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You R, Liu K, Huang M, Tang L, Zhang X, Huang Y, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Ye L, Zhang G. Identification and Comparison of the Sialic Acid-Binding Domain Characteristics of Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Spike Protein. J Virol 2023; 97:e0048923. [PMID: 37097156 PMCID: PMC10231253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00489-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections are initiated by the transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein, which binds to host factors and fuses the viral and cell membranes. The N-terminal domain of the S1 subunit of IBV S protein binds to sialic acids, but the precise location of the sialic acid binding domain (SABD) and the role of the SABD in IBV-infected chickens remain unclear. Here, we identify the S1 N-terminal amino acid (aa) residues 19 to 227 (209 aa total) of IBV strains SD (GI-19) and GD (GI-7), and the corresponding region of M41 (GI-1), as the minimal SABD using truncated protein histochemistry and neuraminidase assays. Both α-2,3- and α-2,6-linked sialic acids on the surfaces of CEK cells can be used as attachment receptors by IBV, leading to increased infection efficiency. However, 9-O acetylation of the sialic acid glycerol side chain inhibits IBV S1 and SABD protein binding. We further constructed recombinant strains in which the S1 gene or the SABD in the GD and SD genomes were replaced with the corresponding region from M41 by reverse genetics. Infecting chickens with these viruses revealed that the virulence and nephrotropism of rSDM41-S1, rSDM41-206, rGDM41-S1, and rGDM41-206 strains were decreased to various degrees compared to their parental strains. A positive sera cross-neutralization test showed that the serotypes were changed for the recombinant viruses. Our results provide insight into IBV infection of host cells that may aid vaccine design. IMPORTANCE To date, only α-2,3-linked sialic acid has been identified as a potential host binding receptor for IBV. Here, we show the minimum region constituting the sialic acid binding domain (SABD) and the binding characteristics of the S1 subunit of spike (S) protein of IBV strains SD (GI-19), GD (GI-7), and M41 (GI-1) to various sialic acids. The 9-O acetylation modification partially inhibits IBV from binding to sialic acid, while the virus can also bind to sialic acid molecules linked to host cells through an α-2,6 linkage, serving as another receptor determinant. Substitution of the putative SABD from strain M41 into strains SD and GD resulted in reduced virulence, nephrotropism, and a serotype switch. These findings suggest that sialic acid binding has diversified during the evolution of γ-coronaviruses, impacting the biological properties of IBV strains. Our results offer insight into the mechanisms by which IBV invades host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renrong You
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangchengyin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yahui Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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A New Variant Among Newcastle Disease Viruses Isolated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2018 and 2019. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020151. [PMID: 33498495 PMCID: PMC7909526 DOI: 10.3390/v13020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly transmissible and devastating disease that affects poultry and wild birds worldwide. Comprehensive knowledge regarding the characteristics and epidemiological factors of the ND virus (NDV) is critical for the control and prevention of ND. Effective vaccinations can prevent and control the spread of the NDV in poultry populations. For decades, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has reported the impacts of ND on commercial and traditional poultry farming systems. The reports were preliminary clinical observations, and few cases were confirmed in the laboratory. However, data on the phylogenetic, genetic, and virological characteristics of NDVs circulating in the DRC are not available. In this study, the whole-genome sequences of three NDV isolates obtained using the next-generation sequencing method revealed two isolates that were a new variant of NDV, and one isolate that was clustered in the subgenotype VII.2. All DRC isolates were velogenic and were antigenically closely related to the vaccine strains. Our findings reveal that despite the circulation of the new variant, ND can be controlled in the DRC using the current vaccine. However, epidemiological studies should be conducted to elucidate the endemicity of the disease so that better control strategies can be implemented.
