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Alves VV, Arantes LCRV, Lages da Silva DH, Oliveira ES, Figueiredo de Souza J, Teixeira da Silva M, Dias Araújo M, Carvalho RDDO, Reis Cunha JL, Camargos Lara LJ, Ecco R, da Silva Martins NR, Barrow PA, de Freitas Neto OC. Effects of in ovo injection of bacterial peptides and CpG-ODN on Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg infection in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:182-193. [PMID: 38240226 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2307567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Peptides + CpG-ODN reduced SH in caeca at the first week post-infection.Administered formulations did not reduce SH-faecal excretion.Levels of intestinal IgA were similar between all groups.CpG-ODN improved some parameters associated with chick intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victória Veiga Alves
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Dayse Helena Lages da Silva
- Sector of Animal Pathology and MULTILAB, Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eric Santos Oliveira
- Sector of Animal Pathology and MULTILAB, Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Julia Figueiredo de Souza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mailson Teixeira da Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Matheus Dias Araújo
- Sector of Animal Pathology and MULTILAB, Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo José Camargos Lara
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roselene Ecco
- Sector of Animal Pathology and MULTILAB, Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Lacerda MDSC, de Magalhães Santos WH, Lopes MC, Fonseca CS, de Carvalho MPN, da Silva Martins NR, Ecco R. A Survey of Diseases in Different Species of Wild, Captive, and Illegally Traded Birds in Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:25. [PMID: 38200756 PMCID: PMC10778533 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Native and exotic avian species can act as reservoirs of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, with conservation and public health implications. A retrospective study on the diagnosis and frequency of diseases in wild and exotic avian species was conducted. The occurrence of particular diseases was associated with the type of captivity or the bird's origin. The investigation included macroscopic and microscopic descriptions and the molecular determination of the causative agent(s). Additional immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, PCR, and genetic sequencing were conducted. A total of 243 cases were compiled for the study, mainly consisting of native wild species (39.1%) obtained from illegal trade. Primary infectious diseases, mainly parasitic (18.1%) and viral (17.7%), were the most common, although coinfections were substantial (18.1%) in birds rescued from trafficking. Fractures and neoplasms accounted for 3.7% and 3.3% of the cases, respectively. Parasitic and viral diseases were the most common in both exotic and wild birds. Chlamydia psittaci, a lethal and zoonotic bacterium, was an important cause of death, especially in native Psittaciformes. The recent detection of Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 (PsAHV 5) in exotic psittacines and the diagnosis of coinfections in trafficked birds highlight the importance of monitoring avian health to control potential pathogens that may endanger conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira dos Santos Carneiro Lacerda
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Willian Henrique de Magalhães Santos
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Marcelo Coelho Lopes
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Clarissa Silva Fonseca
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
| | - Marcelo Pires Nogueira de Carvalho
- Medical Clinic Sector, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil;
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil;
| | - Roselene Ecco
- Sector of Pathology and MULTILAB, Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-250, Brazil; (M.d.S.C.L.); (W.H.d.M.S.); (M.C.L.); (C.S.F.)
