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Mugunthan SP, Venkatesan D, Govindasamy C, Selvaraj D, Harish MC. Systems approach to design multi-epitopic peptide vaccine candidate against fowl adenovirus structural proteins for Gallus gallus domesticus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1351303. [PMID: 38881736 PMCID: PMC11177691 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1351303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) is a significant pathogen in poultry, causing various diseases such as hepatitis-hydropericardium, inclusion body hepatitis, and gizzard erosion. Different serotypes of FAdV are associated with specific conditions, highlighting the need for targeted prevention strategies. Given the rising prevalence of FAdV-related diseases globally, effective vaccination and biosecurity measures are crucial. In this study, we explore the potential of structural proteins to design a multi-epitope vaccine targeting FAdV. Methods We employed an in silico approach to design the multi-epitope vaccine. Essential viral structural proteins, including hexon, penton, and fiber protein, were selected as vaccine targets. T-cell and B-cell epitopes binding to MHC-I and MHC-II molecules were predicted using computational methods. Molecular docking studies were conducted to validate the interaction of the multi-epitope vaccine candidate with chicken Toll-like receptors 2 and 5. Results Our in silico methodology successfully identified potential T-cell and B-cell epitopes within the selected viral structural proteins. Molecular docking studies revealed strong interactions between the multi-epitope vaccine candidate and chicken Toll-like receptors 2 and 5, indicating the structural integrity and immunogenic potential of the designed vaccine. Discussion The designed multi-epitope vaccine presents a promising approach for combating FAdV infections in chickens. By targeting essential viral structural proteins, the vaccine is expected to induce a robust immunological response. The in silico methodology utilized in this study provides a rapid and cost-effective means of vaccine design, offering insights into potential vaccine candidates before experimental validation. Future studies should focus on in vitro and in vivo evaluations to further assess the efficacy and safety of the proposed vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chandramohan Govindasamy
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhivya Selvaraj
- Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Computer Information and Communication Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mani Chandra Harish
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jones MK, Hofacre CL, Hoerr FJ, Baxter VA, Berghaus RD, Sellers HS, Ferguson-Noel N, Smith JA. Investigations into Increased Incidence of Severe Gizzard Erosions and Ulcerations in U.S. Commercial Broilers. Avian Dis 2024; 67:349-365. [PMID: 38300657 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
During a series of pathology surveys in four production complexes of a U.S. broiler integrator, the technical services veterinarians of an animal health company noted a high incidence of severe gizzard erosions and ulcerations (GEU), prompting further clinical investigation and a battery trial. No growth-promoting antibiotics or ionophore coccidiostats were used during the period of these surveys. All used tribasic copper chloride (TBCC) at ≤120 ppm added copper in broiler rations. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 83% and 67% of gizzard lesions cultured in two complexes, and cecal C. perfringens most probable number determinations were higher in severely affected than in mildly affected or unaffected birds. Histopathology revealed both acellular koilin fusion defects characteristic of copper toxicity, as well as inflammatory cell infiltrates. Intralesional bacilli suggestive of C. perfringens were noted in 78% of affected flocks examined. Species E Aviadenovirus was isolated from one bird in one complex, and that bird had a single intranuclear inclusion body; no other flocks had Adenoviruses isolated or detected on PCR, nor any inclusion bodies. Other viruses detected were thought to be incidental. A pilot study using feed with supplemental copper from TBCC or copper sulfate and challenge with one of the isolated C. perfringens strains reproduced the lesions. A battery study was conducted with an unchallenged negative control group fed a diet with 16 ppm added copper, a group fed the control diet and orally challenged with 108 organisms of a field strain of C. perfringens at 21 and 22 days, and a group treated with the same diet containing 250 ppm added copper from TBCC and orally challenged with C. perfringens. Birds were necropsied at 23 and 28 days. All challenged groups developed lesions, with those receiving both TBCC and C. perfringens having significantly higher gross and histopathological lesion scores than the unchallenged negative controls. Lesions were qualitatively similar to those in the field and contained suspected C. perfringens bacilli. Because the levels of TBCC used in the commercial birds and in the battery trial generally have been considered safe, and because C. perfringens is usually regarded as a pathogen of the lower GI tract, the possible association of these two agents with GEU is a novel observation and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Jones
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Inc., Watkinsville, GA 30677,
| | | | | | | | - Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Holly S Sellers
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Zhang X, Liu L, Wang F, Li H, Fan J, Xie J, Jiao Y, Han Z, Ma D. Pathogenicity and innate immune responses induced by fowl adenovirus serotype 8b in specific pathogen-free chicken. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102846. [PMID: 37354616 PMCID: PMC10404781 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus serotype 8b (FAdV-8b), as causative agent of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), poses a great threat to the poultry industry. Considering the importance of innate immune response in host against viral infections, we investigated pathogenicity of a FAdV-8b strain HLJ/151129 in 1-mo-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens and immune responses of host to FAdV-8b infection in this study. The results demonstrated that no obvious clinical signs were observed in infected birds. Neither mobility nor mortality was observed in both FAdV-8b infected and control chickens, as well. However, hepatic necrosis and a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration were observed by pathological analysis. Viral load was detected in bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsils, liver, heart, spleen, Harderian glands, and thymus. Virus shedding and viremia generated as early as 3 days postinfection (dpi) (9/10) and reached the peak at 7 dpi (10/10). In addition, the infected birds had developed FAdV-specific antibodies at 7 dpi, and the antibody titers reached the peak at 14 dpi. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of most of toll-like receptors (TLRs), most of avian β-defensins (AvBDs), and cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ], were significantly upregulated in most tissues at early phases of FAdV-8b infection, especially in liver and spleen. In contrast, FAdV-8b infection results in downregulation of TLR4, TLR5, and TLR21 expressions in some tissues of infected chickens. In addition, FAdV-8b infection upregulated myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, and TIR-domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF) expression in some tissues, while decreased NF-κBp65 and TRIF in spleen at both 72 hpi and 21 dpi. Taken together, these results confirmed that FAdV-8b could replicate in all investigated tissues of infected birds, and then, result in production of FAdV-specific antibody titers. Meanwhile, the FAdV-8b infection induces strong innate immune responses at early stage in chickens, which may associate with the viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Huixin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yaru Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Zongxi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Fowl Adenovirus Infection – Potential Cause of a Suppressed Humoral Immune Response of Broilers to Newcastle Disease Vaccination. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2023-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus infections have a significant economic impact, especially in the production of broilers. It is considered the leading cause of three syndromes: adenoviral gizzard erosions and ulcerations, inclusion body hepatitis, and hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome. A critical feature of this virus is its immunosuppressive effect, via suppressing humoral and cellular immunity.
In this study, we examined the humoral immune response after administration of the Newcastle disease vaccine in broiler flocks with previously confirmed seroconversion against Fowl adenovirus. The study was conducted on 5 farms. A total of 220 chickens, five weeks of age, showing no clinical signs of the disease, were included in this study. The control group consisted of 20 chickens from a negative farm. Chickens were vaccinated with commercially available live NDV vaccines between 11 and 13 days of life. ELISA determined the presence of specific antibodies against FAdV in a total of 130/200 (65%) blood sera. Depending on the farm, seroprevalence ranged from 30-100%. The presence of specific antibodies against NDV was determined three weeks after vaccination using the hemagglutination inhibition assay. A positive hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer (≥ 16) was found in 41/200 (20.5%) sera, which was significantly less compared to the control farm, where a positive HI titer was found in 20/20 (100%) sera.
The results of our study indicate the immunosuppressive effect of FAdV in subclinically infected birds and highlight the need for its diagnosis, prevention, and control.
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Detection, Quantification and Molecular Characterization of Fowl Adenoviruses Circulating in Ecuadorian Chicken Flocks during 2019-2021. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020115. [PMID: 36851419 PMCID: PMC9963715 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses are a group of pathogens that cause large economic losses worldwide in the poultry industry, in addition to producing a wide range of diseases, such as IBH, HHS, and enteric and respiratory diseases. The objective of this study was to quantify, identify, and molecularly characterize the types of FAdV circulating in commercial poultry farms (broilers, breeders, and layers) in Ecuador from 2019 to 2021. Molecular characterization was performed by PCR, quantification by qPCR, and subsequent sequencing for each positive sample. The results indicated that the FAdV genotypes circulating in our country are FAdV-2/D2, FAdV-6/E1, FAdV-8a/E2, and FAdV-11/D3; the samples were grouped into different groups that contain sequences that were obtained from countries in Africa, Asia, and America, and that are found in birds at different ages, since early age where can cause different clinical signs, such as diarrhea, ruffled feathers and dwarfism. Therefore, these results indicate that several genotypes of the virus are circulating in commercial poultry flocks, suggesting that biosecurity measures on farms should be improved, in addition to carrying out new or improved vaccination plans.