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Antigenic and Pathogenic Characteristics of QX-Type Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strains Isolated in Southwestern China. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121154. [PMID: 31847269 PMCID: PMC6950461 DOI: 10.3390/v11121154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The QX-type avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is still a prevalent genotype in Southwestern China. To analyze the antigenicity and pathogenicity characteristics of the dominant genotype strains (QX-type), S1 gene sequence analysis, virus cross-neutralization tests, and pathogenicity test of eight QX-type IBV isolates were conducted. Sequence analysis showed that the nucleotide homology between the eight strains was high, but distantly related to H120 and 4/91 vaccine strains. Cross-neutralization tests showed that all eight strains isolated from 2015 and 2017 belonged to the same serotype, but exhibited antigenic variations over time. The pathogenicity test of the five QX-type IBV isolates showed that only three strains, CK/CH/SC/DYW/16, CK/CH/SC/MS/17, and CK/CH/SC/GH/15, had a high mortality rate with strong respiratory and renal pathogenicity, whereas CK/CH/SC/PZ/17 and CK/CH/SC/DYYJ/17 caused only mild clinical symptoms and tissue lesions. Our results indicate that the prevalent QX-type IBVs displayed antigenic variations and pathogenicity difference. These findings may provide reference for research on the evolution of IBV and vaccine preparation of infectious bronchitis (IB).
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Li SY, You GJ, Du JT, Xia J, Wen YP, Huang XB, Zhao Q, Han XF, Yan QG, Wu R, Cao SJ, Huang Y. A class Ⅰ lentogenic newcastle disease virus strain confers effective protection against the prevalent strains. Biologicals 2019; 63:74-80. [PMID: 31753578 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional vaccine strains, such as LaSota, do not completely prevent the shedding of NDV. An ideal vaccine which could not only prevent the clinical signs, but significantly reduce the shedding of NDV is urgently needed for the eradication of ND. In this study, an NDV isolate APMV-1/Chicken/China (SC)/PT3/2016 (hereafter referred as PT3) was identified as a class Ⅰ NDV and a lentogenic strain. The antigenic relationship between PT3 and 3 other NDV strains, including vaccine strain LaSota and 2 prevalent genotype Ⅶd and Ⅵb strains were analyzed. The protective efficacy of PT3 and LaSota against challenge with genotype Ⅶd and Ⅵb strains were assessed. The antigenic analysis result showed that 4 strains belong to the single serotype and the PT3 antiserum exhibited the highest HI titer against 3 other NDV strains. The results of protective efficacy showed that both of LaSota and PT3 could provide 100% survivability for infected chickens. However, PT3 performed better in inducing higher humoral responses and reducing virus shedding than the LaSota strain. Lentogenic strains from Class I NDV appear to be promising vaccine candidates for the control of ND, and allows for the easy discrimination of field NDV and vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Guo-Jin You
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Ji-Teng Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Jing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Yi-Ping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Xin-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Qi-Gui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Rui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - San-Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Yong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
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Pathogenicity differences between a newly emerged TW-like strain and a prevalent QX-like strain of infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Microbiol 2018; 227:20-28. [PMID: 30473347 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
TW-like IBV isolates have appeared frequently in recent years in mainland China. In this study, we compared the TW-like IBV GD strain and the predominant QX-like SD strain in terms of serology and pathogenicity to 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens. Both strains could cause severe respiratory distress and renal lesions, with a mortality rate were approximately 20%. Virus were continuously shed via the respiratory tract and cloaca. However, the infection pattern of the two isolates were different. The GD strain persisted for a longer duration and caused extensive damages to the tracheas and lungs. Moreover, chickens infected with the GD strain showed inefficient recovery of damaged cilia after infection. Our findings suggested that the newly emerged TW-like IBV GD strain showed obvious differences in pathogenicity, tissue tropism and replication efficiency compared with the QX-like IBV SD strain, with the TW-like GD strain showing stronger tropism to the respiratory tract and a longer duration of clinical signs.
