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Szotowska I, Ledwoń A. Antiviral Chemotherapy in Avian Medicine-A Review. Viruses 2024; 16:593. [PMID: 38675934 PMCID: PMC11054683 DOI: 10.3390/v16040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article describes the current knowledge about the use of antiviral chemotherapeutics in avian species, such as farm poultry and companion birds. Specific therapeutics are described in alphabetical order including classic antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, abacavir, adefovir, amantadine, didanosine, entecavir, ganciclovir, interferon, lamivudine, penciclovir, famciclovir, oseltamivir, ribavirin, and zidovudine, repurposed drugs, such as ivermectin and nitazoxanide, which were originally used as antiparasitic drugs, and some others substances showing antiviral activity, such as ampligen, azo derivates, docosanol, fluoroarabinosylpyrimidine nucleosides, and novel peptides. Most of them have only been used for research purposes and are not widely used in clinical practice because of a lack of essential pharmacokinetic and safety data. Suggested future research directions are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Szotowska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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2
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Lacerda MDSC, de Magalhães Santos WH, Lopes MC, Fonseca CS, de Carvalho MPN, da Silva Martins NR, Ecco R. A Survey of Diseases in Different Species of Wild, Captive, and Illegally Traded Birds in Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:25. [PMID: 38200756 PMCID: PMC10778533 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Native and exotic avian species can act as reservoirs of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, with conservation and public health implications. A retrospective study on the diagnosis and frequency of diseases in wild and exotic avian species was conducted. The occurrence of particular diseases was associated with the type of captivity or the bird's origin. The investigation included macroscopic and microscopic descriptions and the molecular determination of the causative agent(s). Additional immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, PCR, and genetic sequencing were conducted. A total of 243 cases were compiled for the study, mainly consisting of native wild species (39.1%) obtained from illegal trade. Primary infectious diseases, mainly parasitic (18.1%) and viral (17.7%), were the most common, although coinfections were substantial (18.1%) in birds rescued from trafficking. Fractures and neoplasms accounted for 3.7% and 3.3% of the cases, respectively. Parasitic and viral diseases were the most common in both exotic and wild birds. Chlamydia psittaci, a lethal and zoonotic bacterium, was an important cause of death, especially in native Psittaciformes. The recent detection of Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 (PsAHV 5) in exotic psittacines and the diagnosis of coinfections in trafficked birds highlight the importance of monitoring avian health to control potential pathogens that may endanger conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira dos Santos Carneiro Lacerda
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Willian Henrique de Magalhães Santos
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Marcelo Coelho Lopes
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Clarissa Silva Fonseca
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Marcelo Pires Nogueira de Carvalho
- Medical Clinic Sector, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil;
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil;
| | - Roselene Ecco
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
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3
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Yin JH, Oster S, McHale B, Neto R. Naturally occurring psittacid alphaherpesvirus 3 and probable adenovirus coinfection in an Indian ringneck parakeet in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:772-776. [PMID: 37710977 PMCID: PMC10621537 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231200578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 3 (PsAHV-3) is a rarely reported virus that has been associated with pneumonia in psittacine birds. A 5-mo-old Indian ringneck parakeet (syn. rose-ringed parakeet; Psittacula krameri) was euthanized after developing torticollis and lethargy. Postmortem examination of the parakeet revealed severe pneumonia with syncytial cells containing eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies (INIBs) in the respiratory epithelium. Gene sequencing of total DNA extraction detected PsAHV-3 in the frozen lung. The pancreas had severe lytic necrosis, with the remaining parenchymal cells expanded by large basophilic INIBs. Electron microscopy of the pancreas revealed intranuclear paracrystalline arrays of viral particles morphologically resembling adenovirus. Although we found 3 PsAHV-3 cases in birds in a literature search, we found no cases with adenoviral coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hang Yin
- Departments of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Seth Oster
- Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Brittany McHale
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rachel Neto
- Departments of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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4
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Sarker S, Phalen DN. Detection of a Novel Alphaherpesvirus and Avihepadnavirus in a Plantar Papilloma from a Rainbow Lorikeet ( Trichoglosis moluccanus). Viruses 2023; 15:2106. [PMID: 37896884 PMCID: PMC10612022 DOI: 10.3390/v15102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous plantar papillomas are a relatively common lesion of wild psittacine birds in Australia. Next-generation sequencing technology was used to investigate the potential aetiologic agent(s) for a plantar cutaneous papilloma in a wild rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglosis moluccanus). In the DNA from this lesion, two novel viral sequences were detected. The first was the partial sequence of a herpesvirus with the proposed name, psittacid alphaherpesvirus 6, from the Mardivirus genus of the family alphaherpesviruses. This represents the first mardivirus to be detected in a psittacine bird, the first mardivirus to be detected in a wild bird in Australia, and the second mardivirus to be found in a biopsy of an avian cutaneous papilloma. The second virus sequence was a complete sequence of a hepadnavirus, proposed as parrot hepatitis B genotype H (PHBV-H). PHBV-H is the first hepadnavirus to be detected in a wild psittacine bird in Australia. Whether other similar viruses are circulating in wild birds in Australia and whether either of these viruses play a role in the development of the plantar papilloma will require testing of biopsies from similar lesions and normal skin from other wild psittacine birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - David N. Phalen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
