1
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Nishiura H, Nakajima T, Saito S, Kato A, Hatai H, Ochiai K. Assessing avian leukosis virus proviral load and lesion correlates in fowl glioma-inducing virus-infected Japanese bantam chickens. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:484-491. [PMID: 37452573 PMCID: PMC10467450 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231186954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The fowl glioma-inducing virus prototype (FGVp) and its variants, which belong to avian leukosis virus subgroup A (ALV-A), induce cardiomyocyte abnormalities and gliomas in chickens. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these myocardial changes remain unclear, and ALV-induced tumorigenesis, which is caused by proviral insertional mutagenesis, does not explain the early development of cardiac changes in infected chickens. We established a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to measure ALV-A proviral loads in the brains and hearts of FGV-infected Japanese bantam chickens and compared these results with morphologic lesions. Four of 22 bantams had both gliomas and cardiac lesions. Hearts with cardiac lesions had a higher proviral load (10.3 ± 2.7 proviral copies/nucleus) than those without cardiac lesions (0.4 ± 0.4), suggesting that the proviral load in hearts is correlated with the frequency of myocardial changes. Our qPCR method may be useful in the study of ALV-induced cardiomyocyte abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayate Nishiura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tomoe Nakajima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shun Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Azusa Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hatai
- Farm Animal Clinical Skills and Disease Control Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kenji Ochiai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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2
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Fiddes KR, Williams SM, Sellers H, Thomas I, LaDouceur EEB. Presumed Spontaneous Astrocytoma in a Domestic Backyard Chicken. Avian Dis 2023; 67:209-211. [PMID: 37556301 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
A cerebral tumor was identified in an adult female domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus). On gross examination, the cut surface of the cerebrum revealed a poorly circumscribed, pale tan soft mass within the thalamus and midbrain. On histologic examination, there was an unencapsulated, multilobulated neoplasm composed of spindle cells on a loose fibrovascular stroma. Neoplastic cells had variably distinct cell borders, abundant fibrillar eosinophilic cytoplasm, oval nuclei with finely stippled chromatin, and 1-2 distinct nucleoli. There was moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis with <1 mitoses per 2.37 mm2. The morphologic features of the neoplastic cells were consistent with an astrocytic neoplasm. PCR was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of brain tissue, which was negative for subgroup A avian leukosis virus. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a presumed spontaneous astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Holly Sellers
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Ivy Thomas
- North Central Animal Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85021
| | - Elise E B LaDouceur
- Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910
- Zoetis Reference Laboratories, Louisville, KY 40213
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3
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Böhm B, Bilic I, Brüggemann J, Nishiura H, Ochiai K. Clinically Manifesting, Naturally Occurring Fowl Glioma in a Leghorn Chicken in Germany. Avian Dis 2022; 66:119-123. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-21-00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Böhm
- Bavarian Animal Health Service, Senator-Gerauer-Straße 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Ivana Bilic
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Brüggemann
- Bavarian Animal Health Service, Senator-Gerauer-Straße 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Hayate Nishiura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Ochiai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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4
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Nishiura H, Kubota I, Kondo Y, Kachi M, Hatai H, Sasaki J, Goryo M, Ochiai K. Neuropathogenicity of newly isolated avian leukosis viruses from chickens with osteopetrosis and mesenchymal neoplasms. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:440-447. [PMID: 32301629 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1757621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The prototype fowl glioma-inducing virus (FGVp) causes fowl glioma and cerebellar hypoplasia in chickens. In this study, we investigated whether a strain of avian leukosis virus (ALV), associated with avian osteopetrosis and mesenchymal neoplasms, is able to induce fowl glioma. We encountered avian osteopetrosis and mesenchymal neoplasms, including myxosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, in Japanese native chickens used for both egg-laying and meat production. These birds were also affected by non-suppurative encephalitis and glioma in their brains. Four ALV strains (GifN_001, GifN_002, GifN_004, GifN_005) were isolated, and a phylogenic analysis of envSU showed that these isolates were classified into different clusters from FGVp and the variants previously reported. Whereas the envSU shared a high identity (94.7%) with that of Rous sarcoma virus (strain Schmidt-Ruppin B) (RSV-SRB), the identity between envTM of GifN_001 and that of FGVp was high (94.5%), indicating that GifN_strains may emerge by recombination between FGVp and other exogenous ALVs. Specific-pathogen-free chickens inoculated in ovo with GifN_001 revealed fowl glioma and cerebellar hypoplasia. These results suggest that the newly isolated strains have acquired neuropathogenicity to chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayate Nishiura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Co-department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Ikuko Kubota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Co-department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yui Kondo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Co-department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Hatai