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Yan S, Liu X, Zhao J, Xu G, Zhao Y, Zhang G. Analysis of antigenicity and pathogenicity reveals major differences among QX-like infectious bronchitis viruses and other serotypes. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:167-173. [PMID: 28619139 PMCID: PMC7117262 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes considerable damage to the poultry industry worldwide and the proportion of QX-like genotype isolates have increased over time. Here, to better understand the antigenicity and pathogenicity of this genotype, we conducted sequence analyses, cross neutralization tests, and also examined the pathogenicity of two strains, SD and SZ. Sequence analyses revealed that SD and SZ isolates belong to the QX-like IBV genotype and share high homology in their full-length genomes. Cross neutralization tests showed high cross neutralization between SD and SZ, but distant relationships with other representative strains of the classical IBV serotypes. Virus infection experiments showed that SD caused high mortality with strong respiratory and renal pathogenicity in chickens, whereas SZ caused milder lesions by comparison. This study highlights the big discrepancy in antigenicity that exists between QX-like strains and other serotypes. Collectively, these findings provide important information about the epidemiology and pathogenicity of IBV, which may benefit the control of IB in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Yang HM, Zhao J, Xue J, Yang YL, Zhang GZ. Antigenic variation of LaSota and genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and their efficacy against challenge with velogenic NDV. Vaccine 2017; 35:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Luppi MM, Luiz APMF, Coelho FM, Ecco R, da Fonseca FG, Resende M. Genotypic characterization of psittacid herpesvirus isolates from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:217-24. [PMID: 26887248 PMCID: PMC4822750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-six isolates of psittacid herpesvirus (PsHV), obtained from 12 different species of psittacids in Brazil, were genotypically characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and PCR amplification. RFLP analysis with the PstI enzyme revealed four distinct restriction patterns (A1, X, W and Y), of which only A1 (corresponding to PsHV-1) had previously been described. To study PCR amplification patterns, six pairs of primers were used. Using this method, six variants were identified, of which, variants 10, 8, and 9 (in this order) were most prevalent, followed by variants 1, 4, and 5. It was not possible to correlate the PCR and RFLP patterns. Twenty-nine of the 36 isolates were shown to contain a 419 bp fragment of the UL16 gene, displaying high similarity to the PsHV-1 sequences available in GenBank. Comparison of the results with the literature data suggests that the 36 Brazilian isolates from this study belong to genotype 1 and serotype 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Miranda Luppi
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Moreira Franco Luiz
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Magalhães Coelho
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Roselene Ecco
- Laboratório de Patologia, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Resende
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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Wang JY, Liu WH, Ren JJ, Tang P, Wu N, Wu HY, Ching CD, Liu HJ. Characterization of emerging Newcastle disease virus isolates in China. Virol J 2015; 12:119. [PMID: 26246133 PMCID: PMC4527216 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease (ND) is a devastating worldwide disease of poultry characterized by increased respiration, circulatory disturbances, hemorrhagic enteritis, and nervous signs. Sequence analysis shows several amino acid residue substitutions at neutralizing epitopes on the F and HN proteins of recent Shaanxi strains. Both Cross protection and cross serum neutralization tests revealed that the traditional vaccine strains were unable to provide full protection for the flocks. Methods To better understand the epidemiology of Newcastle disease outbreak, a portion of the F gene and the full-length HN gene were amplified from Shaanxi isolates by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and then conducted sequence and phylogenetic analyzes. In pathogenicity analysis, both high intra-cerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and mean death time (MDT) tests of chicken embryo were carried out. Furthermore, a cross-protection experiment in which specific-pathogen-free chickens vaccinated with a LaSota vaccine strain were challenged by the recent Shaanxi strain was also performed. Results Nine Newcastle disease (ND) virus (NDV) isolates which were recovered from ND outbreaks in chicken flocks in China were genotypically and pathotypically characterized. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that all the recent Shaanxi-isolated NDVs have 112R-R-Q-K-R-F117 for the C-terminus of the F2 protein and exhibit high ICPI and MDT of chicken embryos, suggesting that they were all classified as velogenic type of NDVs. Phylogenetic analysis of these isolates showed that they belong to subgenotype VIId that have been implicated in the recent outbreaks in northwestern China. The percentage of amino acid sequence identity of F protein between recent Shaanxi stains and five vaccine strains was in the range of 81.9 %–88.1 %, while the percentage of amino acid sequence identity of HN protein between recent Shaanxi strains and vaccine strains was in the range of 87.4 %–91.2 %. Furthermore, a number of amino acid residue substitutions at neutralizing epitopes on the F and HN proteins of these isolates were observed, which may lead to the change of antibody recognition and neutralization capacity. A cross-protection experiment indicated that specific-pathogen-free chickens vaccinated with a LaSota vaccine strain was not capable of providing full protection for the flocks that were challenged by the recent Shaanxi strain. Conclusions Taken together, our findings reveal that recent Shannxi NDVstrains exhibit antigenic variations that could be responsible for recent outbreaks of NDVs in northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Wan-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Juan-Juan Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Pan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Ning Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Dong Ching
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. .,Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. .,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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Raidal SR, Cross GM, Tomaszewski E, Graham DL, Phalen DN. A serologic survey for avian polyomavirus and Pacheco's disease virus in Australian cockatoos. Avian Pathol 2012; 27:263-8. [PMID: 18483996 DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sera collected from wild and captive Australian cockatoos and other psittacine species (n = 411) were tested for antibodies to avian polyomavirus (APV) and Pacheco's disease virus (PDV). Of 144 wild sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita) sampled at three regions in New South Wales (NSW) 96 (64.4%) birds had positive (>/= 1:32) neutralizing antibody titres to avian polyomavirus (range 1:32-1:2048). Two of 17 wild long-billed corellas (Cacatua tenuirostris) were also APV-antibody positive. However, no samples from 107 wild galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus) were positive for neutralizing antibody to APV. Sera were also collected from captive psittacine bird flocks from NSW, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. In a mixed aviary of cockatoos and lorikeets, APV antibody was detected in sera from sulphur-crested cockatoos, Major Mitchell's cockatoos (Cacatua leadbeateri), a white-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii latirostris), a red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus magnificus) a single galah, a rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus), and a scaley-breasted lorikeet (Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus). All 411 wild and captive birds were negative for the presence of neutralizing antibody to PDV. These results indicate that wild sulphur-crested cockatoos in NSW are enzootically infected with avian polyomavirus and that the sampled populations are free of Pacheco's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Raidal
- School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Gravendyck M, Balks E, Schroder-Gravendyck AS, Eskens U, Frank H, Marschang RE, Kaleta EF. Quantification of the herpesvirus content in various tissues and organs, and associated post mortem lesions of psittacine birds which died during an epornithic of pacheco's parrot disease (PPD). Avian Pathol 2012; 27:478-89. [PMID: 18484032 DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the viral content of up to 52 tissue and organ samples of 18 individual large psittacines which died during an epornithic of Pacheco's parrot disease (PPD) caused by psittacid herpesvirus 1 (PsHV1). Associated clinical signs and pathological lesions are described. The large spectrum of samples found to be positive for PsHVl suggests that birds succumb to PPD during viraemia. Tissues and organs from which the virus could be isolated included the integument and associated structures, the muscular, respiratory and circulatory system, bone marrow, the nervous system, thyroid and adrenal glands, spleen and liver, the urogenital tract and the gastro-intestinal tract. Nevertheless, individual and organ (but not species)-specific variation does occur. Virus isolation appears to be most promising from the respiratory, vascular and nervous system and the liver. Highest titres were obtained from heart blood and liver (up to 7.6 log(10)/g tissue), airsac, Nervus vagus and pulp and quill of pin feathers. Pin feathers may therefore be suitable for in-vivo diagnosis. In contrast, HV could not be isolated from any of the feather vanes examined. For the most part, post mortem lesions do not reflect the organ pattern found to be most permissive for virus replication as judged by the success of virus isolation and virus titres. A closer quantitative correlation is indicated for the lungs, spleen and liver, only. Corresponding findings as to frequency of gross pathological lesions and virus quantification appear to be restricted to the liver. In accordance with clinical observations and experimental findings, tissue virus content indicates that horizontal spread of herpesviruses is mediated by cloacal contents or secretions from the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gravendyck
