic lineages evolved variable complex polycrystalline structures to build tougher eggshells. iScience 2023; 26:108552. [PMID: 38144448 PMCID: PMC10746509 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian brood parasites and their hosts display varied egg-puncture behaviors, exerting asymmetric co-evolutionary selection pressures on eggshells' breaking strength. We investigated eggshell structural and textural characteristics that may improve its mechanical performance. Parasitic eggshell calcified layers showed complex ultra- and microstructural patterns. However, stronger parasitic eggshells are not due to lower textural severity (characterized by lower preferred crystallographic orientation, larger local grain misorientation and smaller Kearns factor), but rather to grain boundary (GB) microstructure characteristics within the eggshell outermost layer (palisade layer, PL). Accordingly, the thicker the PL and the more complex the GB pathways are, the tougher the parasitic eggshells will be. These characteristics, which we can identify as a "GB Engineering" driven co-evolutionary process, further improve eggshell breaking strength in those parasitic species that suffer relatively high frequencies of egg-puncturing by congeneric or hosts. Overall, plain textural patterns are not suitable predictors for comparing mechanical performance of bioceramic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía V. López
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Seung Choi
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yong Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Jin-Won Lee
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
- Korea Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Marcel Honza
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Raúl E. Bolmaro
- Instituto de Física Rosario, CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Prov. de Santa Fe S2000EKF, Argentina
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Elejalde-Cadena NR, Hernández D, Capitelli F, Islas SR, Rosales-Hoz MJ, Zema M, Tarantino SC, Siliqi D, Moreno A. Influence of Intramineral Proteins on the Growth of Carbonate Crystals Using as a Scaffold Membranes of Ratite Birds and Crocodiles Eggshells. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:869. [PMID: 37999355 PMCID: PMC10672969 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The lack of information on structural basis where proteins are involved, as well as the biomineralization processes of different systems such as bones, diatom frustules, and eggshells, have intrigued scientists from different fields for decades. This scientific curiosity has led to the use of methodologies that help understand the mechanism involved in the formation of these complex structures. Therefore, this work focuses on the use of eggshell membranes from different species of ratites (emu and ostrich) and reptiles (two species of crocodiles) as a model to differentiate biocalcification and biosilicification by introducing calcium phosphate or silica inside the membrane fiber mantles. We performed this to obtain information about the process of eggshell formation as well as the changes that occur in the membrane during crystal formation. In order to identify and understand the early processes leading to the formation of the microstructures present in the eggshell, we decided to carry out the synthesis of silica-carbonate of calcium, barium, and strontium called biomorph in the presence of intramineral proteins. This was carried out to evaluate the influence of these proteins on the formation of specific structures. We found that the proteins on untreated membranes, present a structural growth similar to those observed in the inner part of the eggshell, while in treated membranes, the structures formed present a high similarity with those observed in the outer and intermediate part of the eggshell. Finally, a topographic and molecular analysis of the biomorphs and membranes was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman and Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerith R. Elejalde-Cadena
- Institute of Physics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 045010, Mexico;
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Denisse Hernández
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Francesco Capitelli
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00016 Rome, Italy;
| | - Selene R. Islas
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 045010, Mexico;
| | - Maria J. Rosales-Hoz
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico;
| | - Michele Zema
- Department of Earth and Geoenvironmental Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Serena C. Tarantino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Vialle Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Institute of Geoscience and Georesources (IGG), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Dritan Siliqi
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Abel Moreno
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
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Cuif JP, Medjoubi K, Somogyi A, Dauphin Y, Bazin D. From visible light to X-ray microscopy: major steps in the evolution of developmental models for calcification of invertebrate skeletons. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Variation in Bird Eggs-Does Female Factor, Season, and Laying Order Impact the Egg Size, Pigmentation, and Eggshell Thickness of the Eggs of Capercaillie? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123454. [PMID: 34944231 PMCID: PMC8697993 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous studies, intra-species variation in bird eggs is still not well explained. In the presented studies, we investigated the possible sources of this variation: female factor, laying order, and season, using the following traits of Capercaillie eggs as an example: egg size and shape, eggshell lightness, and thickness. Samples were collected for three years from three Capercaillie breeding centres located in different parts of Poland, where birds are kept in conditions close to their natural habitat and have a similar diet. The obtained results showed no significant impact of laying order on egg size, shape, pigmentation, nor eggshell thickness. This indicates that the provided nutrition ensures an adequate supply of minerals for the entire laying period. Most results did not show statistically significant differences between eggs from different breeding centres, but in one breeding centre, eggshells had lighter pigmentation. We assume the observed differences may result from females' individual features or local environmental conditions. Egg traits were highly consistent for individual females, proving that visual identification can be useful in identifying the eggs of different females.