- Department of Pathogenetic and Preventive Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jun Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Co-department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Goryo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Co-department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kenji Ochiai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Co-department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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5
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The Novel Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup K Shares Its Cellular Receptor with Subgroup A. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00580-19. [PMID: 31217247 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00580-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus subgroup K (ALV-K) is composed of newly emerging isolates, which, in sequence analyses, cluster separately from the well-characterized subgroups A, B, C, D, E, and J. However, it remains unclear whether ALV-K represents an independent ALV subgroup with regard to receptor usage, host range, and superinfection interference. In the present study, we examined the host range of the Chinese infectious isolate JS11C1, an ALV-K prototype, and we found substantial overlap of species that were either resistant or susceptible to ALV-A and JS11C1. Ectopic expression of the chicken tva gene in mammalian cells conferred susceptibility to JS11C1, while genetic ablation of the tva gene rendered chicken DF-1 cells resistant to infection by JS11C1. Thus, tva expression is both sufficient and necessary for JS11C1 entry. Receptor sharing was also manifested in superinfection interference, with preinfection of cells with ALV-A, but not ALV-B or ALV-J, blocking subsequent JS11C1 infection. Finally, direct binding of JS11C1 and Tva was demonstrated by preincubation of the virus with soluble Tva, which substantially decreased viral infectivity in susceptible chicken cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that JS11C1 represents a new and bona fide ALV subgroup that utilizes Tva for cell entry and binds to a site other than that for ALV-A.IMPORTANCE ALV consists of several subgroups that are particularly characterized by their receptor usage, which subsequently dictates the host range and tropism of the virus. A few newly emerging and highly pathogenic Chinese ALV strains have recently been suggested to be an independent subgroup, ALV-K, based solely on their genomic sequences. Here, we performed a series of experiments with the ALV-K strain JS11C1, which showed its dependence on the Tva cell surface receptor. Due to the sharing of this receptor with ALV-A, both subgroups were able to interfere with superinfection. Because ALV-K could become an important pathogen and a significant threat to the poultry industry in Asia, the identification of a specific receptor could help in the breeding of resistant chicken lines with receptor variants with decreased susceptibility to the virus.
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6
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Li X, Lin W, Chang S, Zhao P, Zhang X, Liu Y, Chen W, Li B, Shu D, Zhang H, Chen F, Xie Q. Isolation, identification and evolution analysis of a novel subgroup of avian leukosis virus isolated from a local Chinese yellow broiler in South China. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2717-25. [PMID: 27422398 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) causes high mortality associated with tumor formation and decreased fertility, and results in major economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Recently, a putative novel ALV subgroup virus named ALV-K was observed in Chinese local chickens. In this study, a novel ALV strain named GD14LZ was isolated from a Chinese local yellow broiler in 2014. The proviral genome was sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. The replication ability and pathogenicity of this virus were also evaluated. The complete proviral genome sequence of GD14LZ was 7482 nt in length, with a genetic organization typical of replication-competent type C retroviruses lacking viral oncogenes. Sequence analysis showed that the gag, pol and gp37 genes of GD14LZ have high sequence similarity to those of other ALV strains (A-E subgroups), especially to those of ALV-E. The gp85 gene of the GD14LZ isolate showed a low sequence similarity to those other ALV strains (A-E subgroups) but showed high similarity to strains previously described as ALV-K. Phylogenetic analysis of gp85 also suggested that the GD14LZ isolate was related to ALV-K strains. Further study showed that this isolate replicated more slowly and was less pathogenic than other ALV strains. These results indicate that the GD14LZ isolate belongs to the novel subgroup ALV-K and probably arose by recombination of ALV-K with endogenous viruses with low replication and pathogenicity. This virus might have existed in local Chinese chickens for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohong Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingming Shu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Hao R, Han C, Liu L, Zeng X. First finding of subgroup-E avian leukosis virus from wild ducks in China. Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:366-70. [PMID: 25213232 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the status of avian leukosis virus subgroup E (ALV-E) in wild ducks in China, we collected 276 wild ducks, including 12 species, from four provinces of China. The PCR detection for ALV-E identified four samples as positive samples and the detection rate was 1.45%. The env sequences of ALV-E were cloned and sequenced. In gp85, genes of the four ALV-E strains showed a high homology (98.1-99.5%) with ev-1, ev-3, and SD0501 and more than 90% homology with other subgroup-A and subgroup-B avian leukosis viruses. However, they showed a slightly lower identity with subgroup-J (NX0101 and HPRS103), from 47.5 to 48.1%. Simultaneously, a further comparison with ALV-E representative isolates indicated that the amino acid substitutions of the four wild duck strains were distributed throughout the gp85. In total, these results suggested that the subgroup-E avian leukosis virus has been found in wild ducks in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Hao