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Zhuang Q, Wang S, Zhang F, Zhao C, Chen Q, Zhao R, Guo P, Ju L, Li J, Hou G, Chen X, Sun F, Wang K. Molecular epidemiology analysis of fowl adenovirus detected from apparently healthy birds in eastern China. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:5. [PMID: 36624468 PMCID: PMC9827690 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fowl adenovirus is of major concern to the poultry industry worldwidely. In order to monitor the prevalent status of Fowl adenovirus in China, a total of 1920 clinical samples from apparently healthy birds in the 25 sites of poultry flocks, Slaughterhouse and living bird markets from 8 provinces in eastern China were collected and detected by PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS The epidemiological survey showed that Fowl adenoviruses were detected in living bird markets, and circulating in a variety of fowl species, including chickens, ducks, goose and pigeons. Among the 1920 clinical samples, 166 samples (8.65%) were positive in the fowl adenovirus PCR detection. In this study, totally all the 12 serotypes (serotypes of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8A, 8B, 9, 10 and 11) fowl adenoviruses were detected, the most prevalent serotype was serotype 1. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that 166 FAdVs of 12 serotypes were divided into 5 fowl adenovirus species (Fowl aviadenovirus A, B, C, D, E). CONCLUSIONS In the epidemiological survey, 8.65% of the clinical samples from apparently healthy birds were positive in the fowl adenovirus PCR detection. Totally all the 12 serotypes fowl adenoviruses were detected in a variety of fowl species, which provided abundant resources for the research of fowl adenoviruses in China. The newly prevalent FAdV serotypes provides valuable information for the development of an effective control strategy for FAdV infections in fowls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingye Zhuang
- grid.414245.20000 0004 6063 681XChina Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province China ,Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, Shandong Province China
| | - Suchun Wang
- grid.414245.20000 0004 6063 681XChina Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province China
| | - Fuyou Zhang
- grid.414245.20000 0004 6063 681XChina Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province China
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- grid.414245.20000 0004 6063 681XChina Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Xiamen Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Testing Center, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Xiamen Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Testing Center, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Pin Guo
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, Shandong Province China
| | - Lei Ju
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, Shandong Province China
| | - Jinping Li
- grid.414245.20000 0004 6063 681XChina Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- grid.414245.20000 0004 6063 681XChina Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, Shandong Province China
| | - Fuliang Sun
- grid.440752.00000 0001 1581 2747Yanbian University, Yanbian, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002 China
| | - Kaicheng Wang
- grid.414245.20000 0004 6063 681XChina Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, P.R. China
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Levkutova M, Levkut M, Herich R, Revajova V, Seman V, Cechova M, Levkut M. Fowl adenovirus-induced different manifestations of the disease in two consecutive chicken breeding flocks in a poultry hall. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:38-42. [PMID: 38384989 PMCID: PMC10878256 DOI: 10.17221/27/2022-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated an adenovirus infection in two consecutive breeding flocks in the same poultry hall. Thirty-six thousand one-day-old chickens of the ROSS 308 hybrid broiler type were kept together in one hall. The chickens in the first breeding flock during fattening did not show any clinical signs of the disease or increased mortality. Typical clinical signs of the adenovirus infection were seen in the second breeding flock. The signs included: depression, apathy, somnolence, a crouched position with a droopy head, fuzzy feathers, anaemic combs and wattles, sporadic nervous signs, and reduced weight gain. Increased mortality was recorded from 18 to 25 days of age, the higher mortality rate resulted from dehydration and exhaustion. The surviving chickens showed growth slightly below average by the end of the fattening period. The necropsies of the chickens in the first flock showed characteristic lesions for inclusion body hepatitis (IBH). Adenoviral gizzard erosions (AGE) were found mainly in the chickens of the second consecutive breeding flock. In both breeding flocks, FAdV-A was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the liver and gizzard samples. The presence of fowl adenovirus B was not confirmed in the evaluated samples. The results showed lesions in the first flock typical for IBH, whereas the pathological changes in the second flock were characteristic of AGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Levkutova
- Department of Epizootology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Levkut
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Robert Herich
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Viera Revajova
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimir Seman
- Regional Association of Veterinary Doctors, Trebisov, Slovak Republic
| | - Michaela Cechova
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Mikulas Levkut
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Li S, Zhao R, Yang Q, Wu M, Ma J, Wei Y, Pang Z, Wu C, Liu Y, Gu Y, Liao M, Sun H. Phylogenetic and pathogenic characterization of current fowl adenoviruses in China. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 105:105366. [PMID: 36115642 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) continue to outbreak and cause huge economic losses to the poultry industry in China. The homologous recombination accounts for the diversity serotypes of adenovirus. However, the prevalence, recombination and pathogenicity of current FAdVs remain unclear. Herein, the prevalence, phylogenetic feature and pathogenicity of FAdVs in China in 2019 were characterized. Our findings showed that multiple species and serotypes of FAdVs currently circulate in China, including A, C, D and E species, and 1, 2, 4, 8a and 8b serotypes. Notably, the recombination occurred between FAdV-8a and FAdV-8b, and the recombination regions included Hexon, Fiber, ORF19 and ORF20. All five FAdVs replicated effectively in various chicken tissues, and viral shedding peaked at 4-8 dpi. Except CH/GDSZ/1905(FAdV-1/A), the remaining FAdVs caused obvious inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, of which CH/JSXZ/1905(FAdV-4/C) caused hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) with a mortality rate of 62.5%. Taken together, our findings illustrate the prevalence, recombination and pathogenicity of current FAdVs in China and strengthen surveillance and further pathogenicity studies of FAdVs are extremely urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China
| | - Qingzhou Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China
| | - Meihua Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China
| | - Jinhuan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yifan Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China
| | - Zifeng Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China
| | - Changrong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yongxia Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China.
| | - Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, China.
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Konicek C, Heenemann K, Cramer K, Vahlenkamp TW, Schmidt V. Case Series of Disseminated Xanthogranulomatosis in Red-crowned Parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) with Detection of Psittacine Adenovirus 2 (PsAdV-2). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182316. [PMID: 36139176 PMCID: PMC9495053 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lipometabolic disorders, such as xanthogranulomatosis, are common diseases in avian medicine. Various manifestations of lipometabolic disorders and risk factors for acquiring lipometabolic diseases have been described in the past years. Xanthogranulomas are usually limited to the skin and supposed to be associated with traumatic or inflammatory injuries in that area. Disseminated xanthogranulomatosis, appearing simultaneously in several internal organs, has been recently described in psittacine birds, the cause of the diseases was not known. Here, we describe a case series of disseminated xanthogranulomatosis in another psittacine species, the Red-crowned Parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) and a possible association with a concurrent psittacine adenovirus 2 (PsAdV-2) infection. Viral infections that trigger lipometabolic diseases have been described in human medicine in some species of small animals and in chickens. PsAdV-2- infections are widely distributed in avian species. A possible association between PsAdV-2- infections and lipometabolic diseases in the Red-crowned Parakeet should be considered. Individual birds and flocks with both or either of these diseases should be carefully examined and monitored. Abstract Xanthogranulomatosis is a common dermatological disease in birds. This form of inflammation, possibly associated with lipometabolic disorders, can also be seen in visceral organs, which as yet has only rarely been described in avian medicine. In general, diseases related to impaired lipid metabolism are frequently reported in avian medicine, with hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis being the most common. In human medicine, infectious agents—especially some strains of adenovirus—were implicated in contributing to lipometabolic disorders; this has also been described for chicken. Here, a case series of six Red-crowned Parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) is presented, all cases being characterized by psittacine adenovirus 2 (PsAdV-2) infection with or without disseminated xanthogranulomatosis. The affected individuals were examined alive by clinical examination. Total body radiographs were taken of two birds, haematology and blood biochemistry results were achieved in one bird. The birds either died immediately after clinical presentation or within two days, two individuals were euthanized due to worsening of their clinical condition. All birds underwent a post-mortem examination. While four birds were finally diagnosed with disseminated xanthogranulomatosis, all six individuals had large eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the epithelial cells of the collecting ducts of the kidney and tested positive for PsAdV-2. Further examinations are needed to clarify to what extent PsAdV-2 might elicit lipometabolic disease in birds, or psittacines in general, and, in particular, the Red-crowned Parakeet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Konicek
- Service for Birds and Reptiles, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Kristin Heenemann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Cramer
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Kromann S, Baig S, Stegger M, Olsen RH, Bojesen AM, Jensen HE, Thøfner I. Longitudinal study on background lesions in broiler breeder flocks and their progeny, and genomic characterisation of Escherichia coli. Vet Res 2022; 53:52. [PMID: 35799204 PMCID: PMC9264609 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In broiler breeders, background mortality is rarely addressed, however, it represents the death of a vast number of birds, a constant productivity loss, welfare concerns and it might affect chick quality. The study aimed to unveil lesions leading to mortality in a study population perceived as healthy, combined with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Escherichia coli, a well-known contributor to disease problems in poultry. Broiler breeders (n = 340) originating from three distinct, putative healthy flocks and their progeny (n = 154) were subjected to a comprehensive post-mortem examination, bacteriological sampling, and sequencing of 77 E. coli isolates. Productivity data confirmed an exemplary health status of the enrolled flocks, and post-mortem examination further verified the absence of general disease problems. Among the submitted broiler breeders, exudative peritonitis (31.2%) was the most frequent lesion linked to infectious disease, whereas airsacculitis, pericarditis, perihepatitis, and salpingitis occurred in 18.5%, 3.5%, 3.8% and 17%, respectively. Yolksacculitis occurred in 15.6% of the broilers, whilst pericarditis, perihepatitis and peritonitis were diagnosed in 9.7%, 7.1% and 9.1%, respectively. WGS revealed a diverse population where ST95 dominated the population retrieved from broiler breeders, whereas ST10 was highly prevalent among broilers. Both lineages could be isolated from extraintestinal sites of birds without lesions indicative of infection. In general, the genetic diversity within flocks was comparable to the diversity between farms, and the overall occurrence of resistance markers was low. In conclusion, a comprehensive insight into lesions associated with background mortality is presented, together with a vast diversity of E. coli isolated from extraintestinal sites during a non-outbreak situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kromann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. .,DanHatch Denmark A/S, Rugerivej 26, 9760, Vrå, Denmark.
