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Gray LS, Latorre JD, Hernandez-Patlan D, Solis-Cruz B, Petrone-Garcia VM, Hernandez-Velasco X, Robbins KM, Moore RW, Vuong CN, Stein A, Laverty L, Martin K, Coles ME, Señas-Cuesta R, Diaz-Gomez JM, Loeza I, Castellanos-Huerta I, Maguey-Gonzalez JA, Graham BD, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G. Isolation, characterization, and experimental infection of Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies pasteurianus from commercial turkeys with acute septicemia: a pilot study. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102950. [PMID: 37540949 PMCID: PMC10407896 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gallolyticus (SG) is a Gram-positive cocci found as commensal gut flora in animals and humans. SG has emerged as a cause of disease in young poults between 1 and 3 wk of age. SG is associated with septicemia resulting in acute mortality with no premonitory signs in turkeys. Three SG isolates were obtained from clinical field cases of acute septicemia of commercial turkeys and used in three independent experiments. In Experiment 1, embryos were inoculated 25 d of embryogenesis with varying concentrations of SG1, SG2, or SG3. In Experiment 2, day of hatch, poults were inoculated with varying concentrations using different routes of administration of SG1, SG2, or SG3. In Experiment 3, day of hatch, poults were inoculated with only isolate SG1 using different paths. Poults were randomly selected for necropsy on d 8 and d 15 and sampled to collect spleen, heart, and liver for SG on d 21, the remaining poults were necropsied and cultured. Samples were plated on Columbia nalidixic acid and colistin agar (CNA) (40°C, 18-24 h). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) confirmed suspect colonies. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test of independence, testing all possible combinations to determine significance (P < 0.05). Weight data were subjected to ANOVA using JMP with significance (P < 0.05). No differences were found in BW or BWG on d 0, 8, 15, or 22. Splenomegaly, focal heart necrosis, and pericarditis were observed in all groups in experiments 1 through 3. In Experiment 3, only airsacculitis was observed in a negative control in separate isolation (P > 0.05). On d 21 of Experiment 3, increased (P < 0.05) recovery of SG from spleens were observed in co-housed negative controls, as well as poults challenged by oral gavage (P > 0.05 for d 7 and d 14). These results confirm numerous previous studies indicating that SG subsp. pasteurianus is a primary infectious microorganism that causes septicemia in young poults.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Gray
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - J D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - D Hernandez-Patlan
- Laboratory 5: LEDEFAR, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico-Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (UNAM-FESC), Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico State 54714, Mexico; Nanotechnology Engineering Division, Polytechnic University of the Valley of Mexico, Tultitlan, Mexico State 54910, Mexico
| | - B Solis-Cruz
- Laboratory 5: LEDEFAR, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico-Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (UNAM-FESC), Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico State 54714, Mexico; Nanotechnology Engineering Division, Polytechnic University of the Valley of Mexico, Tultitlan, Mexico State 54910, Mexico
| | - V M Petrone-Garcia
- Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias, UNAM-FESC, Cuautitlán, Estado de Mexico 54714, Mexico
| | - X Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Cd. de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | | | - R W Moore
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72703, USA
| | - C N Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - A Stein
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - L Laverty
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - K Martin
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - M E Coles
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - R Señas-Cuesta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | - I Loeza
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - I Castellanos-Huerta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - J A Maguey-Gonzalez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - B D Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - B M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - G Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Pigeon Circovirus over Three Decades of Research: Bibliometrics, Scoping Review, and Perspectives. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071498. [PMID: 35891478 PMCID: PMC9317399 DOI: 10.3390/v14071498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pigeon circovirus (PiCV), first described in the literature in the early 1990s, is considered one of the most important infectious agents affecting pigeon health. Thirty years after its discovery, the current review has employed bibliometric strategies to map the entire accessible PiCV-related research corpus with the aim of understanding its present research landscape, particularly in consideration of its historical context. Subsequently, developments, current knowledge, and important updates were provided. Additionally, this review also provides a textual analysis examining the relationship between PiCV and the young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS), as described and propagated in the literature. Our examination revealed that usages of the term ‘YPDS’ in the literature are characterizations that are diverse in range, and neither standard nor equivalent. Guided by our understanding of the PiCV research corpus, a conceptualization of PiCV diseases was also presented in this review. Proposed definitions and diagnostic criteria for PiCV subclinical infection (PiCV-SI) and PiCV systemic disease (PiCV-SD) were also provided. Lastly, knowledge gaps and open research questions relevant to future PiCV-related studies were identified and discussed.
