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Ijaz A, Veldhuizen EJA, Broere F, Rutten VPMG, Jansen CA. The Interplay between Salmonella and Intestinal Innate Immune Cells in Chickens. Pathogens 2021; 10:1512. [PMID: 34832668 PMCID: PMC8618210 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a common infection in poultry, which results in huge economic losses in the poultry industry. At the same time, Salmonella infections are a threat to public health, since contaminated poultry products can lead to zoonotic infections. Antibiotics as feed additives have proven to be an effective prophylactic option to control Salmonella infections, but due to resistance issues in humans and animals, the use of antimicrobials in food animals has been banned in Europe. Hence, there is an urgent need to look for alternative strategies that can protect poultry against Salmonella infections. One such alternative could be to strengthen the innate immune system in young chickens in order to prevent early life infections. This can be achieved by administration of immune modulating molecules that target innate immune cells, for example via feed, or by in-ovo applications. We aimed to review the innate immune system in the chicken intestine; the main site of Salmonella entrance, and its responsiveness to Salmonella infection. Identifying the most important players in the innate immune response in the intestine is a first step in designing targeted approaches for immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Ijaz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Femke Broere
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Song R, Zhai X, Fan X, Ge T, Li M, Cheung AKL, Hao Y, Chen S, Wei L, Ma Y, Fan S, Zhang Y, Chahan B, Guo Q. Recombinant interferon-gamma promotes immunoglobulin G and cytokine memory responses to cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase of Hyalomma asiaticum and the efficacy of anti-tick. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 235:110201. [PMID: 33735822 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among bloodsucking arthropods, hard tick is a vector of transmitting the most diverse human and animal pathogens, leading to an increasing number of manifestations worldwide. The development of the anti-tick vaccine has the potential to be an environmentally friendly and cost-effective option for tick management. We have previously demonstrated the induction of both humoral and cellular response against Hyalomma asiaticum (H. asiaticum) following immunization with recombinant cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from H. asiaticum tick (rHasCPL), and could control tick infestations. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), is an immunomodulatory factor that plays an important role in the regulation of adaptive immunity against infection. In the present study, recombinant BALB/c mouse IFN-γ (rMus-IFN-γ) was cloned and expressed using a prokaryotic expression system, and verified by Western blotting and IFN-γ-ELISA kit analysis. Female BALB/c mice (n = 12) were used for immunization using rHasCPL (100 μg) plus IFN-γ as adjuvant (10 μg). In immunized female BALB/c mice, the levels of anti-CPL antibodies as well as cytokines were determined using ELISA analysis. Protective efficacy of immunization was evaluated by larvae H. asiaticum challenge of immunized female BALB/c mice. Using rMus-IFN-γ as an adjuvant to rHasCPL vaccine (CPL + IFN-γ) promoted specific antibody IgG (IgG1 > IgG2a) and increased production of IFN-γ and IL-4 compared to immune rHasCPL group (CPL). The protected rate of immunized mice from tick challenge was significantly higher after immunization with CPL + IFN-γ (85.11 %) than with CPL (63.28 %). Immunization using CPL + IFN-γ promoted the activation of anti-HasCPL humoral and cellular immune responses, and could provide better protection against H. asiaticum infestation. This approach may could help develop a candidate vaccine for control tick infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Song
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China; Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Xuejie Zhai
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Xinli Fan
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Ting Ge
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Min Li
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Allen Ka Loon Cheung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yunwei Hao
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Songqin Chen
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Liting Wei
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Shilong Fan
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bayin Chahan
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China.
| | - Qingyong Guo
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China.