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5
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Okoh GR, Lockhart M, Grimsey J, Whitmore D, Ariel E, Butler J, Horwood PF. Development of subfamily-based consensus PCR assays for the detection of human and animal herpesviruses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:741-746. [PMID: 37084118 PMCID: PMC10172264 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Consensus PCR assays that can be used to sensitively detect several herpesvirus (HV) species across the different subfamilies were developed in this study. Primers containing degenerate bases were designed to amplify regions of the DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene of alpha- and gamma-HVs, and the glycoprotein B (gB) gene of beta-HVs in a singleplex, non-nested touchdown PCR format. The singleplex touchdown consensus PCR (STC-PCR) was used to amplify the DNA of eight human and 24 animal HVs. The assay was able to detect the lowest DNA dilution of 10-5 for alpha-HVs and 10-3 for beta- and gamma-HVs. In comparison, lowest detection limits of 10-5, 10-3, and 10-2 were obtained for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HVs respectively when a nested PCR was used. The findings in this study suggest that the STC-PCR assays can be employed for the molecular surveys and clinical detection of novel and known HVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- God'spower Richard Okoh
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Michelle Lockhart
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Joanne Grimsey
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - David Whitmore
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Jeff Butler
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
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Henderson EE, Streitenberger N, Asin J, Armien A, Crossley BM, Childress AL, Wellehan JFX, Uzal FA. Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 infection in Indian ringneck parakeets in southern California. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:67-71. [PMID: 36366727 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221136568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four Indian ringneck parakeets (Psittacula krameri; syn. ringneck parrots or rose-ringed parakeets) were submitted by 2 private owners for autopsy following a history of dyspnea and death. Gross findings were varied and included thickening of the left caudal thoracic air sac, white spots throughout the liver, mild dilation of the proventriculus, coelomic effusion, splenomegaly, and pulmonary congestion and edema. Microscopically, the submitted parakeets had significant lesions in the lower respiratory tract, including necrotizing bronchitis, parabronchitis, and interstitial pneumonia with numerous syncytia containing eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions. Electron microscopy of the lungs was compatible with a herpesviral infection and Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 (PsAHV5) was detected via PCR and sequencing. There has been inconsistent terminology used with Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 3 and PsAHV5; we attempt here to clarify the reported history of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen E Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino branches, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Streitenberger
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino branches, CA, USA
| | - Javier Asin
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino branches, CA, USA
| | | | | | - April L Childress
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino branches, CA, USA
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7
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Ecco R, Silva LMN, Dos Santos Carneiro Lacerda M, Dos Santos de Moraes MV, de Oliveira LB, de Magalhães Santos WH, Rizotto LS, Saraiva LHG, Bueno LM, Dorlass EG, Durigon EL, Spilki FR, Ferreira HL. First detection of Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 and coinfection with beak and feather disease virus in naturally infected captive ringneck parakeets (Psittacula krameri) in Brazil. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2319-2324. [PMID: 35962822 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a case report in captive rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) that developed clinical signs and eventually died after introducing new birds without quarantine. Bronchopneumonia and airsacculitis with syncytial cells associated with intranuclear inclusion bodies were found. Herpesvirus was detected in lungs and liver by PCR, and a nearly complete genome sequence of a Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 was obtained from the lung of a bird. Metagenomic analysis also identified beak and feather disease virus in the same samples. The study also highlights the importance of quarantine for avoiding the introduction of new diseases in captive aviaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselene Ecco
- Setor de Patologia, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Laura Morais Nascimento Silva
- Programa de pós-graduação em epidemiologia experimental aplicada às Zoonoses, FMVZ-USP, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Maira Dos Santos Carneiro Lacerda
- Setor de Patologia, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Vitória Dos Santos de Moraes
- Programa de pós-graduação em epidemiologia experimental aplicada às Zoonoses, FMVZ-USP, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Letícia Batelli de Oliveira
- Setor de Patologia, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Willian Henrique de Magalhães Santos
- Setor de Patologia, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Laís Santos Rizotto
- Programa de pós-graduação em epidemiologia experimental aplicada às Zoonoses, FMVZ-USP, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Luís Henrique Gouvêa Saraiva
- Setor de Patologia, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Larissa Mayumi Bueno
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, FZEA-USP, Rua Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635900, Brazil
| | - Erick G Dorlass
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, Sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Helena Lage Ferreira
- Programa de pós-graduação em epidemiologia experimental aplicada às Zoonoses, FMVZ-USP, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil.