| | - Sharmin Baig
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Heidemann Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ida Thøfner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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11
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Niu D, Feng J, Duan B, Shi Q, Li Y, Chen Z, Ma L, Liu H, Wang Y. Epidemiological survey of avian adenovirus in China from 2015 to 2021 and the genetic variability of highly pathogenic Fadv-4 isolates. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 101:105277. [PMID: 35367686 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of poultry adenovirus in China is determined using clinical diagnosis, molecular biological testing, serological testing, and LMH cell virus isolation. These methods can track and test key poultry and waterfowl breeding areas across the country. From 2015 to 2021, 9613 suspected adenovirus samples were collected from 28 provinces. After the first generation of gene sequencing, a total of 2210 hexo gene fragments were obtained. Among them, FAdV-1 type accounted for 7.65%, FAdV-2 type accounted for 5.34%, FAdV-3 type accounted for 2.04%, FAdV-4 type accounted for 38.24%, FAdV-5 type accounted for 2.17%, FAdV-6 type accounted for 0.32%, FAdV-7 type accounted for 0.77%, FAdV-8a type accounted for 10.63%, FAdV-8b type accounted for 11.58%, FAdV-9 type accounted for 0.50%, FAdV-10 type accounted for 8.10%, and FAdV-11 type accounted for 12.67%. A total of 877 FAdV strains were isolated from FAdV suspected samples by seeding LMH cells, and there were 475 FAdV-4 strains among them. A total of 473 isolates were highly pathogenic FAdV-4, and the percentage of amino acid homology with the highly pathogenic FAdV-4 reference strains was >99.1%. Two isolates were non-pathogenic, and the amino acid homology with the ON1 reference strain was >99.6%. Part of the amino acid positions of the hexon gene have mutations, including positions 188, 193, 195, 238, and 240.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyun Niu
- Tianjin Bohai Joint Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Tianjin Bohai Joint Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Baomin Duan
- Tianjin Bohai Joint Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qiuying Shi
- Tianjin Bohai Joint Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Ying Li
- Tianjin Bohai Joint Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Tianjin Bohai Joint Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Lifang Ma
- Tianjin Bohai Joint Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Tianjin Ringpu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yanxiao Wang
- Tianjin Ringpu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300308, China
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12
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Niczyporuk JS, Kozdruń W. Current epidemiological situation in the context of inclusion body hepatitis in poultry flocks in Poland. Virus Res 2022; 318:198825. [PMID: 35618076 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The research has been undertaken to understand the spreading of adenovirus strains in Poland's poultry flocks in the last six years. One hundred and forty-nine herds suspected of infection with adenoviruses were tested and the presence of poultry adenoviruses was found in 86 studied herds which were about 57,71% of examined flocks. Thirty-eight (44.18%) strains were connected with the infection of inclusion body hepatitis, 11 (12.79%) strains were isolated from digestive system dysfunction, 33 (38.37%) strains had been obtained from the flocks with no symptomatic changes/behaviour, and four (4.65%) strains were obtained from flocks with the manifestation of depression. Sequencing analysis was based on Loop L1 region of the HVR1-4 fragment of the hexon gene. The adenovirus strains were classified into five species FAdV-A-E, belonging to the following eight serotypes: FAdV-1/A, FAdV-5/B, FAdV-3/10/C, FAdV-9/11/D, and FAdV-7/8a/E. The most common serotype in poultry turned out to be type/species FAdV-11/D, FAdV-5/B, and FAdV-7/8b/E while the least frequent was type/species FAdV-3/10/C (only four and two strains respectively of this types were isolated with the following range: FAdV-1/A 6 (6.97%), FAdV-5/B 24 (27,90%), FAdV-3/C 4 (4,65%), FAdV-10/C 2 (2,32%), FAdV-11/D 36 (41,86%), and FAdV-E 14 (16.27%). The understanding of genetic diversity, geographic distribution, and antigenic properties of fowl adenovirus strains (FAdVs) isolated in Poland have been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk
- Department of Poultry Disease of National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland,.
| | - Wojciech Kozdruń
- Department of Poultry Disease of National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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13
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Lindgren Y, Banihashem F, Berg M, Eriksson H, Zohari S, Jansson DS. Gizzard erosions in broiler chickens in Sweden caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1): investigation of outbreaks, including whole-genome sequencing of an isolate. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:257-266. [PMID: 35285764 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2048631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present paper describes the investigation of the first outbreaks of adenoviral gizzard erosions (AGE) in Sweden, in five broiler flocks. The investigation includes whole viral genome sequencing and investigation of genomic organisation and sequence relationships with other adenoviruses. All five flocks had a history of decreased growth and uneven size of birds since nine to ten days of age. Macroscopically, lesions consistent with AGE (detached koilin layers, discoloration, bleeding, erosions) were identified in gizzards in all five flocks. In four flocks histology was performed, and degeneration and inflammation of the koilin layer and gizzard mucosa were identified in all four. In one flock, intranuclear inclusion bodies typical for fowl adenovirus (FAdV) were detected in trapped epithelial cells in the koilin layer. In four flocks in situ hybridization was performed, and cells positive for FAdV serotype 1 (FAdV-1) were demonstrated in the koilin layer and gizzard mucosa. FAdV species A (FAdV-A) was detected in gizzard, liver, caecal tonsils and bursa of Fabricii by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Ten out of ten examined parent flocks of the affected chickens were seropositive for FAdV, indicating former or on-going infection. However, FAdV was not detected in embryos from seropositive parent flocks and thus vertical transmission was not demonstrated. The entire nucleotide sequence of one sample was determined and found to be 43,856 base pairs (bp) in length. The genome sequence and organisation were found to be similar to that of the reference apathogenic avian adenovirus "chicken embryo lethal orphan" (CELO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Lindgren
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fereshteh Banihashem
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Section of virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Eriksson
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Désirée S Jansson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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High Phenotypic Variation between an In Vitro-Passaged Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 1 (FAdV-1) and Its Virulent Progenitor Strain despite Almost Complete Sequence Identity of the Whole Genomes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020358. [PMID: 35215948 PMCID: PMC8880033 DOI: 10.3390/v14020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral gizzard erosion is an emerging disease with negative impact on health and production of chickens. In this study, we compared in vitro and in vivo characteristics of a fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1), attenuated by 53 consecutive passages in primary chicken embryo liver (CEL) cell cultures (11/7127-AT), with the virulent strain (11/7127-VT). Whole genome analysis revealed near-complete sequence identity between the strains. However, a length polymorphism in a non-coding adenine repeat sequence (11/7127-AT: 11 instead of 9) immediately downstream of the hexon open reading frame was revealed. One-step growth kinetics showed delayed multiplication of 11/7127-AT together with significantly lower titers in cell culture (up to 4 log10 difference), indicating reduced replication efficiency in vitro. In vivo pathogenicity and immunogenicity were determined in day-old specific pathogen-free layer chicks inoculated orally with the respective viruses. In contrast to birds infected with 11/7127-VT, birds infected with 11/7127-AT did not exhibit body weight loss or severe pathological lesions in the gizzard. Virus detection rates, viral load in organs and virus excretion were significantly lower in birds inoculated with 11/7127-AT. Throughout the experimental period, these birds did not develop measurable neutralizing antibodies, prevalent in birds in response to 11/7127-VT infection. Differences in pathogenicity between the virulent FAdV-1 and the attenuated strain could not be correlated to prominently discriminate genomic features. We conclude that differential in vitro growth profiles indicate that attenuation is linked to modulation of viral replication during interaction of the virus with the host cells. Thus, hosts would be unable to prevent the rapid replication of virulent FAdV leading to severe tissue damage, a phenomenon broadly applicable to further FAdV serotypes, considering the substantial intra-serotype virulence differences of FAdVs and the variation of diseases.