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Kariithi HM, Volkening JD, Alves VV, Reis-Cunha JL, Arantes LCRV, Fernando FS, Filho TF, da Silva Martins NR, Lemiere S, de Freitas Neto OC, Decanini EL, Afonso CL, Suarez DL. Complete Genome Sequences of Avian Metapneumovirus Subtype B Vaccine Strains from Brazil. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023:e0023523. [PMID: 37162354 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00235-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) causes a highly contagious upper respiratory and reproductive disease in chickens, turkeys, and ducks. Here, complete genome sequences of aMPV-B vaccine strains BR/1890/E1/19 (PL21, Nemovac; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Brazil) and BR/1891/E2/19 (1062; Hipraviar, France) were sequenced and compared with the pathogenic field strain VCO3/60616.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Victória Veiga Alves
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tobias Fernandes Filho
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Ikuta N, Fonseca ASK, Fernando FS, Filho TF, Martins NRDS, Lunge VR. Emergence and molecular characterization of the avian infectious bronchitis virus GI-23 in commercial broiler farms from South America. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3167-3172. [PMID: 36197069 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the etiological agent of a highly contagious disease in the poultry industry. The spike protein (S1 subunit) is responsible for the molecular diversity of the virus and many genetic types, and lineages are described worldwide. IBV genetic type I-strain 23 (GI-23) has spread across different continents (including Asia, Europe and Africa), causing multiple outbreaks and severe economic losses throughout the poultry industry in the last decade. The present study aimed to report the emergence and molecular characterization of GI-23 in South Brazil, being detected for the first time in South America. Eighty-two broiler flocks presenting clinical suspicion of infectious bronchitis were selected for this study. Tracheal, renal and intestinal samples were collected for IBV detection and genotyping. A total of 57 flocks were positive for IBV by generic RT-qPCR targeting 5' untranslated region and 31 also tested positive for GI-11 by a specific RT-qPCR targeting S1 gene for this lineage. The remaining 26 IBV-positive samples were genotyped by partial and one by complete S1 gene/protein sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all of them clustered into a specific branch of the GI-23. S1 protein sequence analysis evidenced that all Brazilian GI-23 IBVs had the two characteristic amino acid substitutions A93T and S/H118P/L, but other changes were also observed, such as S37F (n = 21; 81%), G117S (n = 17, 65%), P122S (n = 16; 61%) and W71R (n = 9; 35%). This study brings new insights into the epidemiology of the IBV GI-23 in the world, highlighting its emergence and molecular characteristics in Brazil, South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tobias Fernandes Filho
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health do Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Brazil.,Laboratório de Diagnóstico em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Caxias do Sul - UCS, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
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Assis JCAD, Pulido-Murillo E, Melo ALD, Martins NRDS, Pinto HA. Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 29:100701. [PMID: 35256126 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Costa Alves de Assis
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Pulido-Murillo
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alan Lane de Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Laboratório de Doenças das Aves, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hudson Alves Pinto
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Silva Teixeira MD, Lages DH, Alves VV, Silva Martins NRD, Freitas Neto OCD. Assessment of maternal immunity against Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in progeny of broiler breeders vaccinated with different formulations of bacterins. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:197-205. [PMID: 35130087 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2039592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) has been reported in broiler flocks of many countries. The ability of some SH strains from poultry origin to cause foodborne infections in humans is a concern. Usually infection of broiler flocks by SH occurs in the first days of life. Therefore, control measures should start early post-hatch. One of the strategies is to generate high titers of anti-Salmonella IgY in breeders by using bacterins to provide passive immunity to their progeny. In this study three broiler breeder flocks were submitted to three Salmonella vaccination regimes (two doses of vaccine 1, two doses of vaccine 2 and non-vaccinated). When breeders were 30 and 55 weeks-old, part of their offspring were separated and challenged with a SH strain at three days of age. Dissemination to organs, caecal colonization and faecal excretion of SH were evaluated over 20 days. Chicks from vaccinated 30 week-old breeders presented lower amounts of SH in caecal content at 1, 3 and 6 days-post infection, correlating with high titers of maternal anti-Salmonella IgY in their yolk. In contrast, there were no differences in counts of SH in caecal content of chicks when their parents were 55 weeks-old and titers of IgY were reduced. Amounts of SH in liver and spleen were low and there were no differences among birds over the experiment. Progeny from 30 week-old flock vaccinated with vaccine 1 also showed lower SH faecal shedding than the remaining birds. Apparently, the maternal IgY was associated with reductions in intestinal infection by SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailson da Silva Teixeira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Dayse Helena Lages
- Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Victória Veiga Alves