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, FZEA-USP, Rua Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635900, Brazil.
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8
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Herpetic Pneumonia in Indian Ringneck Parrots (Psittacula krameri): First Report of Novel Psittacid Alphaherpesvirus-5 Infection in Europe. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020188. [PMID: 35049810 PMCID: PMC8773069 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The first two European outbreaks of herpetic pneumonia caused by Psittacid alphaherpesvirus-5 were diagnosed based on gross pathology findings, histological examination, transmission electron microscopy visualization and genome sequencing. The outbreaks, characterized by high morbidity and high mortality rates, involved two parrot species, namely the Indian ringneck parrot (Psittacula krameri) and the Alexandrine parakeet (Psittacula eupatria). Clinical signs observed were ruffled feathers, dyspnea, tail bobbing, open wings while breathing, depression and anorexia. Necropsy was performed on Indian ringneck parrots only, and the most evident and serious gross lesion found in all the birds was a diffuse marked consolidation of the lungs associated with parenchyma congestion and oedema. Histological examination confirmed the existence of bronchopneumonia characterized by the presence of syncytial cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies. In one bird, fibrinous airsacculitis was observed as well. Lung tissue inspection through electron microscopy revealed the presence of virus particles resembling herpesviruses. Viral DNA was extracted, amplified using primers for Alloherpesviridae DNA polymerase gene detection, and then sequenced. BLAST analysis showed a 100% identity with the only previously reported sequence of PsHV-5 (MK955929.1).
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Murer L, Ribeiro MB, Kommers GD, Soares MP, Cargnelutti JF, Flores EF, Lovato M. Psittacid herpesvirus 3 infection in rose-ringed parakeets in southern Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:409-412. [PMID: 32404030 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720913075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We diagnosed disease caused by psittacid herpesvirus 3 (PsHV-3), a novel psittacid pathogen, in rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) housed in an exotic psittacine breeding colony in southern Brazil. The disease affected several adult birds. Clinical signs included apathy, tachypnea, and wheezing. Four birds were autopsied, and sections of lungs and liver were examined histologically and by electron microscopy (EM), revealing pulmonary congestion, bronchopneumonia, or multifocal necrosis of tertiary bronchi, with syncytial cells and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Viral particles morphologically compatible with herpesviruses were observed by EM in lung sections. PCR with pan-herpesvirus primers performed on total DNA extracted from paraffinized tissue resulted in a 278-bp product. Sequencing of the amplicon revealed 93% nucleotide identity with a PsHV-3 sequence available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the obtained sequence with the only PsHV-3 DNA polymerase gene sequence available (GenBank accession JX028240) and separated the sequence from psittacid herpesviruses 1 and 2. The clinical, pathologic, and molecular findings support the association of PsHV-3 with pneumonia found in these rose-ringed parakeets in southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurete Murer
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Ribeiro, Cargnelutti, Lovato) and Pathology (Kommers), Virology Section (Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Regional Diagnostic Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Soares)
| | - Marília B Ribeiro
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Ribeiro, Cargnelutti, Lovato) and Pathology (Kommers), Virology Section (Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Regional Diagnostic Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Soares)
| | - Glaucia D Kommers
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Ribeiro, Cargnelutti, Lovato) and Pathology (Kommers), Virology Section (Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Regional Diagnostic Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Soares)
| | - Mauro P Soares
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Ribeiro, Cargnelutti, Lovato) and Pathology (Kommers), Virology Section (Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Regional Diagnostic Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Soares)
| | - Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Ribeiro, Cargnelutti, Lovato) and Pathology (Kommers), Virology Section (Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Regional Diagnostic Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Soares)
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Ribeiro, Cargnelutti, Lovato) and Pathology (Kommers), Virology Section (Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Regional Diagnostic Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Soares)