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15
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Liu J, Shi X, Lv L, Wang K, Yang Z, Li Y, Chen H. Characterization of Co-infection With Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 and 8a. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:771805. [PMID: 34803992 PMCID: PMC8595916 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.771805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs), which are distributed worldwide, have caused considerable economic losses to poultry farms. Co-infection with FAdVs and other avian pathogens has been reported previously. However, the pathogenicity of different serotypes of FAdVs causing co-infection remains unclear. Herein, strain HN from FAdV species C serotype 4 (FAdV-4) and strain AH720 from species E serotype 8a (FAdV-8a) were used to assess the pathogenicity of their co-infection in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Compared with chickens infected with FAdV-4 alone, those co-infected with FAdV-4 and FAdV-8a showed similar clinical symptoms, mortality rates and degree of tissue lesions, and notably decreased viral loads of HN. Conversely, the viral loads of AH720 increased markedly in the co-infection group compared with that in chickens infected with AH720 strain alone. Increased viral loads of AH720 in the liver were suspected to contribute to the pathogenicity of chickens co-infected with the HN and AH720 strains. This was further investigated by histopathology and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining analyses. Collectively, these data indicated that co-infection with FAdV-4 and FAdV-8a suppresses the replication and proliferation of FAdV-4 but enhances the replication and proliferation of FAdV-8a in chicken liver. This study will provide valuable information for the further investigation of the interactions between FAdV-4 and FAdV-8a during co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjin Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzhang Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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16
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Mo J. Historical Investigation of Fowl Adenovirus Outbreaks in South Korea from 2007 to 2021: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2021; 13:2256. [PMID: 34835062 PMCID: PMC8621494 DOI: 10.3390/v13112256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) have long been recognized as critical viral pathogens within the poultry industry, associated with severe economic implications worldwide. This specific group of viruses is responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases in birds, and an increasing occurrence of outbreaks was observed in the last ten years. Since their first discovery forty years ago in South Korea, twelve antigenically distinct serotypes of fowl adenoviruses have been described. This comprehensive review covers the history of fowl adenovirus outbreaks in South Korea and updates the current epidemiological landscape of serotype diversity and replacement as well as challenges in developing effective broadly protective vaccines. In addition, transitions in the prevalence of dominant fowl adenovirus serotypes from 2007 to 2021, alongside the history of intervention strategies, are brought into focus. Finally, future aspects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseo Mo
- US National Poultry Research Center, Exotic & Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
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17
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Kopena R, Martín J, López P, Majláth I, Majláthová V. Lack of evidence of vertical transmission of Karyolysus blood parasites in Iberian green lizards ( Lacerta schreiberi). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 16:95-98. [PMID: 34471598 PMCID: PMC8387827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To understand the spread of parasite and the persistence of infection in an ecological environment, it is essential to investigate their transmission possibilities. Vertical transmission of pathogens from mother to offspring is a fundamental opportunity, notwithstanding a relatively under-researched topic, especially in wildlife animals. We studied whether there is vertical transmission of a haemogregarinid blood parasite of Iberian green lizard (Lacerta schreiberi). To study infection of mothers, embryos and freshly hatched juveniles, their blood smears and molecular analyses of their tail tissue were used. Examining blood smears, seventy-one percent of females were found to be infected, but molecular analyses of all mothers showed positive results for the blood parasite. Based on molecular data the parasite was identified as a Karyolysus species. In contrast, no parasite was found in the blood smears of the freshly hatched juveniles, and we could not detect Karyolysus in the embryos or tail tissue of offspring using molecular methods either. Based on our results, vertical transmission of Karyolysus blood parasites is unlikely in the Iberian green lizard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Kopena
- Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, ELKH Centre for Ecological Research, H-2163, Vácrátót, Alkotmány u. 2-4., Hungary.,Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Martín
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor Majláth
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Srobarova 2, 041 80, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Viktória Majláthová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Srobarova 2, 041 80, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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18
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Molecular typing and pathogenicity assessment of fowl adenovirus associated with inclusion body hepatitis in chicken from India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:412. [PMID: 34308515 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) outbreaks have been increasingly reported in different regions of India, particularly in broiler flocks. The present study was undertaken to characterize fowl adenovirus associated with IBH in chicken and assessment of its pathogenicity. Liver samples were collected from fowl adenovirus (FAdV) suspected 100 commercial broiler and six broiler breeder flocks from eleven different States of India from 2016 to 2019. All the samples were subjected to 897-bp FAdV hexon gene-specific PCR for confirmation and primary chicken liver cells were used to isolate the field FAdVs. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 897-bp FAdV hexon gene revealed that all the isolates have showed close evolutionary relationship with fowl adenovirus serotype 11 of species D. For pathogenicity assessment, 0.5 ml of 106.5 TCID50/ml of field FAdV serotype 11 isolate was orally inoculated in 1-day-old SPF chicks and observed for 21 days. This experimental study revealed that there was no mortality in infected chicks and showed clinical signs of dullness, depression and diarrhoea between third and fifth day of oral inoculation. The FAdV was reisolated and confirmed by PCR from experimentally infected chicken. Based on this study, among all serotypes, FAdV serotype 11 is involved in pathogenesis of inclusion body hepatitis in broiler-type chickens in India.
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19
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Lai VD, Min K, Lai HTL, Mo J. Epidemiology of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) infections in South Korean chickens during 2013-2019 following introduction of FAdV-4 vaccines. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:182-189. [PMID: 33410705 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1872766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdV) are important infectious pathogens responsible for causing substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. One hundred and forty-six FAdV strains were continuously collected and analysed from 2013 to 2019 to understand the epidemiological change and nature of the virus in South Korea from two different standpoints, before and after the release of multiple commercial FAdV-4 vaccines. Phylogenetic analysis of the hexon loop-1 gene sequences showed that 92 strains belonged to FAdV-C (63%), 35 strains to FAdV-E (24%), 18 strains to FAdV-D (12.3%), and one strain to FAdV-A (0.7%), respectively. We provide evidence that the dominant FAdV serotype has recently changed from FAdV-4 to FAdV-8b, as reflected in the proportion of each serotype in field cases in 2019 (18.5% and 77.8%, respectively). The newly emerged FAdV-8b cluster was significantly noticeable compared to the old FAdV clusters, indicating that the development of a vaccine for FAdV-8b may be necessary. Overall, this new insight into FAdV prevalence provides a foundation for strategic control and the development of efficient vaccines against FAdV cases in chickens in South Korea.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The dominant FAdV serotype in South Korea shifted from FAdV-4 to FAdV-8b in 2013-2019.A new cluster of FAdV-8b has emerged in South Korea, indicating the development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huong Thi Lan Lai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam
| | - Jongseo Mo
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
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20
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Mirzazadeh A, Grafl B, Abbasnia M, Emadi-Jamali S, Abdi-Hachesoo B, Schachner A, Hess M. Reduced Performance Due to Adenoviral Gizzard Erosion in 16-Day-Old Commercial Broiler Chickens in Iran, Confirmed Experimentally. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:635186. [PMID: 33598489 PMCID: PMC7882599 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.635186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral gizzard erosion (AGE) in broilers is an emerging infectious disease with negative impact on flock productivity. Despite of known primary etiological role of fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1) in AGE, there are a limited number of field reports worldwide, possibly because the disease is less noticeable and clinically difficult to assess. The present study documents an outbreak of AGE in 16-day-old broiler chickens on a farm in the north of Iran and the reproduction of the disease in an experimental setting. In the field, a sudden onset of mortality was noticed in affected broilers resulting in 6% total mortality and decreased weight gain leading to approximately 1-week delay to reach the target slaughter weight. Necropsy findings in dead broilers revealed black colored content in crop, proventriculus and gizzard together with severe gizzard erosions characterized by multiple black-brown areas of variable size in the koilin layer and mucosal inflammation. Microscopic examination revealed necrotizing ventriculitis marked with severe dissociation of koilin layer and degeneration of glandular epithelium with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells. FAdV-1 was isolated from affected gizzards. Phylogenetic analysis of the hexon loop-1 (L1) sequence of the isolated virus showed 100% identity with pathogenic FAdV-1 strains previously reported from broiler chickens with AGE. Subsequently, an in vivo study infecting day-old commercial layer chickens with the field isolate demonstrated characteristic lesions and histopathological changes of AGE together with decreased weight gain in the infected birds. For the first time, the progress of a natural outbreak of AGE in Iran is described and experimental reproduction of the disease is demonstrated. The findings highlight the economic impact of the disease for regional poultry production due to mortality and impaired weight gain of the affected broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mirzazadeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.,Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Grafl
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammad Abbasnia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sobhan Emadi-Jamali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Abdi-Hachesoo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Anna Schachner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Mirzazadeh A, Grafl B, Berger E, Schachner A, Hess M. Longitudinal Serological Monitoring of Commercial Broiler Breeders for Fowl Adenoviruses (FAdVs)-Presence of Antibodies Is Linked with Virus Excretion. Avian Dis 2020; 65:177-187. [PMID: 34339138 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the poultry industry worldwide is facing an emerging trend of fowl adenovirus (FAdV)-associated diseases with a significant economic impact, especially in meat-type chickens. Vertical transmission is an important feature of all FAdVs; hence, preventive measures mostly revolve around breeding stocks. However, knowledge about temporal development of FAdV infections in modern commercial settings is rare or even nonexistent. In the present study, longitudinal monitoring for FAdV was conducted in broiler breeder flocks located in a confined geographical region with intensive poultry production in Iran. For this, the antibody status of birds from 4 to 32 wk of age was monitored with a commercial FAdV-ELISA and virus neutralization test (VNT). In parallel, fecal shedding of FAdV was determined at the peak of egg production with real-time PCR and virus isolation. Overall, the commercial ELISA showed seroconversion of flocks before onset of production. VNT resolved in detail infection patterns of individual serotypes with a primordial FAdV-D (FAdV-2/-11) infection, frequently followed by FAdV-E (FAdV-8a, -8b) superinfection. FAdV-A (FAdV-1) was traced in half of the investigated flocks, while no evidence of infection with FAdV-C (FAdV-4, -10) was noted. Common serological profiles between different houses of the same farm indicate an overarching biosecurity. Serological profiles coupled with virological findings at the peak of egg production indicated that higher antibody levels, determined by ELISA, correlated with lower amounts of viral DNA in fecal excretion. Simultaneously, the number of isolated FAdVs belonging to distinct serotypes declined in accordance with a rise of neutralizing antibodies in birds, underlining the significance of serotype-specific antibodies in the epidemiology of FAdV in breeders. Investigations in breeders were complemented with screening of FAdV-associated diseases in local broilers over a 3-yr period; 26 cases of inclusion body hepatitis with dominant involvement of FAdV-11/FAdV-8b, one outbreak of adenoviral gizzard erosion related to FAdV-1, and no evidence of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome suggest that identical serotypes are maintained in the local poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mirzazadeh