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Toll like receptors and cytokines as immunostimulatory adjuvants in poultry vaccines: current status and future trends. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933919000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nawab A, An L, Wu J, Li G, Liu W, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Xiao M. Chicken toll-like receptors and their significance in immune response and disease resistance. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 38:284-306. [PMID: 31662000 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1659258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major challenge for the poultry industry that causes widespread production losses. Thus, management and control of poultry health and diseases are essential for the viability of the industry. Toll-like receptors are best characterized as membrane-bound receptors that perform a central role in immune homeostasis and disease resistance by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In response to pathogen recognition, TLRs initiate both innate and adaptive immune responses which may help to develop immunomodulatory therapeutics for TLR associated diseases. Vaccination produces specific immunity in the animal's body towards pathogens. However, due to certain disadvantages of vaccines, (inactivation of attenuated pathogens into the virulent strains and weak immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines) there is a crucial need to develop the safe and effective therapeutic intervention. TLR ligands have been classified as a potential adjuvant against the infectious diseases in farm animals. TLR adjuvants induce both specific and nonspecific immune responses in chickens to combat several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases. Therefore, the aim of this review was to explore the chicken TLR4 and their role in immune responses and disease resistance to develop disease resistance poultry breeds in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Nawab
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PMAS- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Lilong An
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qimin Wu
- Mechanical and Power Engineering College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Xiao
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Role of cytosine-phosphate-guanosine-Oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) as adjuvant in poultry vaccines. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933918000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sanjaya A, Elder JR, Shah DH. Identification of new CpG oligodeoxynucleotide motifs that induce expression of interleukin-1β and nitric oxide in avian macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 192:1-7. [PMID: 29042009 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated CpG motifs are known to stimulate mammalian toll-like receptor-9 expressing cells such as macrophages. However, the magnitude of immune-stimulation by CpG-motif can be sequence- and host-specific, implying the importance of identifying new immune-stimulatory motifs. This study aimed to determine the frequency distribution of 256 unique hexamers CpG-motifs in the Salmonella genome and to characterize their immune-stimulatory activity in avian host. We synthesized 256 CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) each containing triplicates of a unique hexamer CpG-motif and tested their ability to induce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in avian macrophages using q-RT PCR in four rounds of screening assays. CpG-ODNs that induced significantly higher IL-1β expression were also subjected to Griess assay to determine their ability to induce nitric oxide (NO) production in avian macrophages. This analysis resulted in identification of 7 CpG-ODNs that consistently induced IL-1β expression and NO production in avian macrophages at a level similar to the expression achieved using commercially available PTO-CpG-ODN 2007 and LPS derived from Salmonella. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing comprehensive screening of all possible unique CpG hexamer (n=256) motifs for their ability to induce IL-1β expression and NO production in avian macrophages. We also show that the newly identified CpG-motifs with high immune-stimulatory activity are widely distributed in Salmonella genome. The CpG-ODNs identified in this study may serve as promising immunoprophylactics to potentiate innate responses in chickens against Salmonella and other infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astia Sanjaya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, United States
| | - Jacob R Elder
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, United States
| | - Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, United States; Paul Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States.
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Gupta SK, Deb R, Dey S, Chellappa MM. Toll-like receptor-based adjuvants: enhancing the immune response to vaccines against infectious diseases of chicken. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:909-25. [PMID: 24855906 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.920236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Huge productivity loss due to infectious diseases in chickens is a major problem and, hence, robust development of the poultry industry requires control of poultry health. Immunization using vaccines is routine practice; however, to combat infectious diseases, conventional vaccines as well as new-generation recombinant vaccines alone, due to relatively weak immunogenicity, may not be effective enough to provide optimum immunity. With this in mind, there is a need to incorporate better and more suitable adjuvants in the vaccines to elicit the elevated immune response in the host. Over last few decades, with the increase in the knowledge of innate immune functioning, efforts have been made to enhance vaccine potency using novel adjuvants like Toll-like receptor based adjuvant systems. In this review, we will discuss the potential use of toll-like receptor ligands as an adjuvant in vaccines against the infectious diseases of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Kumar Gupta
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Recombinant DNA Lab, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, UP, India