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chunyan Han
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiangwei Zeng
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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8
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Cui N, Su S, Chen Z, Zhao X, Cui Z. Genomic sequence analysis and biological characteristics of a rescued clone of avian leukosis virus strain JS11C1, isolated from indigenous chickens. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2512-2522. [PMID: 25009192 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.067264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The strain JS11C1, a member of a putative new subgroup of avian leukosis virus (ALV) that is different from all six known subgroups from chickens based on Gp85 amino acid sequence comparison, was isolated from Chinese native chicken breeds in 2012. In order to further study the genome structure, biological characteristics, and the evolutionary relationship of the virus with others of known subgroups from infected chickens, we determined the complete genome sequence, constructed an infectious clone of ALV strain JS11C1, and performed comparative analysis using the whole genome sequence or elements with that of other ALVs available in GenBank. The results showed that the full-length sequence of the JS11C1 DNA provirus genome was 7707 bp, which is consistent with a genetic organization typical of a replication-competent type C retrovirus lacking viral oncogenes. The rescued infectious clone of JS11C1 showed similar growth rate and biological characteristics to its original virus. All the comparison analyses based on whole genomes support the opinion that the new isolates are relatively distantly related to any known subgroups of ALVs and might be classified as a new subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Shuai Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Zimeng Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
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9
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Cardiac pathology and molecular epidemiology by avian leukosis viruses in Japan. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86546. [PMID: 24466146 PMCID: PMC3900567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, are associated with cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, but a causal relationship remains to be established. We encountered unusual cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and mitosis in Japanese native fowls infected with subgroup A of the avian leukosis viruses (ALVs-A), which belong to the genus Alpharetrovirus of the family Retroviridae and mainly induce lymphoid neoplasm in chickens. The affected hearts were evaluated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry, viral isolation, viral genome sequencing and experimental infection. There was non-suppurative myocarditis in eighteen fowls and seven of them had abnormal cardiomyocytes, which were distributed predominantly in the left ventricular wall and showed hypertrophic cytoplasm and atypical large nuclei. Nuclear chains and mitosis were frequently noted in these cardiomyocytes and immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen supported the enhancement of mitotic activity. ALVs were isolated from all affected cases and phylogenic analysis of envSU genes showed that the isolates were mainly classified into two different clusters, suggesting viral genome diversity. In ovo experimental infection with two of the isolates was demonstrated to cause myocarditis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy similar to those in the naturally occurring lesions and cardiac hamartoma (rhabdomyoma) in a shorter period of time (at 70 days of age) than expected. These results indicate that ALVs cause myocarditis as well as cardiomyocyte abnormality in chickens, implying a pathogenetic mechanism different from insertional mutagenesis and the existence of retrovirus-induced heart disorder.
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10
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Ochi A, Ochiai K, Kobara A, Nakamura S, Hatai H, Handharyani E, Tiemann I, Tanaka IB, Toyoda T, Abe A, Seok SH, Sunden Y, Torralba NC, Park JH, Hafez HM, Umemura T. Epidemiological study of fowl glioma-inducing virus in chickens in Asia and Germany. Avian Pathol 2012; 41:299-309. [PMID: 22702458 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.684373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fowl glioma-inducing virus (FGV), which belongs to avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup A, induces fowl glioma. This disease is characterized by multiple nodular gliomatous growths of astrocytes and has been previously reported in Europe, South Africa, Australia, the United States and Japan. FGV and FGV variants have spread to ornamental Japanese fowl, including Japanese bantams (Gallus gallus domesticus), in Japan. However, it is unclear how and where FGV emerged and whether FGV is related to the past fowl glioma in European countries. In this study, the prevalence of FGV in European, Asian and Japanese native chickens was examined. FGV could not be isolated from any chickens in Germany and Asian countries other than Japan. Eighty (26%) out of 307 chickens reared in Japan were positive by FGV-screening nested polymerase chain reaction and 11 FGV variants with an FGV-specific sequence in their 3' untranslated region were isolated. In addition, four other ALVs lacking the FGV-specific sequence were isolated from Japanese bantams with