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, .,Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Grafl
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyn Berger
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schachner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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22
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Park DH, Lee HC, Youn HN, Ju HS, Kim KJ, Go SH, Lee DY, Lee JB, Lee SW, Song CS. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity Analysis of Recently Isolated Fowl Adenovirus 8b in Korea. Avian Dis 2020; 65:122-131. [PMID: 34339131 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A Korean field strain of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) 8b was isolated from chickens showing high mortality. Isolated FAdV-8b strains with the hexon and fiber genes were genetically analyzed. The Korean FAdV-8b (K194/19) strain isolated in 2019 showed higher sequence identity with the FAdV-8b strain isolated in China but lower sequence identity with the Korean FAdV-8b (K187/08) strain isolated in 2008. The K194/19 strain formed a distinct subcluster within the FAdV-8b cluster in a phylogenetic tree based on hexon and fiber genes. FAdV can infect day-old chicks through vertical transmission, and so blood samples were obtained from 54-, 60-, and 63-wk-old parent chickens. FAdV-specific antibody levels were investigated with ELISA and virus neutralization (VN) tests with the K194/19 and K187/08 strains as antigens. In VN tests, all sera neutralized the K187/08 strain. However, the K194/19 strain was neutralized by sera collected from 60- and 63-wk-old chickens but not sera obtained from 54-wk-old chickens, indicating natural infection. Finally, to determine the pathogenicity of the K194/19 strain, 1-day-old and 4-wk-old specific-pathogen-free birds were infected with the K194/19 and K187/08 strains. No significant difference in pathogenicity was observed between the two strains. Although the K194/19 strain showed similar pathogenicity with the K187/08 strain, differences in nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the hexon and fiber genes may determine the evasion ability of the K187/08 neutralizing antibody, indicating the need for development of a novel FAdV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dam-Hee Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Chae Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Na Youn
- KCAV Co., Ltd., Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sun Ju
- KCAV Co., Ltd., Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Jik Kim
- KCAV Co., Ltd., Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Da-Ye Lee
- KCAV Co., Ltd., Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea, .,KCAV Co., Ltd., Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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23
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Mei C, Xian H, Blackall PJ, Hu W, Zhang X, Wang H. Concurrent infection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and fowl adenovirus in layer chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6525-6532. [PMID: 33248567 PMCID: PMC7704954 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of a concurrent infection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and fowl adenovirus (FAdV) in an infectious coryza–like outbreak in the outskirt of Beijing is reported. The primary signs of the infection were acute respiratory signs, a drop in egg production, and the presence of hydropericardium–hepatitis syndrome–like gross lesions. Laboratory examination confirmed the presence of A. paragallinarum by bacterial isolation and a species-specific PCR test. In addition, conventional serotyping identified the isolates as Page serovar A. Fowl adenovirus was isolated from chicken liver specimen and identified by hexon gene amplification. In addition, histopathologic analysis and transmission electron microscopy examination further confirmed the presence of the virus. Both hexon gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis defined the viral isolate as FAdV-4. The pathogenic role of A. paragallinarum and FAdV was evaluated by experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free chickens. The challenge trial showed that combined A. paragallinarum and FAdV infection resulted in more severe clinical signs than that by FAdV infection alone. The concurrent infection caused 50% mortality compared with 40% mortality by FAdV infection alone and zero mortality by A. paragallinarum infection alone. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. paragallinarum coinfection with FAdV. The case implies that concurrent infections with these 2 agents do occur and more attention should be given to the potential of multiple agents during disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Mei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Municipal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Xian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Municipal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - P J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Wei Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Municipal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Municipal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Municipal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Beijing, China.
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24
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Schachner A, Grafl B, Hess M. Spotlight on avian pathology: fowl adenovirus (FAdV) in chickens and beyond - an unresolved host-pathogen interplay. Avian Pathol 2020; 50:2-5. [PMID: 32795192 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1810629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) infections in chickens have undergone substantial changes in recent decades, driven by host and pathogen factors. Based on the pathogenesis of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), modern broilers are much more inclined to have difficulties keeping the metabolic homeostasis, whereas adenoviral gizzard erosion (AGE) is noticed equally in broilers and egg-layers. Defining the importance of certain serotypes for specific FAdV diseases is a major achievement of recent years but the isolation of viruses from clinically healthy birds remains unexplained, as virulence factors are hardly known and continue to be a "black box". Together with further studies on pathogenesis of FAdV-induced diseases, such knowledge on virulence factors would help to improve protection strategies, which presently mainly concentrate on autogenous vaccines of breeders to prevent vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schachner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Grafl
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.,Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
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25
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Mirzazadeh A, Asasi K, Schachner A, Mosleh N, Liebhart D, Hess M, Grafl B. Gizzard Erosion Associated with Fowl Adenovirus Infection in Slaughtered Broiler Chickens in Iran. Avian Dis 2020; 63:568-576. [PMID: 31865670 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Gizzard erosions have been noticed in slaughtered broiler chickens during inspection at a processing plant in Iran. The condition was detected in piled gizzards derived from seven commercial broiler farms brought to slaughter on the same day. In total, 48 gizzards with lesions underwent thorough pathologic and virologic investigation. Perforation, roughening, and discoloration of the koilin layer as well as inflammation of the mucosa were observed macroscopically. Histologic examination showed dissociation of and cellular debris in the koilin layer accompanied by a loss and degeneration of glandular epithelium with mild to marked infiltration of inflammatory cells in the mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer. Fowl adenovirus serotypes 1 (FAdV-1), 11 (FAdV-11), and 8a (FAdV-8a) were found in 13, 12, and 1 gizzard(s), respectively. Therein included were two gizzards that showed mixed infections with FAdV-1 and FAdV-11. Detailed analysis of the hexon gene revealed that the Iranian FAdV-1 isolates could be divided into two subclusters, more closely related to either the European (CELO) or the Asian (Ote) FAdV-1 reference strains. The present study, for the first time, describes not only the appearance of gizzard erosion but also the isolation of FAdV-1 and FAdV-8a from broilers in Iran and offers insights on the epidemiology of FAdV infection in Iranian flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mirzazadeh
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, 7144169155.,Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria A-1210
| | - Keramat Asasi
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, 7144169155
| | - Anna Schachner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria A-1210
| | - Najmeh Mosleh
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, 7144169155
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria A-1210
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria A-1210.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria A-1210
| | - Beatrice Grafl
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria A-1210,
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26
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Isolation and Characterization of A Novel Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 8a Strain from China. Virol Sin 2019; 35:517-527. [PMID: 31792739 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2012, the clinical cases of inclusion body hepatitis showed an increasing trend in China, causing considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. In this study, a fowl adenovirus strain CH/GDLZ/201801 was isolated from a chicken flock experiencing inclusion body hepatitis and analyzed by complete genome sequencing. The pathogenicity of the new virus strain was examined by experimental infection of specific pathogen free chickens. The isolate was identified by immunofluorescence and the virions presented typical icosahedral particles under transmission electron microscopy. The full genome of the isolate was 44,329 nucleotides in length with 58% G+C content. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the whole genome, revealed that the new isolate was closest to serotype 8a from the species Fowl aviadenovirus E (FAdV-E). Recombination analysis and phylogenetic analysis showed that the new isolate is a recombinant strain between FAdV-8a and FAdV-8b. In infection experiments, three infected chickens showed clinical signs and one chicken died on day 7 post infection, corresponding to 5% mortality. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the liver were observed, and viral antigen could be detected in the livers by immunohistochemical staining and TEM. Taken together, our study describes the genomic characteristics and pathogenicity of a FAdV-8a strain in China. It would lay a solid foundation for further study of the pathogenic mechanism and vaccine development of the virus.
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27
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Schachner A, Gonzalez G, Endler L, Ito K, Hess M. Fowl Adenovirus (FAdV) Recombination with Intertypic Crossovers in Genomes of FAdV-D and FAdV-E, Displaying Hybrid Serological Phenotypes. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121094. [PMID: 31779121 PMCID: PMC6950264 DOI: 10.3390/v11121094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After analyzing 27 new genomes from fowl adenovirus (FAdV) field isolates and so-far unsequenced prototypes, we report the first evidence for recombination in FAdVs. Recombination was confined to species FAdV-D and FAdV-E, accommodating the largest number of, and the intraspecies-wise most differentiated, types. The majority of detected events occurred in FAdV-E, involving segments with parental origin of all constitutive types. Together with the diversity of breakpoints, this suggests widespread recombination in this species. With possible constraints through species-specific genes and diversification patterns, the recombinogenic potential of FAdVs attains particular interest for inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), an important disease in chickens, caused by types from the recombination-prone species. Autonomously evolving, recombinant segments were associated with major sites under positive selection, among them the capsid protein hexon and fiber genes, the right-terminal ORFs 19, 25, and the ORF20/20A family. The observed mosaicism in genes indicated as targets of adaptive pressures points toward an immune evasion strategy. Intertypic hexon/fiber-recombinants demonstrated hybrid neutralization profiles, retrospectively explaining reported controversies on reference strains B3-A, T8-A, and X11-A. Furthermore, cross-neutralization supported sequence-based evidence for interdomain recombination in fiber and contributed to a tentatively new type. Overall, our findings challenge the purported uniformity of types responsible for IBH, urging more complete identification strategies for FAdVs. Finally, important consequences arise for in vivo studies investigating cross-protection against IBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schachner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-25077-4727
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Division of Bioinformatics, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (G.G.); (K.I.)