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Wigley P. Immunity to bacterial infection in the chicken. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:413-417. [PMID: 23648643 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections remain important to the poultry industry both in terms of animal and public health, the latter due to the importance of poultry as a source of foodborne bacterial zoonoses such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. As such, much focus of research to the immune response to bacterial infection has been to Salmonella. In this review we will focus on how research on avian salmonellosis has developed our understanding of immunity to bacteria in the chicken from understanding the role of TLRs in recognition of bacterial pathogens, through the role of heterophils, macrophages and γδ lymphocytes in innate immunity and activation of adaptive responses to the role of cellular and humoral immunity in immune clearance and protection. What is known of the immune response to other bacterial infections and in particular infections that have emerged recently as major problems in poultry production including Campylobacter jejuni, Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and Clostridium perfringens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wigley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Li SJ, Pasmans F, Croubels S, Verbrugghe E, Van Waeyenberghe L, Yang Z, Haesebrouck F, Martel A. T-2 toxin impairs antifungal activities of chicken macrophages against Aspergillus fumigatus conidia but promotes the pro-inflammatory responses. Avian Pathol 2013; 42:457-63. [PMID: 23930935 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.822958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillosis is the most common fungal disease of the avian respiratory tract and is caused primarily by Aspergillus fumigatus. The respiratory macrophages provide important defence against aspergillosis. T-2 toxin (T-2), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. in improperly stored agricultural products, has immunomodulatory effects. We studied the impact of T-2 on the antifungal response of the chicken macrophage cell line HD-11 against A. fumigatus infection. The macrophages were first exposed to 0.5 to 10 ng/ml T-2 for 24 h, and then their viability, antifungal activity, and cytokine expression in response to A. fumigatus conidial infection were determined. The viability of macrophages decreased when exposed to T-2 at concentrations higher than 1 ng/ml. One hour after conidial infection, phagocytosed conidia were observed in 30% of the non-T-2-exposed macrophages, but in only 5% of the macrophages exposed to 5 ng/ml T-2. Seven hours after infection, 24% of the conidia associated with non-T-2-exposed macrophages germinated, in contrast to 75% of those with macrophages exposed to 5 ng/ml T-2. A. fumigatus infection induced upregulation of interleukin (IL)-1β, CXCLi1, CXCLi2 and IL-12β, and downregulation of transforming growth factor-β4 in macrophages. Exposure of A. fumigatus-infected macrophages to T-2 at 1 to 5 ng/ml further upregulated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, CCLi2, CXCLi1, CXCLi2, IL-18 (at 1 and 2 ng/ml) and IL-12β, and further downregulated that of transforming growth factor-β4 (at 5 ng/ml). In conclusion, T-2 impaired the antifungal activities of chicken macrophages against A. fumigatus conidia, but might stimulate immune response by upregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and T-helper 1 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ji Li
- a Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
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Johnston CE, Hartley C, Salisbury AM, Wigley P. Immunological changes at point-of-lay increase susceptibility to Salmonella enterica Serovar enteritidis infection in vaccinated chickens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48195. [PMID: 23133568 PMCID: PMC3485033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken eggs are the main source of human Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection. S. Enteritidis infects the oviduct and ovary of the chicken leading to infection of developing eggs. Therefore, control in poultry production is a major public health priority. Vaccination of hens has proved successful in control strategies in United Kingdom leading to a 70% drop in human cases since introduced. However, as hens reach sexual maturity they become immunosuppressed and it has been postulated this leads to increased susceptibility to Salmonella infection. In this study we define the changes to the systemic and reproductive tract-associated immune system of hens throughout sexual development by flow cytometry and histology and determine changes in susceptibility to experimental S. Enteritidis challenge in naive and vaccinated hens. Changes to both systemic and local immune systems occur in chickens at sexual development around 140 days of age. The population of several leukocyte classes drop, with the greatest fall in CD4+ lymphocyte numbers. Within the developing reproductive tract there an organised structure of lymphocytic aggregates with γδ-T lymphocytes associated with the mucosa. At point-of-lay, this organised structure disappears and only scattered lymphocytes remain. Protection against Salmonella challenge is significantly reduced in vaccinated birds at point-of-lay, coinciding with the drop in CD4+ lymphocytes. Susceptibility to reproductive tract infection by Salmonella increased in vaccinated and naïve animals at 140 and 148 days of age. We hypothesise that the drop in γδ-T lymphocytes in the tract leads to decreased innate protection of the mucosa to infection. These findings indicate that systemic and local changes to the immune system increase the susceptibility of hens to S. Enteritidis infection. The loss of protective immunity in vaccinated birds demonstrates that Salmonella control should not rely on vaccination alone, but as part of an integrated control strategy including biosecurity and improved animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Johnston
- Zoonotic Infections of Pigs and Poultry Group, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Hartley
- Zoonotic Infections of Pigs and Poultry Group, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Salisbury
- Zoonotic Infections of Pigs and Poultry Group, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wigley
- Zoonotic Infections of Pigs and Poultry Group, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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