| | - Maristela Lovato
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Murer, Ribeiro, Cargnelutti, Lovato) and Pathology (Kommers), Virology Section (Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Regional Diagnostic Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Soares)
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10
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Sutherland M, Sarker S, Raidal SR. Molecular and microscopic characterisation of a novel pathogenic herpesvirus from Indian ringneck parrots (Psittacula krameri). Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108428. [PMID: 31767084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A high morbidity, high mortality disease process caused flock deaths in an Indian ringneck parrot (Psittacula krameri) aviary flock in Victoria, Australia. Affected birds were either found dead with no prior signs of illness, or showed clinical evidence of respiratory tract disease, with snicking, sneezing and dyspnoea present in affected birds. Necropsy examinations performed on representative birds, followed by cytological and histopathological examination, demonstrated lesions consistent with a herpesvirus bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of lung tissue demonstrated typical herpesvirus virions measuring approximately 220 nm in diameter. Next generation sequencing of genomic DNA from lung tissue revealed a highly divergent novel Psittacid alphaherpesvirus of the genus Iltovirus. Iltoviruses have been previously reported to cause respiratory disease in a variety of avian species, but molecular characterisation of the viruses implicated has been lacking. This study presents the genome sequence of a novel avian herpesvirus species designated Psittacid alphaherpesvirus-5 (PsHV-5), providing an insight into the evolutionary relationships of the alphaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Sutherland
- Burwood Bird and Animal Hospital, 128 Highbury Rd, Burwood, Vic, 3125, Australia.
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic, 3086, Australia; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.
| | - Shane R Raidal
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.
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Sutherland M, Sarker S, Vaz PK, Legione AR, Devlin JM, Macwhirter PL, Whiteley PL, Raidal SR. Disease surveillance in wild Victorian cacatuids reveals co-infection with multiple agents and detection of novel avian viruses. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:257-264. [PMID: 31383310 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds are known reservoirs of bacterial and viral pathogens, some of which have zoonotic potential. This poses a risk to both avian and human health, since spillover into domestic bird populations may occur. In Victoria, wild-caught cockatoos trapped under licence routinely enter commercial trade. The circovirus Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV), herpesviruses, adenoviruses and Chlamydia psittaci have been identified as significant pathogens of parrots globally, with impacts on both aviculture and the conservation efforts of endangered species. In this study, we describe the results of surveillance for psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs), psittacine adenovirus (PsAdV), BFDV and C. psittaci in wild cacatuids in Victoria, Australia. Samples were collected from 55 birds of four species, and tested using genus or family-wide polymerase chain reaction methods coupled with sequencing and phylogenetic analyses for detection and identification of known and novel pathogens. There were no clinically observed signs of illness in most of the live birds in this study (96.3%; n = 53). Beak and Feather Disease Virus was detected with a prevalence of 69.6% (95% CI 55.2-80.9). Low prevalences of PsHV (1.81%; 95% CI 0.3-9.6), PsAdV (1.81%; 95% CI 0.3-9.6), and C. psittaci (1.81%; 95% CI 0.3-9.6) was detected. Importantly, a novel avian alphaherpesvirus and a novel avian adenovirus were detected in a little corella (Cacatua sanguinea) co-infected with BFDV and C. psittaci. The presence of multiple potential pathogens detected in a single bird presents an example of the ease with which such infectious agents may enter the pet trade and how novel viruses circulating in wild populations have the potential for transmission into captive birds. Genomic identification of previously undescribed avian viruses is important to further our understanding of their epidemiology, facilitating management of biosecurity aspects of the domestic and international bird trade, and conservation efforts of vulnerable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Sutherland
- Burwood Bird and Animal Hospital, 128 Highbury Rd, Burwood, Vic 3125, Australia.
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
| | - Patricia L Macwhirter
- Greencross Vets Springvale, 570 Springvale Rd, Springvale South, Vic 3172, Australia.
| | - Pamela L Whiteley
- Wildlife Health Victoria: Surveillance, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic 3030, Australia.