| | - Lukas Endler
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Kimihito Ito
- Division of Bioinformatics, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (G.G.); (K.I.)
| | - Michael Hess
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- University Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Grafl B, Berger E, Wernsdorf P, Hess M. Successful reproduction of adenoviral gizzard erosion in 20-week-old SPF layer-type chickens and efficacious prophylaxis due to live vaccination with an apathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype 1 strain (CELO). Vaccine 2019; 38:143-149. [PMID: 31672334 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, outbreaks of adenoviral gizzard erosion (AGE) have been documented in pullets and layers housed free range and in enriched cage systems characterized by increased mortality and a negative impact on egg production. In the present study the pathogenicity of a fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1) field strain as well as the aetiological role of a FAdV-8a strain, both isolated from AGE affected pullets, were investigated in vivo in 20-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) layer-type chickens. Furthermore, the efficacy of a single (week 17) and double (week 14 and 17) application of a live vaccine consisting of an apathogenic FAdV-1 (CELO strain) against challenge with virulent FAdV-1 was investigated. For the first time, AGE was successfully reproduced in adult birds after oral infection of 20-week-old SPF birds with a virulent FAdV-1 field isolate, characterized by pathological changes of the gizzard from 7 days post challenge onwards. In addition, a negative impact of the FAdV-1 infection on the development of the reproductive tract was observed. Thus, confirming the pathogenicity and aetiological role of FAdV-1 in the development of AGE and economic losses due to AGE in layers. In contrast, no pathological changes were observed in birds infected with FAdV-8a. Independent of a single or double application of the live FAdV-1 vaccine strain CELO, no gross pathological changes were observed in gizzards post challenge with the virulent FAdV-1, indicating that complete protection of layers against horizontal induction of AGE was achieved. Nonetheless, virulent FAdV-1 was detected in cloacal swabs and gizzards in both vaccinated groups post challenge determined by the application of an amplification refractory mutation system quantitative PCR used to differentiate between vaccine and challenge strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Grafl
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Evelyn Berger
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patricia Wernsdorf
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Chen L, Yin L, Zhou Q, Peng P, Du Y, Liu L, Zhang Y, Xue C, Cao Y. Epidemiological investigation of fowl adenovirus infections in poultry in China during 2015-2018. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:271. [PMID: 31370846 PMCID: PMC6676587 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) are associated with many diseases, resulting in huge economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Since 2015, outbreaks of FAdV infections with high mortality rates have been reported in China. A continued surveillance of FAdVs contributes to understand the epidemiology of the viruses. Results We isolated 155 FAdV strains from diseased chickens from poultry in China between 2015 and 2018. PCR analysis determined that 123 samples were FAdV species C, 27 were FAdV species E, and five contained two different FAdV strains. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that these sequences of hexon regions were clustered into three distinct serotypes: FAdV-4 (79.4%, 123/155), FAdV-8a (13.5%, 21/155) and FAdV-8b (3.9%, 6/155), of which FAdV-4 was the dominant serotype in China. Conclusions The characterization of newly prevalent FAdV strains provides valuable information for the development of an effective control strategy for FAdV infections in chickens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1969-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunping Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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30
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Needle DB, Wise AG, Gregory CR, Maes RK, Sidor IF, Ritchie BW, Agnew D. Necrotizing Ventriculitis in Fledgling Chimney Swifts ( Chaetura Pelagica) Associated With a Novel Adenovirus, Chimney Swift Adenovirus-1 (CsAdV-1). Vet Pathol 2019; 56:907-914. [PMID: 31331256 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819861717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Five chimney swift fledglings died following a progressive loss of appetite and condition while being cared for by an experienced wildlife rehabilitator. All animals had severe necrotizing and heterophilic ventriculitis, with myriad epithelial cells characterized by karyomegaly with intranuclear inclusion bodies. Transmission electron microscopy showed distention of epithelial cell nuclei and chromatin peripheralization by nonenveloped, icosahedral, 75- to 85-nm-diameter virions. Degenerate nested PCR for a highly conserved region of the adenovirus DNA polymerase gene was positive. BLAST analysis of the amplicon sequence indicated the presence of a novel adenovirus, with 74% homology to Antarctic penguin adenoviruses and 72% homology to a bat adenovirus, at low query coverages of only 65% and 63%, respectively. BLAST analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence generated the highest scores for squamate adenoviruses at 100% query coverage. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the partial amino acid sequence of the DNA polymerase, the chimney swift virus was a novel adenovirus most closely related to the Atadenovirus genus. Using a probe based on the novel viral sequence, DNA in situ hybridization identified viral nucleic acid in the nucleus. While the tentatively named chimney swift adenovirus-1 (CsAdV-1) is so far classified with the Atadenoviruses, it is relatively divergent from other members of that genus and may represent the first identified member of a new genus of Adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Needle
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Annabel G Wise
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA
| | - Christopher R Gregory
- Emerging Diseases Research Group and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Roger K Maes
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA
| | - Inga F Sidor
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Branson W Ritchie
- Emerging Diseases Research Group and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dalen Agnew
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA
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31
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Garmyn A, Bosseler L, Braeckmans D, Van Erum J, Verlinden M. Adenoviral Gizzard Erosions in Two Belgian Broiler Farms. Avian Dis 2019; 62:322-325. [PMID: 30339505 DOI: 10.1637/11826-030918-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus infections are widely prevalent in poultry. Many of the viruses can infect chickens without resulting in overt disease. Nevertheless, some fowl adenoviruses can cause important disease complexes in chickens such as inclusion body hepatitis, hydropericardium syndrome, necrotic pancreatitis, and gizzard erosion. Adenoviral gizzard erosions have been regularly reported from Japan, but detailed reports from Europe are scarce and available only from Italy, Poland, Hungary, and Germany. This case report describes two concurrent outbreaks of gizzard erosions caused by fowl adenovirus A in two Belgian broiler farms. Clinical signs observed were signs of depression, reduced feed intake, reduced weight gain, and lack of uniformity of the flocks. At necropsy, typically multiple erosions within the koilin layer of the gizzard were observed. Histopathological examination showed a multifocal, erosive ventriculitis with basophilic intranuclear inclusions in the epithelium. PCR analysis confirmed the diagnosis of fowl adenovirus. These findings suggest that outbreaks of adenoviral gizzard erosion can also lead to significant economic losses in Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garmyn
- A Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Bosseler
- A Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Braeckmans
- B Veterinary Poultry Practice Galluvet, Dwarsstraat 3, 3560 Lummen, Belgium
| | - J Van Erum
- B Veterinary Poultry Practice Galluvet, Dwarsstraat 3, 3560 Lummen, Belgium
| | - M Verlinden
- A Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Yu G, Lin Y, Dou Y, Tang Y, Diao Y. Prevalence of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 and Co-Infection by Immunosuppressive Viruses in Fowl with Hydropericardium Hepatitis Syndrome in Shandong Province, China. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060517. [PMID: 31195615 PMCID: PMC6631144 DOI: 10.3390/v11060517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is the pathogenic agent of hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HHS) in chickens and ducks, which has caused huge economic losses for the Chinese poultry industry since 2015. In order to objectively determine the prevalence and co-infection status of the virus in Shandong province in China, we analyzed a total of 679 clinical cases of chickens and ducks from 36 farms in the province. The results showed that the FAdV-4 infection rate was 65.2% (443/679), and the rate in breeder ducks was almost two-fold higher than that in breeder chickens (68.57% vs. 34.30%). Notably, co-infection by H9N2 avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus, and/or chicken infectious anemia virus was very common in the 443 FAdV-4-positive cases. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of the hexon genes of four Shandong FAdV-4 isolates revealed that these strains clustered into Indian reference strains, indicating that the Shandong FAdV-4 strains might have originated in India. These findings provide the first data on the prevalence and co-infection status of FAdV-4 in Shandong province, which may serve as a foundation for the prevention of FAdV-4 in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanliu Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yun Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yanguo Dou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Youxiang Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an 271018, Shandong Province, China.