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Sahindokuyucu I, Turkmen MB, Sumer T, Elhag AE, Alcigir ME, Yazici Z, Barry G, Gulbahar MY, Kul O. First detection and molecular characterisation of a pigeon aviadenovirus A and pigeon circovirus co-infection associated with Young Pigeon Disease Syndrome (YPDS) in Turkish pigeons (Columba livia domestica). Vet Med Sci 2021; 8:139-149. [PMID: 34729940 PMCID: PMC8788887 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigeon aviadenovirus A and Pigeon circovirus are both DNA viruses, infect and cause severe clinical diseases in pigeons. These viruses are associated with an immunosuppression syndrome similar to ‘Young Pigeon Disease Syndrome’ (YPDS). This study reports the identification of a natural co‐infection, with severe clinical signs (crop vomiting, watery diarrhoea, anorexia and sudden death) of Pigeon aviadenovirus A and Pigeon circovirus in a breeding pigeon flock in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Both viruses were isolated from pigeons pooled internal organs using primary chicken embryo kidney cell cultures (CEKC) and specific pathogen‐free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs. Also, both viruses were identified by PCR amplification followed by Sanger sequencing whereas histopathological examination showed degenerated hepatocytes with basophilic intranuclear viral inclusions. As known, both viruses typically have similar transmission characteristics and common clinical manifestations; however, co‐infection may exacerbate the disease with devastating outcomes. This is the first report of its kind in Turkey for those viruses and is essential for the protection against these kinds of infections in pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sahindokuyucu
- Poultry Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Merve Biskin Turkmen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Tugce Sumer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Ahmed Eisa Elhag
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Virology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Preventive Medicine and Clinical Studies, University of Gadarif, Al Qadarif, Sudan
| | - Mehmet Eray Alcigir
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Zafer Yazici
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Virology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gerald Barry
- Veterinary Science Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mustafa Yavuz Gulbahar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Oguz Kul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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4
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Agnihotri K, Smith C, Oakey J, Storie G. Pigeon adenovirus and pigeon torque teno virus associated with acute multifocal hepatic necrosis in pigeons in Queensland, Australia. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1469-1475. [PMID: 33721100 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In 2018, an outbreak resulting in deaths of 28 breeding pigeons was reported north of Brisbane, Australia. The affected birds had runny nasal discharge and poor body condition. Two birds were submitted to Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Brisbane, for investigation. A range of diagnostic tests excluded a number of known pathogens, and no virus was isolated in cell culture. Histopathological examination revealed severe acute multifocal necrosis in the liver with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) revealed full-length sequences for pigeon adenovirus 1 (PiAd-A) and pigeon torque teno virus (PTTV). This report indicates concomitant PiAd-1and PTTV infections in Australian pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Agnihotri
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia.
| | - Craig Smith
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Jane Oakey
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Greg Storie
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
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Wan C, Chen C, Cheng L, Fu G, Shi S, Liu R, Chen H, Fu Q, Huang Y. A TaqMan-based real-time PCR for detection and quantification of newly identified novel pigeon adenovirus. J Virol Methods 2018; 261:6-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wan C, Chen C, Cheng L, Shi S, Fu G, Liu R, Chen H, Fu Q, Huang Y. Detection of novel adenovirus in sick pigeons. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1025-1028. [PMID: 29618674 PMCID: PMC6021868 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports a novel adenovirus that was found circulating in pigeons in China. Nucleotide homology analysis of the hexon gene showed a nucleotide similarity of 79.0 and 70.9% with PiAd-2 variant A and PiAd-1, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the identified virus, together with PiAd-2 variant, constitutes a monophyletic group (proposed as Pigeon Aviadenovirus B) in the genus Aviadenovirus. The present study contributes to the understanding of the epidemiology, ecology, and taxonomy of adenoviruses in pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhe Wan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Cuiteng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Longfei Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Shaohua Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Guanghua Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Rongchang Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Qiuling Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
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7
