1
|
Ledwoń A, Miąsko M, Napiórkowska A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Parniewski P, Majchrzak M, Czopowicz M, Adamczyk K, Bonecka J, Szeleszczuk P. Case Study and Attempt of Treatment of Mycobacteriosis Caused by Mycobacterium avium in a Parental Flock of Meat-Breed Pigeons. Avian Dis 2021; 64:335-342. [PMID: 33205182 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium was observed in a parental loft of 70 meat-breed pigeons. It was decided to undertake treatment as the birds represented a substantial value to the owner. A multiagent therapy using azithromycin, marbofloxacin, and ethambutol was administered. After 4 mo of therapy, the desired results were not obtained. At the end of treatment, the birds were in poor general condition, with white blood cells above 20 g/L, and after clutching, 2-yr-old and older birds were euthanatized. Overall, postmortem lesions were found in 17 out of 49 necropsied individuals. Slide agglutination tests with a M. avium subsp. avium lysate were conducted in all examined pigeons. In 28 pigeons, blood count was conducted once a month during therapy, while in 24 pigeons, a tuberculin sensitivity test was conducted before the planned euthanatization. The tuberculin sensitivity test did not prove useful in the diagnosis of ill individuals. Slide agglutination yielded positive results in only four birds, all of which also had postmortem lesions. Blood count in a large number of cases allowed distinguishing between ill and healthy individuals, which was used for subsequent selection. The comparison of cultured strains with the (CCG)4-based PCR method showed the variation of M. avium isolates up to a maximum of 30%. The described case proves that the treatment of mycobacteriosis in pigeon flocks is not effective, mainly due to the high resistance to M. avium subsp. avium. In addition, therapy may contribute to an even greater increase in mycobacterial resistance to antibiotics, which may pose a potential risk to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ledwoń
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159c Nowoursynowska St. 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Miąsko
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 8 Ciszewskiego St. 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Napiórkowska
- Department of Microbiology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St. 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St. 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Parniewski
- Institute of Medical Biology PAS, 106 Lodowa Street, 93-232, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Majchrzak
- Institute of Medical Biology PAS, 106 Lodowa Street, 93-232, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159c Nowoursynowska St. 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Adamczyk
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159c Nowoursynowska St. 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Bonecka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Szeleszczuk
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159c Nowoursynowska St. 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Phalen DN. Diseases of the Avian Urinary System. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2020; 23:21-45. [PMID: 31759448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of the renal system can be caused by infectious and noninfectious processes. Creating a relevant differential diagnosis for kidney disease in the live or dead bird requires a structured approach where the list of differentials is narrowed based on the signalment of the bird; its history, including its diet and management; physical findings; and other diagnostic findings. This article aims to provide the reader not only a list of the diseases that occur in birds but also the guidelines on when a disease should be considered in a differential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David N Phalen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Scott AB, Phalen D, Hernandez-Jover M, Singh M, Groves P, Toribio JALML. Wildlife Presence and Interactions with Chickens on Australian Commercial Chicken Farms Assessed by Camera Traps. Avian Dis 2018; 62:65-72. [DOI: 10.1637/11761-101917-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bullanday Scott
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - David Phalen
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia
| | - Mini Singh
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - Peter Groves
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Galliformes and columbifomes are closely associated with humans and some species have been domesticated for well over 5000 years. Both orders remain diverse, ranging from the common domestic poultry species (e.g., chicken, turkey, and squabs) to the more exotic species found in the wild and in zoological collections. While many species have been benefited from human activities and have increased their ranges, others have declined in numbers and some have become threatened (e.g., Trinidad piping-guan and wood quail) or even extinct (e.g., dodo and passenger pigeon). Nondomestic galliformes and columbiformes are susceptible to many of the same diseases that occur in domestic species, yet predisposition may be different. Furthermore, disease prevalence depends on exposure and potential risk factors. Infectious diseases that tend to be more common under intensive commercial production may not pose as great a risk to exotic and free-living species.