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Kaján GL, Affranio I, Tóthné Bistyák A, Kecskeméti S, Benkő M. An emerging new fowl adenovirus genotype. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01732. [PMID: 31193583 PMCID: PMC6536733 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we examined the diversity of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) types occurring in Hungary. From diseased chicken flocks in Eastern Hungary, 29 FAdV strains were isolated between 2011 and 2015. We performed molecular typing of the isolates based on their partial hexon sequences. The results showed that representatives from every FAdV species from A to E are present in Hungary, but compared to the findings from our previous survey, a lower number of different FAdV types were detected. Inclusion body hepatitis was always associated with FAdV-2 or -8b, gizzard erosion was caused in almost every case by FAdV-1. Numerous strains belonging to species FAdV-B were found. The complete genome sequence of a candidate new genotype strain, showing the highest divergence from the reference FAdV-5, was determined using next generation sequencing. In order to provide results compatible with the serology-based type classification, multiple genomic regions, including the major antigenic determinants, of the new isolate (strain 40440-M/2015) were compared to their counterparts in the prototype FAdV-5 (strain 340) from species FAdV-B, at both nucleotide and amino acid sequence levels. In different comparative analyses, the two strains were always found to have larger divergence between each other than any two of the most closely related FAdV serotypes. This new emerging FAdV genotype is already present in Hungary and Austria, though its exact pathological role requires further investigations. The introduction of a novel FAdV (geno)type for the classification of these strains is further supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Győző L Kaján
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilaria Affranio
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tóthné Bistyák
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Bornemissza u. 3-7, H-4031, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kecskeméti
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Bornemissza u. 3-7, H-4031, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mária Benkő
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
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Psittacid Adenovirus-2 infection in the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogastor): A key threatening process or an example of a host-adapted virus? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208674. [PMID: 30811501 PMCID: PMC6392234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittacid Adenovirus-2 (PsAdv-2) was identified in captive orange-bellied parrots (Neophema chrysogastor) during a multifactorial cluster of mortalities at the Adelaide Zoo, South Australia, and an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia at the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment captive breeding facility, Taroona, Tasmania. This was the first time that an adenovirus had been identified in orange-bellied parrots and is the first report of PsAdv-2 in Australia. To investigate the status of PsAdv-2 in the captive population of orange-bellied parrots, 102 healthy birds from five breeding facilities were examined for the presence of PsAdv-2 DNA in droppings and/or cloacal swabs using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Additionally, eight birds released to the wild for the 2016 breeding season were similarly tested when they were recaptured prior to migration to be held in captivity for the winter. PsAdv-2 was identified in all breeding facilities as well as the birds recaptured from the wild. Prevalence of shedding ranged from 29.7 to 76.5%, demonstrating that PsAdv-2 is endemic in the captive population of orange-bellied parrots and that wild parrots may have been exposed to the virus. PsAdv-2 DNA was detected in both cloacal swabs and faeces of the orange-bellied parrots, but testing both samples from the same birds suggested that testing faeces would be more sensitive than cloacal swabs. PsAdv-2 was not found in other psittacine species housed in nearby aviaries at the Adelaide Zoo. The source of the infection in the orange-bellied parrots remains undetermined. In this study, PsAdv-2 prevalence of shedding was higher in adult birds as compared to birds less than one year old. Preliminary data also suggested a correlation between adenovirus shedding prevalence within the breeding collection and chick survival.
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Wan C, Chen C, Cheng L, Fu G, Shi S, Liu R, Chen H, Fu Q, Huang Y. Development of a TaqMan-based real-time PCR for detecting duck adenovirus 3. J Virol Methods 2018; 261:86-90. [PMID: 30114433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel duck adenovirus (designated as duck adenovirus 3, DAdV-3) was discovered in Muscovy ducks, China. Here, we developed a TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay (qPCR) for the detection of DAdV-3 infection. After the optimization of the qPCR conditions, the lower limit of detection for DAdV-3 infection was 40.9 copies/μl. No cross-reactivity was observed with other duck-derived pathogens. Intra- and inter-assay variability was less than 2.30%. DAdV-3 was detected in embryos and newly hatched ducklings by qPCR assay, the findings provided evidence of possible vertical transmission of DAdV-3. The developed qPCR analysis showed high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility, thereby indicating that it can be used in future investigations on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of DAdV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhe Wan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention/Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.
| | - Cuiteng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention/Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Longfei Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention/Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Guanghua Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention/Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Shaohua Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention/Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Rongchang Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention/Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention/Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Qiuling Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention/Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention/Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.
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Ruan SF, Zhao J, Ren YC, Feng JL, Zhang GZ. Phylogenetic Analyses of Fowl Adenoviruses (FAdV) Isolated in China and Pathogenicity of a FAdV-8 Isolate. Avian Dis 2018; 61:353-357. [PMID: 28956998 DOI: 10.1637/11671-050817-regr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) have a worldwide distribution and are associated with a variety of diseases, causing considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. We characterized 10 FAdVs isolated from China in 2015-2016 and assessed the pathogenicity of a FAdV-8 strain in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Phylogenetic analysis of a hexon gene revealed that only 1 of the 10 isolates belonged to FAdV-8, whereas others belonged to FAdV-4, indicating that Chinese FAdVs were mainly FAdV-4 in recent years. The pathogenicity experiment of the FAdV-8 strain CH/SD/2015/09 showed that no clinical signs were observed in infected chickens. Necropsy displayed mild necrotic foci and petechial hemorrhage of livers collected at 5 days postinfection (dpi). Histopathologic examination identified the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes. No virus was detected in oral and cloacal swabs at 5 dpi, and only viral DNA could be measured in kidneys collected at the same time. The results revealed that CH/SD/2015/09 had no obvious pathogenicity in 5-wk-old SPF chickens, which could provide a better understanding about the pathogenicity of the FAdV-8 serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Fan Ruan
- A Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- A Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chao Ren
- B Diagnostic & Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ling Feng
- B Diagnostic & Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Zhong Zhang
- A Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.,B Diagnostic & Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Feichtner F, Schachner A, Berger E, Hess M. Fiber-based fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (FMIA) as a novel multiplex serodiagnostic tool for simultaneous detection and differentiation of all clinically relevant fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotypes. J Immunol Methods 2018. [PMID: 29522774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV) induced disease outbreaks in chicken flocks worldwide, with distinct aetiologies confined to particular FAdV species and serotypes, is increasingly urging the need for specific and mass-applicable antibody screening systems. Despite this exigency, there are to date no available serological procedures which satisfactorily combine the criteria for sensitive detection of antibodies against FAdVs, diagnostic reliability in face of cross-reactions and requirements for a rapid and large-scale application. In order to address this gap, a multiplexed fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (FMIA) based on recombinant FAdV fiber proteins from six different serotypes FAdV-1, -2, -4, -8a, -8b and -11 was developed, which enabled simultaneous detection of antibodies against all clinically relevant serotypes in a single reaction within a high throughput setting. Based on a panel of >300 monospecific antisera raised against each of the 12 FAdV serotypes, 100% serotype-specificity was demonstrated for FAdV-1 (FAdV-A) and FAdV-4 (FAdV-C) fiber-based analytes. Analytes based on serotypes affiliated to FAdV-D and FAdV-E exhibited moderately lower specificities of 91.2-95.7%. This was attributed almost exclusively to mutual recognition between FAdV-2 and -11 field strains and to a much lesser extent to reference strains, supporting earlier proposals to merge them into a single serotype. Similarly, extensive cross-reactions between FAdV-8a and -8b were noted. Altogether intraspecies cross-reactions can be attributed to viruses with a close etiological intersection. Antisera against other important avian viruses remained negative by the FMIA, further validating its specificity. Compared to the virus-neutralization (VN) test, FMIA and individual fiber-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were equally sensitive in the detection of sera against FAdV-2 and -11, as well as FAdV-8a and -8b field strains, while they were even superior to VN test in detection of FAdV-1 and FAdV-4 responses, likely attributed to a relative abundance of fiber antibodies early upon infection. Moreover, application of the FMIA on field samples comprising a diversified response against all 12 FAdV serotypes further consolidated its specificity and agreement with VN test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Feichtner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna Schachner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyn Berger
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Guan R, Tian Y, Han X, Yang X, Wang H. Complete genome sequence and pathogenicity of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 involved in hydropericardium syndrome in Southwest China. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:290-298. [PMID: 29427711 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2015, an emerging infectious disease of inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) has been occurred in China, which caused economic loss in poultry farming. In this study, we isolated four fowl adenovirus strains from flocks with an outbreak of HPS. The complete nucleotide sequence of SC-Neijiang was determined and its pathogenicity was evaluated. Phylogenetic analysis based on hexon gene revealed that all the isolates belonged to fowl adenovirus serotype 4. The full genome sequence of SC-Neijiang has a size of 43,719 bp, with 54.85% G + C content. Compared with JSJ13, 11-amino-acid deletion at the ORF29 was appeared on SC-Neijiang. In infectious experiments, 80% (16/20) birds died in intramuscular route and lesions characteristic for Hydropericardium Syndrome (HPS), while 5% (1/20) birds died in nasal route. The viral DNA was further detected by real-time PCR in several chicken organs. The highest titers were recorded in all the organs at day 5 post-infection. To our knowledge, this is first report on the prevalence of fowl adenovirus in Southwest China. This research elucidated the characteristics of genome sequence and pathogenicity of Chinese FAdV-4 strain and provided theoretical support for the prevention and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Guan
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Yiming Tian
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Hongning Wang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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Schachner A, Matos M, Grafl B, Hess M. Fowl adenovirus-induced diseases and strategies for their control - a review on the current global situation. Avian Pathol 2017; 47:111-126. [PMID: 28950714 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1385724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The stand-alone pathogenicity of fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) had long been disputed, given the ubiquity of the viruses versus sporadic outbreaks, and variation between experimental studies. However, a globally emerging trend of FAdV-associated diseases has marked the past two decades, with hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome mainly in Asia besides Arabian and Latin American countries, and geographically more disseminated outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis. Finally, the appearance of FAdV-induced gizzard erosion (AGE) in Asia and Europe completed the range of diseases. Epidemiological studies confirmed serotype FAdV-4 as agent of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome, whereas inclusion body hepatitis is related to FAdV-2, -8a, -8b and -11. Members of the biologically more distant serotype FAdV-1 induce AGE. Urged by increasing problems in the field, numerous pathogenicity studies with FAdVs from outbreaks substantiated the primary aetiologic role of particular strains for distinct clinical conditions. Developments in the poultry industry towards highly specialized genetic breeds and rigorous biosecurity additionally contribute to the growing incidence of FAdV-related diseases. Confirming field observations, recent studies connected a higher susceptibility of broilers with their distinct physiology, implying the choice of bird type as a factor to be considered in infection studies. Furthermore, elevated biosecurity standards have generated immunologically naïve breeding stocks, putting broilers at risk in face of vertical FAdV transmission. Therefore, future prevention strategies should include adequate antibodies in breeders prior to production and - if necessary - vaccination, in order to protect progenies. This review aims to deliver a detailed overview on the current global situation about FAdV-induced diseases, their reproduction in vivo and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schachner
- a Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV) , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
| | - Miguel Matos
- b Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
| | - Beatrice Grafl
- b Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- a Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV) , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria.,b Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
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Genome Sequence of Fowl Aviadenovirus A Strain JM1/1, Which Caused Gizzard Erosions in Japan. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/41/e00749-17. [PMID: 29025927 PMCID: PMC5637487 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00749-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the complete genome sequence of fowl aviadenovirus A strain JM1/1, which caused gizzard erosions in broilers occurring in Japan. The JM1/1 genome is 43,809 bp in length and most closely related to the strain chicken embryo lethal orphan (CELO); moreover, multiple site insertions and deletions were found.