fowl glioma and/or cerebellar hypoplasia. These isolates were considered to be distinct recombinant viruses between FGV variants and endogenous/exogenous avian retroviruses. These results suggest that the variants as well as distinct recombinant ALVs are prevalent among Japanese native chickens in Japan and that FGV may have emerged by recombination among avian retroviruses in the chickens of this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ochi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Liu C, Zheng S, Wang Y, Jing L, Gao H, Gao Y, Qi X, Qin L, Pan W, Wang X. Detection and molecular characterization of recombinant avian leukosis viruses in commercial egg-type chickens in China. Avian Pathol 2012; 40:269-75. [PMID: 21711186 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.560932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two natural recombinant avian leukosis viruses (ALVs) were isolated from Chinese commercial egg-type chickens in 2009, which suffered from haemangiomas and myelocytomas. Sequence analysis of the complete proviral genomes revealed several unique genetic characteristics of the present two isolates, demonstrating that the two viruses were derived from recombination between earlier Chinese ALV-J and endogenous virus sequences. The two recombinant viruses presented typical genetic organization of replication-competent genus Alpharetrovirus, and the gag and pol genes were well conserved with those of ALVs. The env genes of the two viruses were composed of the internal identical sequences (about 240 bp) of endogenous viruses, and the rest of the sequence belonged to subgroup J ALVs. The long terminal repeats of the two viruses were more closely related to HPRS-103 and earlier Chinese ALV-J than other subgroup ALVs, and multiple transcription regulatory elements of ALV-J were highly conserved. In addition, the two viruses shared an almost identical 3'-untranslated region (UTR) sequence with earlier Chinese ALV-J strains and the US strain 4817, containing a ~127 bp deletion in the E element region. However, further comparison with endogenous ALV indicated that the 3'-UTR sequences with ~127 bp deletion of ALV-J were most probably derived from endogenous viruses by recombination. These results suggested that the two isolates can be characterized as recombinant ALV-J with the internal env gene and 3'-UTR sequence of endogenous ALV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Liu
- Division of Avian infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P.R. China
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12
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Ochi A, Ochiai K, Nakamura S, Kobara A, Sunden Y, Umemura T. Molecular Characteristics and Pathogenicity of an Avian Leukosis Virus Isolated from Avian Neurofibrosarcoma. Avian Dis 2012; 56:35-43. [DOI: 10.1637/9830-060711-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Kofman A, Marcinkiewicz L, Dupart E, Lyshchev A, Martynov B, Ryndin A, Kotelevskaya E, Brown J, Schiff D, Abounader R. The roles of viruses in brain tumor initiation and oncomodulation. J Neurooncol 2011; 105:451-66. [PMID: 21720806 PMCID: PMC3278219 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
While some avian retroviruses have been shown to induce gliomas in animal models, human herpesviruses, specifically, the most extensively studied cytomegalovirus, and the much less studied roseolovirus HHV-6, and Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, currently attract more and more attention as possible contributing or initiating factors in the development of human brain tumors. The aim of this review is to summarize and highlight the most provoking findings indicating a potential causative link between brain tumors, specifically malignant gliomas, and viruses in the context of the concepts of viral oncomodulation and the tumor stem cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kofman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800168, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lucasz Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800168, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Evan Dupart
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800168, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Anton Lyshchev
- St. Petersburg State Department of Health, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hospital #31, Pr. Dinamo 3, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Boris Martynov
- S.M.Kirov Medical Academy, Pr. Dinamo 3, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Anatolii Ryndin
- Clinical Diagnostic Center, Pr. Dinamo 3, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Elena Kotelevskaya
- St. Petersburg State Department of Health, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hospital #31, Pr. Dinamo 3, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Jay Brown
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800168, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - David Schiff
- Department of Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Roger Abounader
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800168, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Department of Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Nakamura S, Ochiai K, Hatai H, Ochi A, Sunden Y, Umemura T. Pathogenicity of avian leukosis viruses related to fowl glioma-inducing virus. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:499-505. [PMID: 21854177 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.605783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fowl glioma-inducing virus (FGV), which belongs to avian leukosis virus subgroup A, causes the so-called fowl glioma and cerebellar hypoplasia in chickens. In the present study, the complete nucleotide sequences of four isolates (Tym-43, U-1, Sp-40 and Sp-53) related to the FGV prototype were determined and their pathogenicity was investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 3'-long terminal repeat of all isolates grouped together in a cluster, while sequences of the surface (SU) proteins encoded by the env gene of these viruses had 85 to 96% identity with the corresponding region of FGV. The SU regions of Tym-43, U-1 and FGV grouped together in a cluster, but those of Sp-40 and Sp-53 formed a completely separate cluster. Next, C/O specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated in ovo with these isolates as well as the chimeric virus RCAS(A)-(FGVenvSU), constructed by substituting the SU region of FGV into the retroviral vector RCAS(A). The four variants induced fowl glioma and cerebellar hypoplasia and the birds inoculated with Sp-53 had the most severe lesions. In contrast, RCAS(A)-(FGVenvSU) provoked only mild non-suppurative inflammation. These results suggest that the ability to induce brain lesions similar to those of the FGV prototype is still preserved in these FGV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Nakamura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Zhang HN, Lai HZ, Qi Y, Zhang XT, Ning ZY, Luo KJ, Xin CA, Cao WS, Liao M. An ALV-J isolate is responsible for spontaneous haemangiomas in layer chickens in China. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:261-7. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.560142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Robert J. Comparative study of tumorigenesis and tumor immunity in invertebrates and nonmammalian vertebrates. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:915-25. [PMID: 20553753 PMCID: PMC2900388 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite intense study in mammals, the different roles played by the immune system in detecting (immunosurveillance), controlling and remodeling (immunoediting) neoplasia, and perhaps in metastasis are not fully understood. In this review, I will present evidence of neoplasia and invasive malignancy, as well as tumor immunity in invertebrates and nonmammalian vertebrates. I will also present a comparative and evolutionary view of the complex interactions between neoplasia and the host immune system. Overall, I wish to go beyond the too simplistic dichotomy between invertebrates with innate immunity that are only affected with benign neoplasia and vertebrates with adaptive immunity that are affected by metastatic malignancies or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States. jacques
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Recombinant avian leukosis viruses of subgroup J isolated from field infected commercial layer chickens with hemangioma and myeloid leukosis possess an insertion in the E element. Vet Res Commun 2010; 34:619-32. [PMID: 20676760 PMCID: PMC2931761 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Five isolates (JS09GY2, JS09GY3, JS09GY4, JS09GY5, and JS09GY6) of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) were isolated from six infected commercial layer flocks displaying both hemangioma and myeloid leukosis (ML), which shared the same parental line, in China in 2009. Results All six of the commercial layer chickens examined showed hemangiomas on their body surface or feet. Some developed hemangiomas in their internal organs, causing hepatorrhexis and blood loss. Histopathologically different stages of hemangiomas with ML in the liver, heart, and spleen, were observed. Five viral isolates were obtained from infected DF1 cells incubated with the spleen tissue or serum of the birds from the six flocks. By full genome sequences analysis, a 19-nucleotide repeat sequence was identified in the primer binding site (PBS)-leader region of isolates JS09GY3 and JS09GY6, located between sites 249 and 250 according to the sequence of reference strain HPRS103, and also present in Rous sarcoma virus strain Schmidt–Ruppin B (RSV-SRB), Rous associated virus type 1 (RAV-1), and Rous associated virus type 2 (RAV-2). The predicted Gp85 proteins of isolates JS09GY2, JS09GY3, JS09GY5, and JS09GY6 were highly variable. Interestingly, the E elements of these four examined isolates showed a key deletion at site 30, which produced a new c-Ets-1 binding site. An 11-bp insertion was also found in the E element of isolate JS09GY3 located between bp 66 and 67 according to the sequence of reference strain HPRS103, while almost all previously reported Chinese strains showed an almost identical deletion of 127 bp in the same region. Conclusions Five ALV-J isolates were obtained from six field infected commercial layer chickens. Coexistence of hemangioma and ML were observed in these infected cases both macro- and microscopically. Complete proviral genome sequences of two isolates (JS09GY3 and JS09GY6) and the partial sequences of the other two isolates (JS09GY2 and JS09GY5) were determined. The isolates were found to be recombinants of ALV-J with a PBS-leader sequence originating from other retroviruses. The Gp85 protein with an amino acid deletion, a contiguous 11-bp insertion mutation in the E element, and a novel binding site, were noted in the proviral genomes.
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Ochi A, Ochiai K, Hatai H, Umemura T. Naturally Occurring Multiple Perineuriomas in a Chicken (Gallus domesticus). Vet Pathol 2008; 45:685-9. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-5-685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old, male Japanese native fowl ( Gallus gallus domesticus) was presented with an inability to feed and torticollis. At a necropsy, there were cylindrical enlargements and yellow discoloration of multiple peripheral nerves, including nerves of the lumbosacral plexus, brachial plexus, and spinal ganglia. On histologic examination, these lesions consisted of diffuse proliferations of spindle cells with characteristic onion bulb-like structures around residual axons. The spindle cells were immunohistochemically positive for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and negative for S-100 α/β proteins. On the basis of microscopic, histologic, and immunohistochemical findings, the tumors were diagnosed as multiple perineuriomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ochi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - K. Ochiai
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - H. Hatai
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T. Umemura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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