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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Moreira JPFF, do Monte DFM, Lima CDA, de Oliveira CJB, da Silva Martins NR, Berchieri Junior A, de Freitas Neto OC. Molecular genotyping reveals inter-regional relatedness among antimicrobial resistant Salmonella Minnesota strains isolated from poultry farm and humans, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:503-508. [PMID: 35061241 PMCID: PMC8882525 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic profiles of Salmonella Minnesota isolates were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In total, 13 isolates obtained from the broiler industry collected in the states of Minas Gerais (11) and São Paulo (2), as well as five recovered from cases of foodborne infections in humans in the states of Minas Gerais (2), Santa Catarina (1), and Rio Grande do Sul (2), were submitted to PFGE. These 18 S. Minnesota isolates together with other 12 of poultry origin were also subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The PFGE analysis of 18 strains of S. Minnesota generated a dendrogram that grouped the isolates with 83-90% similarity into four main clusters. Among them, cluster "A" grouped the majority of isolates (13), including two of human origin that showed 90% similarity with a broiler isolate, both recovered in Minas Gerais. The S. Minnesota isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (80%), cefoxitin (80%), ceftazidime (46.7%), nalidixic acid (23.3%), ciprofloxacin (13.3%), and streptomycin (10%). No resistance to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, meropenem, nitrofurantoin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was found. Moreover, 23.3% of the evaluated isolates presented multi-resistance profile, all from Minas Gerais. The results highlight the importance of further studies involving S. Minnesota, which is prevalent in the Brazilian broiler flocks and could provoke foodborne infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Fernandes Ferreira Moreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6667 - São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Daniel Farias Marinho do Monte
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, São Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila de Aguiar Lima
- Veterinary Science Graduate Program, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Celso José Bruno de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6667 - São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Angelo Berchieri Junior
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, São Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6667 - São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-010, Brazil.
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Silva ASG, Raso TF, Costa EA, Gómez SYM, Martins NRDS. Parrot bornavirus in naturally infected Brazilian captive parrots: Challenges in viral spread control. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232342. [PMID: 32579594 PMCID: PMC7313744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittaciform orthobornaviruses are currently considered to be a major threat to the psittacine bird population worldwide. Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) was identified recently in Brazil and, since then, few studies have been conducted to understand the epidemiology of PaBV in captive psittacine birds. In the present study, natural infections by PaBV in South American parrots were investigated in two breeding facilities: commercial (A) and conservationist (B). Thirty-eight psittacine of 21 different species were presented for postmortem examination. Tissue samples were collected and investigated for the presence of PaBV-RNA using RT-PCR. In addition, clinical information about these birds was used when available. PaBV infection was detected in 73.7% of all birds investigated, indicating a wide dissemination of this virus in both facilities. From birds investigated in aviary A, 66.7% showed clinical signs, 100% had typical lesions of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), 100% had mild to severe proventricular dilatation and 88.9% were PaBV-positive. In birds from aviary B, 27.6% showed clinical signs, 65.5% had typical lesions of PDD, 62% had mild to severe proventricular dilatation and 69% were PaBV-positive. Neurological disease was observed more frequently than gastrointestinal disease. Sequencing analysis of the matrix gene fragment revealed the occurrence of genotype 4 (PaBV-4) in both places. About 15.8% of birds in this study are threatened species. We discussed the difficulties and challenges for controlling viral spread in these aviaries and implications for South American psittacine conservation. These results emphasize the urgent need to develop a national regulatory and health standard for breeding psittacine birds in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aila Solimar Gonçalves Silva
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tânia Freitas Raso
- Avian Ecopathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erica Azevedo Costa
- Animal Virology Research Laboratory, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandra Yuliet Marin Gómez
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Marques MVR, Marin SY, Couto RDM, Ecco R, Resende M, Martins NRDS. Fatal necrotic tracheitis by Aviadenovirus in captive Alagoas curassows (Pauxi mitu) extinct from the wild. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:278-283. [PMID: 30663340 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1571559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Extinct from nature, captive young Alagoas curassows (Pauxi mitu) were found agonizing or dead with respiratory disease. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were found in the epithelia of the trachea, associated with marked necrotic tracheitis. An Aviadenovirus was isolated in chicken eggs and characterized genetically with 99% identity to the fowl Aviadenovirus A, as based on the hexon protein gene. This is the first report of respiratory disease caused by Aviadenovirus in any cracid species in Brazil, recommending for stricter biosecurity in the conservation premises. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Fatal tracheitis in curassows extinct from nature was associated with Aviadenovirus A. Seven-month-old Alagoas curassows (Aves: Cracidae) died with haemorrhagic tracheitis. Aviadenovirus A with 99% identity to fowl adenovirus 1 was detected in dead curassows. Fatal tracheitis by Aviadenovirus was described in Pauxi mitu (Aves: Cracidae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinicius Romero Marques