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Grafl B, Garcia-Rueda C, Cargill P, Wood A, Schock A, Liebhart D, Schachner A, Hess M. Fowl aviadenovirus serotype 1 confirmed as the aetiological agent of gizzard erosions in replacement pullets and layer flocks in Great Britain by laboratory and in vivo studies. Avian Pathol 2017; 47:63-72. [PMID: 28920482 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1367364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An investigation into the aetiology and pathogenesis of adenoviral gizzard erosion has been conducted following three natural outbreaks affecting one flock of 6-week-old replacement pullets and two consecutive placements of free range layers at the age of 21 and 23 weeks. Affected flocks showed increased mortality (0.12-0.30% per week), and gizzard lesions were consistent with fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV) involvement. To substantiate the initial findings, a selection of archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gizzard samples from another 12 pullet and layer flocks, for which macroscopic and histopathological diagnosis of the disease were recorded in Great Britain during the period 2009-2016, were also investigated. In situ hybridization (ISH), virology and/or PCR confirmed the presence of FAdV species-A, serotype-1 (FAdV-A, FAdV-1) DNA in gizzard samples of all 15 cases investigated. Co-infections with additional FAdV serotypes including FAdV-8a were detected by serology and/or virology in two of the pullet flocks. However, species-specific in situ hybridization revealed that pathological changes of affected gizzards were only associated with the detection of FAdV-A. A subsequent in vivo study infecting 21-day-old SPF pullets with FAdV-1 or FAdV-8a strains isolated from the 6-week-old replacement pullets revealed characteristic pathomorphological changes only in the gizzards from birds infected with FAdV-1. While infection with FAdV-8a was confirmed by virology and serology, infected SPF birds did not develop pathomorphological changes. Therefore, the aetiological involvement of the isolated FAdV-8a in the development of adenoviral gizzard erosion in commercial pullets has been ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Grafl
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | | | - Peter Cargill
- c Wyatt Poultry Veterinary Services Limited , Hereford , UK
| | - Alisdair Wood
- b Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Avian Pathology , Penicuik , UK
| | - Alex Schock
- b Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Avian Pathology , Penicuik , UK
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Anna Schachner
- d Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV) , Vienna , Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,d Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV) , Vienna , Austria
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Abstract
1. Infectious diseases have a large impact on poultry health and economics. Elucidating the pathogenesis of a certain disease is crucial to implement control strategies. 2. Multiplication of a pathogen and its characterisation in vitro are basic requirements to perform experimental studies. However, passaging of the pathogen in vitro can influence the pathogenicity, a process targeted for live vaccine development, but limits the reproduction of clinical signs. 3. Numerous factors can influence the outcome of experimental infections with some importance on the pathogen, application route and host as exemplarily outlined for Histomonas meleagridis, Gallibacterium anatis and fowl aviadenoviruses (FAdVs). 4. In future, more comprehensive and detailed settings are needed to obtain as much information as possible from animal experiments. Processing of samples with modern diagnostic tools provides the option to closely monitor the host–pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hess
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
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43
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Abstract
■ Current and emerging issue ■ Highlights from the scanning surveillance network ■ Abortion in sheep--an update ■ Update on international disease threats. These are among matters discussed in the Animal and Plant Health Agency's (APHA's) March disease surveillance report.
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Steer PA, Sandy JR, O'Rourke D, Scott PC, Browning GF, Noormohammadi AH. Chronological analysis of gross and histological lesions induced by field strains of fowl adenovirus serotypes 1, 8b and 11 in one-day-old chickens. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:106-13. [PMID: 25609454 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1007919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) cause diseases in domestic chickens, including inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), with immunosuppression believed to play a role in their pathogenesis. To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis and chronology of disease caused by FAdVs, the gross pathology, histopathology and dissemination of virus were examined at several different time points, after inoculation of one-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens with FAdV-1, FAdV-8b or FAdV-11 via the ocular route. FAdV-8b had a slightly greater virulence than FAdV-11, but both were primary pathogens. The presence and severity of hepatic lesions were used to define the three stages of the disease: incubation (1-3 days post-inoculation, PI), degeneration (4-7 days PI) and convalescence (14 days PI). Both viruses were detected in the liver, kidney, bursa, thymus and gizzard of most birds during the degenerative stage, and persisted in the gizzard into convalescence. The FAdV-1 isolate was found to be apathogenic, but virus was detected in the bursa and/or gizzard of several birds between 2 and 7 days PI. This is the first study examining the chronology of gross and microscopic lesions of pathogenic and apathogenic FAdVs in association with viral presence in multiple tissues. It was concluded that both FAdV-8b and FAdV-11 are primary pathogens, and that these strains may play a role in immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Steer
- a Poultry CRC , University of New England , Armidale , NSW , Australia
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Grafl B, Prokofieva I, Wernsdorf P, Dublecz K, Hess M. Clinical signs and progression of lesions in the gizzard are not influenced by inclusion of ground oats or whole wheat in the diet following experimental infection with pathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype 1. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:230-6. [PMID: 25768948 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1028886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the effects of dietary gizzard stimulation on the development and severity of adenoviral gizzard erosion were investigated. For this purpose, specific pathogen-free broilers were divided into six groups, investigating the influence of an oat-containing diet with higher fibre content, a whole wheat-containing diet and a control diet of nearly identical composition, but containing ground wheat. For each feed administered, one group of birds was experimentally infected on the 10th day of age by the oral route with virulent fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1), recently proven to induce gizzard erosions, while the respective negative control groups remained uninfected. Experimental feed was administered from 2 days post-infection onwards. No significant differences on gizzard health or in weight gain could be detected between uninfected control groups or between FAdV-1 infected groups that received different experimental feed. However, independent of the supplied diet, a significantly reduced weight gain was noted from 7 days post-infection onwards in FAdV-1 infected broilers compared to uninfected birds that received the same diet. Macroscopically, discolouration and erosion of the koilin layer and inflammation of the gizzard mucosa were observed in all FAdV-1 infected groups. Histologically, necrosis, degeneration of gizzard epithelial cells and multiple basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed. In summary, after experimental infection with FAdV-1 development of gizzard erosion in chickens was not influenced by the feeding regimes investigated. Therefore, it is unlikely that dietary gizzard stimulation influences the outcome of adenoviral gizzard erosion in vertically infected broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grafl
- a Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
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46
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Infection with an apathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype-1 strain (CELO) prevents adenoviral gizzard erosion in broilers. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:177-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Grafl B, Liebhart D, Günes A, Wernsdorf P, Aigner F, Bachmeier J, Hess M. Quantity of virulent fowl adenovirus serotype 1 correlates with clinical signs, macroscopical and pathohistological lesions in gizzards following experimental induction of gizzard erosion in broilers. Vet Res 2013; 44:38. [PMID: 23705834 PMCID: PMC3672026 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial broilers with maternally derived fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1) antibodies were orally infected with a European “pathogenic” FAdV-1, isolated from broilers showing signs of gizzard erosion. During the experiment, broilers were observed and weighed daily up to 17 days post infection (dpi). Clinically, both infected groups showed significant decrease of weight compared to respective negative control groups. Birds were examined by necropsy at 3, 7, 10, 14 and 17 dpi. Pathological changes in the gizzards were noticed in both experimentally infected groups from 7 dpi onwards. Macroscopically, erosion of the koilin layer and inflammation or ulceration of the gizzard mucosa were observed. Histologically, presence of FAdV-1 in intranuclear inclusion bodies of degenerated glandular epithelial cells was demonstrated by in-situ hybridization and inflammatory cell infiltration of the lamina propria, submucosa and muscle layer was detected. Tissue samples were investigated by a recently developed real-time PCR and the viral DNA load was calculated from gizzard, liver, spleen and cloacal swabs with the highest amounts of FAdV-1 DNA found in the gizzard. For the first time, successful reproduction of clinical signs in broilers as well as pathological lesions in the gizzard were achieved with a European FAdV-1 isolate displaying some genetic differences to so far reported virulent FAdV-1 from Japan. Furthermore, highest viral load in gizzards could be linked with macroscopical and histological lesions. Therefore, the conducted analyses provide important insights into the pathogenesis of adenoviral gizzard erosion.
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