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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12
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Avian viral surveillance in Victoria, Australia, and detection of two novel avian herpesviruses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194457. [PMID: 29570719 PMCID: PMC5865735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses in avian hosts can pose threats to avian health and some have zoonotic potential. Hospitals that provide veterinary care for avian patients may serve as a site of exposure of other birds and human staff in the facility to these viruses. They can also provide a useful location to collect samples from avian patients in order to examine the viruses present in wild birds. This study aimed to investigate viruses of biosecurity and/or zoonotic significance in Australian birds by screening samples collected from 409 birds presented to the Australian Wildlife Health Centre at Zoos Victoria’s Healesville Sanctuary for veterinary care between December 2014 and December 2015. Samples were tested for avian influenza viruses, herpesviruses, paramyxoviruses and coronaviruses, using genus- or family-wide polymerase chain reaction methods coupled with sequencing and phylogenetic analyses for detection and identification of both known and novel viruses. A very low prevalence of viruses was detected. Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1 was detected from a powerful owl (Ninox strenua) with inclusion body hepatitis, and an avian paramyxovirus most similar to Avian avulavirus 5 was detected from a musk lorikeet (Glossopsitta concinna). Two distinct novel avian alphaherpesviruses were detected in samples from a sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) and a tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides). Avian influenza viruses and avian coronaviruses were not detected. The clinical significance of the newly detected viruses remains undetermined. Further studies are needed to assess the host specificity, epidemiology, pathogenicity and host-pathogen relationships of these novel viruses. Further genome characterization is also indicated, and would be required before these viruses can be formally classified taxonomically. The detection of these viruses contributes to our knowledge on avian virodiversity. The low level of avian virus detection, and the absence of any viruses with zoonotic potential, suggests low risk to biosecurity and human health.
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13
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Bandyopadhyay S. Systemic Clinical and Metabolic Diseases. PET BIRD DISEASES AND CARE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7147455 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3674-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Like other animals pet and companion birds are also prone to systemic illness. This is presented in the form of certain clinical signs and symptoms which is known as “ sick-bird syndrome.”
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14
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Wellehan • JF, Lierz • M, Phalen • D, Raidal • S, Styles • DK, Crosta • L, Melillo • A, Schnitzer • P, Lennox • A, Lumeij JT. Infectious disease. CURRENT THERAPY IN AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7158187 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4671-2.00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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15
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Chan JFW, To KKW, Chen H, Yuen KY. Cross-species transmission and emergence of novel viruses from birds. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 10:63-9. [PMID: 25644327 PMCID: PMC7102742 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of birds in cross-species transmission and emergence of novel viruses such as avian influenza A viruses are discussed. The novel avian viruses identified between 2012 and 2014 are summarized. The concept of ‘pathogen augmentation’ is introduced.
Birds, the only living member of the Dinosauria clade, are flying warm-blooded vertebrates displaying high species biodiversity, roosting and migratory behavior, and a unique adaptive immune system. Birds provide the natural reservoir for numerous viral species and therefore gene source for evolution, emergence and dissemination of novel viruses. The intrusions of human into natural habitats of wild birds, the domestication of wild birds as pets or racing birds, and the increasing poultry consumption by human have facilitated avian viruses to cross species barriers to cause zoonosis. Recently, a novel adenovirus was exclusively found in birds causing an outbreak of Chlamydophila psittaci infection among birds and humans. Instead of being the primary cause of an outbreak by jumping directly from bird to human, a novel avian virus can be an augmenter of another zoonotic agent causing the outbreak. A comprehensive avian virome will improve our understanding of birds’ evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, and Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, and Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, and Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, and Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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16
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Gabor M, Gabor LJ, Peacock L, Srivastava M, Rosenwax A, Phalen D. Psittacid herpesvirus 3 infection in the eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) in Australia. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:1053-7. [PMID: 23697483 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813490753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Psittacid herpesvirus 3 (PsHV-3) has recently been implicated as the cause of a severe respiratory disease in Bourke's parrots (Neopsephotus bourkii) in the United States. In this report, the clinical manifestations and gross and microscopic lesions of PsHV-3 infection in 2 eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) in Australia are described. The presence of a PsHV-3 infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of PsHV-3 DNA using degenerate and PsHV-3 primers. Electron microscopy of infected cells demonstrated the assembly of herpesvirus virions as well as intranuclear tubular structures. The detection of PsHV-3 in Australia in 2 eclectus parrots broadens the list of known affected species and confirms the presence of this virus in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabor
- State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, EMAI, PMB 8, Camden, Sydney, 2570, Australia.
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