- a Avian Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Sandra Yuliet Marin
- a Avian Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Macedo Couto
- b Pathology Section, Department of Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Roselene Ecco
- b Pathology Section, Department of Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Mauricio Resende
- a Avian Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- a Avian Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
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Rezende LDC, Oliveira TMD, Teixeira CM, Santos MADS, Cunha LM, Silva MX, Martins NRDS. Synanthropic diptera affecting layer poultry farms: a review. Arq Inst Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000922017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The poultry farm of posture is an economic activity of great relevance to Brazil. Health aspects of flocks of laying chickens, such as the occurrence of infestations by parasites and poultry pests, influence significantly the productivity indicators. In this context, the control of synanthropic diptera is one of the challenges of the poultry farmers and professionals of this area. In Brazil, the control of flies in poultry environments is based mainly on the use of pesticides, while other alternatives are less frequent. Among the flies’ species most regularly found in poultry farms are the Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., and others. This review aims at compiling the literature on the occurrence, impact on poultry systems, biology, epidemiology and control of the species of synanthropic flies considered important for the Brazilian poultry industry.
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Silva ASG, Matos ACD, da Cunha MACR, Rehfeld IS, Galinari GCF, Marcelino SAC, Saraiva LHG, Martins NRDS, Maranhão RDPA, Lobato ZIP, Pierezan F, Guedes MIMC, Costa EA. West Nile virus associated with equid encephalitis in Brazil, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:445-453. [PMID: 30318735 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne arboviruses are a major public health concern worldwide and are responsible for emerging and re-emerging diseases. Taken together, the arboviruses have a strong impact on public health and are the most common causes of equine encephalitis. In-depth diagnostic investigation of equine viral encephalitis is of utmost importance for the epidemiological surveillance and control of this disease. Regarding neurological disorders in equids, in April-May 2018, at least 12 cases of equid mortality with acute neurological signs were reported in six farms from Espirito Santo state, Brazil. To investigate the aetiological agent of this neurological disease outbreak, central nervous system (CNS) fragments from two horses and two donkeys were submitted for virologic diagnosis. Rabies, equine herpesvirus-1, and arbovirus-associated encephalomyelitis were investigated using differential diagnosis techniques. West Nile virus (WNV) was detected by nested RT-PCR in CNS fragments from each of the four animals in the study and confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. This is the first case of neurological disease in equids confirmed to be associated with WNV infection in Brazil. This finding unveils a new and urgent field of research and the need to understand the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the disease and the risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Carolina Diniz Matos
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Izabelle Silva Rehfeld
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Felipe Pierezan
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Erica Azevedo Costa
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Braga JFV, Leal CAG, Silva CC, Fernandes AA, Martins NRDS, Ecco R. Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from broilers with vertebral osteomyelitis in Southeast Brazil. Avian Pathol 2017; 47:14-22. [PMID: 28737063 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1359403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) is a worldwide emerging disease that affects broilers. Recently, the isolation of Enterococcus faecalis in cases of the disease has been described. This study aimed at determining the genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance profile of 12 E. faecalis strains isolated from broilers with VO. Strains were isolated from nine flocks from six farms in a high-density poultry production area in Southeast Brazil and were evaluated using multilocus sequence typing and phylogenetic analysis. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and PCR were performed to detect antimicrobial resistance genes. E. faecalis isolates belonged to different sequence types (ST), six of which (ST49, ST100, ST116, ST202, ST249, and ST300) have been previously described. Strains ST708 and ST709 were newly identified in this study. Strain ST49 was most frequently isolated (50% of the flocks) from the analysed VO cases. No phylogenetic or phylogeographic relationship was found among the strains. The VO isolated E. faecalis strains showed highest resistance to aminoglycosides, mainly gentamicin (40%), but were highly susceptible to vancomycin (10%). Aminoglycoside resistance genes were detected in seven E. faecalis strains, and AAC6'-APH2″ genes were most frequently detected. The results showed that E. faecalis strains isolated from recently reported VO cases were highly diverse genetically. The diversity of genotypes in circulation in the analysed flocks, without apparent relationship among them, raises questions on aetiopathogenesis of the disease in broilers and evolutionary aspects of E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Fortes Vilarinho Braga
- a Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária , Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Gomes Leal