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McClelland SC, Cassey P, Maurer G, Hauber ME, Portugal SJ. How much calcium to shell out? Eggshell calcium carbonate content is greater in birds with thinner shells, larger clutches and longer lifespans. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210502. [PMID: 34583563 PMCID: PMC8479367 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian eggshell is a bio-ceramic structure that protects the embryo. It is composed almost entirely of calcium carbonate and a small amount of organic material. An optimal amount of calcium carbonate in the eggshell is essential for the embryo's development, yet how the ratio of calcium carbonate to organic matter varies between species has not been investigated. Calcium is a limiting resource for most birds, so its investment in their eggs should be optimized for a bird's life history. We measured the relative calcium carbonate content of eggshells in 222 bird species and tested hypotheses for how this trait has evolved with the life-history strategies of these species and other traits of their respective egg physiologies. We found that (i) eggshell calcium carbonate content was positively correlated with species having thinner eggshells and smaller than expected eggs relative to incubating parental mass, (ii) species with small mean clutch sizes had lower calcium carbonate content in their eggshells, and (iii) for species with larger clutch sizes, eggshell calcium carbonate content was negatively correlated with their mean lifespan. The pattern of lower eggshell calcium carbonate in longer lived, larger clutched birds suggests that calcium provision to the eggshell has long-term costs for the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. McClelland
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Phillip Cassey
- Invasion Science & Wildlife Ecology Lab, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Golo Maurer
- BirdLife Australia, 2/5, 60 Leicester Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Studies, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Mark E. Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Steven J. Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
- The Natural History Museum, Tring HP23 6AP, UK
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González Ariza A, Navas González FJ, Arando Arbulu A, Delgado Bermejo JV, Camacho Vallejo ME. Hen breed and variety factors as a source of variability for the chemical composition of eggs. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Zhang F, Yin ZT, Zhang JF, Zhu F, Hincke M, Yang N, Hou ZC. Integrating transcriptome, proteome and QTL data to discover functionally important genes for duck eggshell and albumen formation. Genomics 2020; 112:3687-3695. [PMID: 32334113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Duck egg quality improvement is an essential target for Asian poultry breeding. In total, 15 RNA-Seq libraries (magnum, isthmus, and uterus at two different physiological states) were sequenced from 48 weeks old Pekin ducks. De novo assembly and annotation methods were utilized to generate new reference transcripts. Our results revealed that 1264 and 2517 genes were differentially expressed in magnum and uterus in the presence versus absence of an egg, respectively. We identified 1089 genes that were differentially expressed in isthmus compared to uterus (in both presence and absence of a calcifying egg). We observed that 11 common DEGs were detected in the egg white proteomes of 6 different bird species including domestic Chicken, Duck, Goose, Turkey, Quail, and Pigeon. On the other hand, only one of the top five most highly expressed genes in duck isthmus was in this category for the chicken isthmus (SPINK7). Among the large number of DEGs during eggshell formation in ducks, only 41 genes showed a similar differential expression pattern in both duck and chicken. By combining chicken QTL database, chicken oviduct transcriptome and egg proteome data for five bird species, we have obtained high-quality gene lists for egg formation. This is the first study to elucidate the transcriptomic changes in different duck oviduct segments during egg formation, and to integrate QTL, proteome and transcriptome data to probe the functional genes associated with albumen secretion and eggshell mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhong-Tao Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin-Feng Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Maxwell Hincke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa KIH 8M5, Canada
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhuo-Cheng Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Evans JS. The Biomineralization Proteome: Protein Complexity for a Complex Bioceramic Assembly Process. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1900036. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Spencer Evans
- Laboratory for Chemical PhysicsDepartment of Skeletal and Craniofacial BiologyNew York University College of Dentistry New York NY 10010 USA
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Chen J, Jiang M, Su M, Han J, Li S, Wu Q. Mineralization of Calcium Carbonate Induced by Egg Substrate and an Electric Field. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201800509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Chen
- Hebei University of TechnologySchool of Chemical Engineering 8 Guangrong Road 300130 Tianjin China
- Hebei University of TechnologySchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyNational-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization 8 Guangrong Road 300130 Tianjin China
| | - Minghuang Jiang
- Hebei University of TechnologySchool of Chemical Engineering 8 Guangrong Road 300130 Tianjin China
| | - Min Su
- Hebei University of TechnologySchool of Chemical Engineering 8 Guangrong Road 300130 Tianjin China
| | - Jian Han
- Hebei University of TechnologySchool of Chemical Engineering 8 Guangrong Road 300130 Tianjin China
| | - Shenyu Li
- Hebei University of TechnologySchool of Chemical Engineering 8 Guangrong Road 300130 Tianjin China
| | - Qing Wu
- Hebei University of TechnologySchool of Artificial Intelligence 8 Guangrong Road 300130 Tianjin China
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Zhu F, Zhang F, Hincke M, Yin ZT, Chen SR, Yang N, Hou ZC. iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Duck Eggshell During Biomineralization. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1900011. [PMID: 30950572 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The avian egg is a valuable model for the calcitic biomineralization process as it is the fastest calcification process occurring in nature and is a clear example of biomineralization. In this study, iTRAQ MS/MS is used to detect and study for the first time: 1) the overall duck eggshell proteome; 2) regional differences in the proteome between the inner and outer portions of the duck eggshell. The new reference protein datasets allow us to identify 179 more eggshell proteins than solely using the current release of Ensembl duck annotations. In total, 484 proteins are identified in the entire duck eggshell proteome. Twenty-eight novel proteins of unknown function that are involved in eggshell formation are also identified. Among the identified eggshell proteins, 54 proteins show differential abundances between the inner, partially mineralized eggshell (obtained 16 h after ovulation) compared to the overall complete eggshell (normally expulsed eggshell). At least 64 of the abundant matrix proteins are common to eggshell of 4 different domesticated bird species (chicken, duck, quail, turkey) and zebra finch. This study provides a new resource for avian eggshell proteomics, and augments the inventory of eggshell matrix proteins that will lead to a deeper understanding of calcitic biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA,, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA,, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Maxwell Hincke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, KIH 8M5, Canada
| | - Zhong-Tao Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA,, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Si-Rui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA,, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA,, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhuo-Cheng Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA,, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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