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Teske L, Rubbenstroth D, Meixner M, Liere K, Bartels H, Rautenschlein S. Identification of a novel aviadenovirus, designated pigeon adenovirus 2 in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). Virus Res 2016; 227:15-22. [PMID: 27697452 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS) affects mainly young pigeons of less than one year of age and leads to crop stasis, vomitus, diarrhea, anorexia and occasionally death. This disease is internationally a major health problem because of its seasonal appearance during competitions such as homing pigeon races or exhibitions of ornamental birds. While the etiology of YPDS is still unclear, adenoviruses are frequently discussed as potential causative agents. Electron microscopy of feces from a YPDS outbreak revealed massive shedding of adenovirus-like particles. Whole genome sequencing of this sample identified a novel adenovirus tentatively named pigeon adenovirus 2 (PiAdV-2). Phylogenetic and comparative genome analysis suggest PiAdV-2 to belong to a new species within the genus Aviadenovirus, for which we propose the name Pigeon aviadenovirus B. The PiAdV-2 genome shares 54.9% nucleotide sequence identity with pigeon adenovirus 1 (PiAdV-1). In a screening of further YPDS-affected flocks two variants of PiAdV-2 (variant A and B) were detected which shared 97.6% nucleotide identity of partial polymerase sequences, but only 79.7% nucleotide identity of partial hexon sequences. The distribution of both PiAdV-2 variants was further investigated in fecal samples collected between 2008 and 2015 from healthy or YPDS-affected racing pigeons of different lofts. Independent of their health status, approximately 20% of young and 13% of adult pigeon flocks harbored PiAdV-2 variants. Birds were free of PiAdV-1 or other aviadenoviruses as determined by PCRs targeting the aviadenovirus polymerase or the PiAdV-1 fiber gene, respectively. In conclusion, there is no indication of a correlation between YPDS outbreaks and the presence of PiAdV-2 or other aviadenoviruses, arguing against an causative role in this disease complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Teske
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - D Rubbenstroth
- Institute for Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Meixner
- SMB Services in Molecular Biology GmbH, Rudolf-Breitscheid-Str. 70, D-15562 Rüdersdorf, Germany
| | - K Liere
- SMB Services in Molecular Biology GmbH, Rudolf-Breitscheid-Str. 70, D-15562 Rüdersdorf, Germany
| | - H Bartels
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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8
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Abstract
In the present article, a review is given on adenovirosis in pigeons. Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis and control of two clinical types of pigeon adenovirus infections are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vereecken
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Hess M, Prusas C, Monreal G. Growth analysis of adenoviruses isolated from pigeons in chicken cells and serological characterization of the isolates. Avian Pathol 2007; 27:196-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Scullion FT, Scullion MG. Pathologic Findings in Racing Pigeons (Columba livia domestica) With “Young Bird Sickness”. J Avian Med Surg 2007; 21:1-7. [DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742(2007)21[1:pfirpc]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
This review provides a current update on the major viral diseases of the domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica), based on scientific reports and clinical experience. Paramyxovirus 1, adenovirus, rotavirus, herpesvirus 1, poxvirus and circovirus infections are described according to common clinical signs and target tissues. Since pigeons are sometimes treated as if they were poultry, the review also summarises the common viral infections of poultry for which pigeons are considered resistant. It is hoped that the review will provide a useful reference for veterinarians and others and offer advice on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the major infectious diseases of pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marlier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Birds and Rabbits Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, Bât B42, B4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Raue R, Hafez HM, Hess M. A fiber gene-based polymerase chain reaction for specific detection of pigeon adenovirus. Avian Pathol 2002; 31:95-9. [PMID: 12425796 DOI: 10.1080/03079450120106660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to detect a recently described pigeon adenovirus (PiAV). Primers located in the fiber gene of PiAV amplified a PCR fragment solely from PiAV DNA, whereas all 12 serotypes of fowl adenoviruses (FAV1 to FAV12), some of them able to infect pigeons, did not react. A PCR fragment of 967 base pairs was amplified from three different isolates serologically typed as PiAV and from some pigeon liver samples showing morphological and histological signs of an adenovirus infection. Those samples did not react with a published primer pair (H3/H4) able to detect FAV, demonstrating the specificity of both PCRs to react exclusively with the respective pathogen, PiAV or FAV. The presented PCR is a suitable diagnostic tool to gain further insight into the epidemiology of PiAV infections in pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Raue
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Koserstrasse 21, Germany
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13
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Wang CH, Chang CM. Pathogenicity and gene analysis of adenovirus from pigeons with inclusion body hepatitis. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:989-93. [PMID: 11039596 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of an adenovirus isolated from pigeons (Pigeon adenovirus, PA) with inclusion body hepatitis in Taiwan was investigated in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks and in racing pigeons. One-day-old SPF chicks were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(4) 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50, low dose) and 10(8) TCID50 (high dose) of the virus, respectively. The chicks began to die three days post inoculation (DPI) with high dose of the virus and the mortality reached 100%; the chicks began to die 6 DPI and the mortality reached 90% at 14 DPI with low dose. The adult pigeons seemed to be resistant to the PA. However, this virus decreased the production of antibody against Newcastle disease virus in pigeons. It is found that this PA belongs to genetic group D from the restriction patterns produced by BamH I and Hind III.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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