- b Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva , Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Camila Costa Silva
- a Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária , Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - André Almeida Fernandes
- b Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva , Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- b Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva , Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Roselene Ecco
- a Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária , Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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Braga JFV, Silva CC, Teixeira MDPF, Martins NRDS, Ecco R. Vertebral osteomyelitis associated with single and mixed bacterial infection in broilers. Avian Pathol 2016; 45:640-648. [PMID: 27315453 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1193843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) is a worldwide emerging disease that affects broilers. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and aetiology of VO in broilers in a highly productive broiler region. For this, 608 broilers with locomotory problems were analysed from 18 farms. Clinical signs were recorded, necropsy was performed and samples were collected from vertebral bodies with gross changes for molecular and histopathological analysis and for bacterial isolation. From broilers with locomotory changes, 5.1% (31/608) had VO and, of these, 93.5% were 40 days old or older and 89.7% were males. The birds with VO presented varying degrees of limited mobility and this was related to the level of compression to the spinal cord. Bacterial species of the genus Enterococcus (DNA detected in 53.6%) were the aetiological agents involved in most VO cases. Enterococcus faecalis was detected most frequently (35.7%), but Enterococcus hirae was also present in some lesions (7.1%). Escherichia coli was detected in 35.7% of vertebral lesions and co-infection with E. faecalis was confirmed in 7.1% cases. Staphylococcus aureus was involved in 14.3% of the cases, being 7.1% in co-infection with Enterococcus spp. or E. hirae. Our study has indicated that, in Brazil, VO in broilers may not be caused by a single infectious agent and has a lower frequency than recently reported in other countries. This study suggests that there are geographical differences between Brazil and other countries concerning the frequency and aetiology of VO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Fortes Vilarinho Braga
- a Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Camila Costa Silva
- a Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | | | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- c Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Roselene Ecco
- a Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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Rezende LDC, Cunha LM, Martins NRDS, Teixeira CM, de Oliveira PR. Epidemiology of Megninia spp. in laying flocks from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24:198-203. [PMID: 26154959 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612015027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aspects related to the epidemiology of Megninia ginglymura were studied, in order to determine predisposing factors for the occurrence in layer chicken houses of commercial farms in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. An observational, cross-sectional, analytical survey was conducted for identifying major risks or protection factors for infestations. Four hundred thirty-one houses located in forty-three farms were visited in 2012. Regarding the farms, 17 (39.53%) had chickens infested by M. ginglymura and 1 (2.32%) presented Megninia cubitalis. The epidemiological aspects of the occurrence of M. ginglymura were investigated using multiple logistic regression models. The chicken house organization was an important protection factor involved in the occurrence of M. ginglymura (odds ratio [OR] = 0.85). The presence of subsistence breedings of poultry within the premises or at the proximity of a farm was characterized as a risk factor for the occurrence of infestations (OR = 3.92). The use of mineral oil (OR = 0.16) was considered protective against new infestations. Some regions of the state were characterized by a higher risk for mite infestation than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro do Carmo Rezende
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Maciel Cunha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristina Mara Teixeira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Donatti RV, Resende M, Ferreira FCJ, Marques MVR, Ecco R, Shivaprasad HL, de Resende JS, Martins NRDS. Fatal proventricular dilatation disease in captive native psittacines in Brazil. Avian Dis 2014; 58:187-93. [PMID: 24758135 DOI: 10.1637/10588-061013-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a fatal inflammatory disease of psittacines (Aves: Psittaciformes), is described in native Brazilian psittacines. Twenty captive psittacines that died of suspected PDD were necropsied and 10 were submitted to histopathology, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for avian bornavirus (ABV). Examined species were one pileated parrot (Pionopsitta pileata), three vinaceous-breasted parrots (Amazona vinacea), two blue-winged macaws (Primolius maracana), one scarlet macaw (Ara macao), one chestnut-fronted macaw (Ara severa), one scaly-headed parrot (Pionus maximiliani), and one red-browed Amazon parrot (Amazona rhodocorytha). Gross examination and histopathology revealed typical PDD lesions in all birds. The presence of ABV was confirmed in four psittacines including one red-browed Amazon parrot, one blue-winged macaw, one scarlet macaw, and one chestnut-fronted macaw. In the red-browed Amazon parrot and in one blue-winged macaw, IHC demonstrated ABV antigens in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells in various organs. This is the first description of PDD by ABV in Brazilian psittacines and indicates the necessity for adopting a strategic control plan for reducing its impact in native birds.