Collapse
|
5
|
Saggese MD, Tizard I, Gray P, Phalen DN. Evaluation of Multidrug Therapy With Azithromycin, Rifampin, and Ethambutol for the Treatment of Mycobacterium avium subsp avium in Ring-neck Doves (Streptopelia risoria): An Uncontrolled Clinical Study. J Avian Med Surg 2014; 28:280-9. [PMID: 25843465 DOI: 10.1647/2012-067r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An uncontrolled clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a multidrug protocol in 16 ring-neck doves ( Streptopelia risoria ) from a flock naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp avium. The doves were considered infected on the basis of a high prevalence of infection in a group of 29 birds that were euthanatized from the same flock and clinical signs and pathologic results consistent with infection in the remaining birds. All birds were treated with azithromycin (43 mg/kg), rifampin (45 mg/kg), and ethambutol (30 mg/kg) administered orally once daily for 180 days. Five birds died during treatment and were confirmed positive for mycobacteriosis on postmortem examination. Of the remaining 11 birds, infection and disease were present in 9 (81.8%) at the end of the treatment. Postmortem investigation showed that 2 mycobacterial isolates were resistant to ethambutol, intermediately sensitive to rifampin, and sensitive to azithromycin. Microscopic examination of liver sections equivalent of those that would be taken for biopsy showed that biopsy as a method of monitoring birds for treatment success had poor sensitivity. Toxicity associated with drug therapy was not observed in these doves nor in 6 outwardly healthy ring-neck doves exposed to the same treatment. The results of this study showed that this protocol of azithromycin, rifampin, and ethambutol has poor efficacy when administered for 180 days for treatment of doves infected with M avium subsp avium.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dahlhausen B, Tovar DS, Saggese MD. Diagnosis of mycobacterial infections in the exotic pet patient with emphasis on birds. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2012; 15:71-vi. [PMID: 22244114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The term “mycobacteriosis” encompasses a variety of infectious diseases of animals caused by bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium, which are chronic and debilitating diseases. More than 35 Mycobacterium spp can cause mycobacteriosis. The wide range of possible clinical signs and physical exam findings can make the antemortem diagnosis inconsistent and challenging. Proper sample collection and test modality in relation to the state of the disease process are essential. Clinicians can determine a presumptive diagnosis of mycobacteriosis, but the definitive etiologic diagnosis of mycobacteriosis relies on the correct identification of the mycobacteria through microbiological and molecular diagnostic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bob Dahlhausen
- Veterinary Molecular Diagnostic, Inc, Milford, OH 45150, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Avian mycobacteriosis is a disease that affects companion, captive exotic, wild, and domestic birds. The disease in birds is generally caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp avium but more than 10 other species of mycobacteria infect birds. Oral route of infection appears to be the primary mode of transmission. In some cases, the extensive involvement of the respiratory system suggests an airborne mode of transmission. Molecular diagnostic techniques have improved the ability to confirm the disease. Avian mycobacteriosis is an important veterinary and economic risk in birds and mammals. Exposure of humans to infected birds may cause a zoonotic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Shivaprasad
- Avian Pathology, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System-Tulare Branch, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kriz P, Slana I, Kralik P, Babak V, Skoric M, Fictum P, Docekal J, Pavlik I. Outbreak of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium Infection in One Flock of Domestic Pigeons. Avian Dis 2011; 55:503-8. [DOI: 10.1637/9638-123010-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
9
|
Galván I, Gangoso L, Grande JM, Negro JJ, Rodríguez A, Figuerola J, Alonso-Alvarez C. Antioxidant machinery differs between melanic and light nestlings of two polymorphic raptors. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13369. [PMID: 20976228 PMCID: PMC2954797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colour polymorphism results from the expression of multiallelic genes generating phenotypes with very distinctive colourations. Most colour polymorphisms are due to differences in the type or amount of melanins present in each morph, which also differ in several behavioural, morphometric and physiological attributes. Melanin-based colour morphs could also differ in the levels of glutathione (GSH), a key intracellular antioxidant, because of the role of this molecule in melanogenesis. As GSH inhibits the synthesis of eumelanin (i.e. the darkest melanin form), individuals of darker morphs are expected to have lower GSH levels than those of lighter morphs. We tested this prediction in nestlings of two polymorphic raptors, the booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus and the Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, both of which occur in two morphs differing in the extent of eumelanic plumage. As expected, melanic booted eagle nestlings had lower blood GSH levels than light morph eagle nestlings. In the Eleonora's falcon, however, melanic nestlings only had lower GSH levels after controlling for the levels of other antioxidants. We also found that melanic female eagle nestlings had higher levels of antioxidants other than GSH and were in better body condition than light female eagle nestlings. These findings suggest an adaptive response of melanic nestlings to compensate for reduced GSH levels. Nevertheless, these associations were not found in falcons, indicating species-specific particularities in antioxidant machinery. Our results are consistent with previous work revealing the importance of GSH on the expression of melanic characters that show continuous variation, and suggest that this pathway also applies to discrete colour morphs. We suggest that the need to maintain low GSH levels for eumelanogenesis in dark morph individuals may represent a physiological constraint that helps regulate the evolution and maintenance of polymorphisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Millán J, Negre N, Castellanos E, de Juan L, Mateos A, Parpal L, Aranaz A. Avian mycobacteriosis in free-living raptors in Majorca Island, Spain. Avian Pathol 2010; 39:1-6. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450903389945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Millán
- a Sanitat i Control de Fauna (Wildlife Health and Control), Conselleria de Medi Ambient , Govern de les Illes Balears/Fundació Natura Parc , 07142-Santa Eugènia , Balearic Islands , Spain
| | - Nieves Negre
- b Fundació Natura Parc , 07142-Santa Eugènia , Balearic Islands , Spain
| | - Elena Castellanos
- c Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040-Madrid , Spain
| | - Lucía de Juan
- c Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040-Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Mateos
- c Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040-Madrid , Spain
| | - Lluis Parpal
- d Consorci de Recuperació de la Fauna de les Illes Balears (COFIB) , Govern de les Illes Balears-Fundació Natura Parc , 07142-Santa Eugènia , Balearic Islands , Spain
| | - Alicia Aranaz
- c Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040-Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Witte CL, Hungerford LL, Papendick R, Stalis IH, Rideout BA. Investigation of factors predicting disease among zoo birds exposed to avian mycobacteriosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:211-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|