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Ferreira FC, Donatti RV, Marques MVR, Ecco R, Preis IS, Shivaprasad HL, Vilela DADR, Martins NRDS. Fatal toxoplasmosis in a vinaceous Amazon parrot (Amazona vinacea). Avian Dis 2013; 56:774-7. [PMID: 23397856 DOI: 10.1637/10063-011912-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a vinaceous Amazon parrot based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The bird was prostrate on the bottom of the cage and died. Necropsy revealed edema and congestion of the lungs, cloudy air sacs, and mild hepatomegaly. Histopathology revealed severe pulmonary congestion and edema and interstitial mononuclear cell inflammation associated with many cysts containing bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii scattered throughout. The heart had mild multifocal lymphocytic myocarditis and free tachyzoites in the muscle fibers, and the kidneys had mild interstitial nephritis and a few cysts containing bradyzoites of T. gondii. Immunohistochemistry was negative for Sarcocystis falcatula and Neospora caninum and confirmed the protozoa as T. gondii. This is the first description of T. gondii in an endangered species ofa Brazilian psittacine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Carlos Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30.123-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Motta ROC, Romero Marques MV, Ferreira Junior FC, Andery DDA, Horta RS, Peixoto RB, Lacorte GA, Moreira PDA, Paes Leme FDO, Melo MM, Martins NRDS, Braga ÉM. Does haemosporidian infection affect hematological and biochemical profiles of the endangered Black-fronted piping-guan (Aburria jacutinga)? PeerJ 2013; 1:e45. [PMID: 23638382 PMCID: PMC3628922 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases can cause deleterious effects on bird species, leading to population decline and extinction. Haemosporidia can be recognized by their negative effects on host fitness, including reproductive success and immune responses. In captivity, outbreaks of haemosporidian infection have been observed in birds in zoos and aviaries. The endemic Brazilian Atlantic rainforest species Aburria jacutinga is one of the most endangered species in the Cracidae family, and wild populations of this species are currently found mainly in conservation areas in only two Brazilian states. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of avian haemosporidia on hematological and biochemical parameters in two captive populations of A. jacutinga. Forty-two animals were assessed, and the haemosporidian prevalence was similar for males and females. The occurrence of haemosporidian infection in captive A. jacutinga observed in this study was similar to results found in other captive and wild birds in Brazil. We found three different lineages of haemosporidia. Two lineages were identified as Plasmodium sp., one of which was previously detected in Europe and Asia, and the other is a new lineage closely related to P. gallinaceum. A new third lineage was identified as Haemoproteus sp. We found no significant differences in hematological and biochemical values between infected and non-infected birds, and the haemosporidian lineage did not seem to have an impact on the clinical and physiological parameters of A. jacutinga. This is the first report on an evaluation of natural haemosporidian infections diagnosed by microscopic and molecular methods in A. jacutinga by hematology, blood biochemistry, and serum protein values. Determining physiological parameters, occurrence and an estimation of the impact of haemosporidia in endangered avian species may contribute to the management of species rehabilitation and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Otávio Cançado Motta
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Romero Marques
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Ferreira Junior
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle de Assis Andery
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Santos Horta
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Barbosa Peixoto
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Augusto Lacorte
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Abreu Moreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabíola de Oliveira Paes Leme
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marília Martins Melo
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Érika Martins Braga
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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