- Institut fur Geflugel- und Reptilienkrankheiten, Justus-Liebig-Universitat dessen, Giessen, Germany
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Cavanagh D. Innovation and discovery: the application of nucleic acid-based technology to avian virus detection and characterization. Avian Pathol 2012; 30:581-98. [PMID: 19184952 DOI: 10.1080/03079450120092071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approaches to the detection, differentiation and characterization of avian pathogens continue to be developed and refined. The PCRs, or reverse transcriptase-PCRs, may be general, designed to detect all or most variants of a pathogen, or to be serotype, genotype or pathotype specific. Progress is being made with respect to making nucleic acid approaches more suitable for use in diagnostic laboratories. Robotic workstations are now available for extraction of nucleic acid from many samples in a short time, for routine diagnosis. Following general PCR, the DNA products are commonly analyzed by restriction endonuclease mapping (restriction fragment length polymorphism), using a small number of restriction endonucleases, based on a large body of sequence data. Increasingly, however, nucleotide sequencing is being used to analyze the DNA product, in part due to the expanding use of non-radioactive sequencing methods that are safe and enable high throughout. In this review, I highlight some recent developments with many avian viruses: Newcastle disease virus; circoviruses in canary and pigeon; infectious bursal disease virus (Gumboro disease virus); avian adenoviruses, including Angara disease/infectious hydropericardium virus, haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys, and egg drop syndrome virus; avian herpesviruses, including infectious laryngotracheitis virus, duck plague virus, psittacine herpesvirus (Pacheco's parrot disease virus), Marek's disease virus and herpesvirus of turkeys; avian leukosis virus (associated with lymphoid leukosis or myeloid leukosis, and egg transmission); avian pneumoviruses (turkey rhinotracheitis virus); avian coronaviruses, including infectious bronchitis virus, turkey coronavirus and pheasant coronavirus; astrovirus, in the context of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome, and avian nephritis virus; and avian encephalomyelitis virus, a picornavirus related to hepatitis A virus.
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Schröder-Gravendyck AS, Kaleta EF, Marschang RE, Gravendyck M. Differentiation of psittacine herpesvirus field isolates by restriction endonuclease analysis. Avian Pathol 2010; 30:551-8. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450120078752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tomaszewski EK, Wigle W, Phalen DN. Tissue distribution of psittacid herpesviruses in latently infected parrots, repeated sampling of latently infected parrots and prevalence of latency in parrots submitted for necropsy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 18:536-44. [PMID: 17121080 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittacid herpesvirus-1 (PsHV-1) is the cause of an acute fatal disease in parrots and is implicated as the cause of papillomatous lesions of the digestive tract. Not all infections cause disease and some parrots are infected asymptomatically. Latently infected parrots are potential sources for virus dissemination. Tissues from parrots that died spontaneously with a history of coming from flocks where a PsHV-1 outbreak had occurred were examined for PsHV-1 DNA. Fourteen of 16 parrots examined were infected with at least 1 variant of PsHV-1; of these 13 (93%) had viral DNA in either or both the oral and cloacal mucosa, suggesting that most latently infected parrots could be detected by sampling these sites. Nine of 9 parrots shown to be infected 5 years prior to this study were positive again on repeat sampling and were infected with the same virus genotype. Opportunistic sampling of parrots submitted for diagnostic necropsy indicated that the prevalence of PsHV-1 in parrots in the sampled population was approximately 9.3%. PsHV-1 genotypes 1, 2, and 3 were found in these birds, but genotype 4 was not. Six necropsy specimens were found to be infected with two PsHV-1 genotypes and it was concluded that infection with one serotype did not protect against infection with another. Psittacid herpesvirus 2 (PsHV-2) was identified in 4 African grey parrots and a blue and gold macaw. Prior to this study PsHV-2 had only been found in African grey parrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Tomaszewski
- The Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
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Stone EG, Montiel-Parra G, Pérez TM. A survey of selected parasitic and viral pathogens in four species of Mexican parrots, Amazona autumnalis, Amazona oratrix, Amazona viridigenalis, and Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha. J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 36:245-9. [PMID: 17323565 DOI: 10.1638/04-026.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated populations of four species of Mexican parrots were sampled for evidence of selected pathogens of concern in birds originating in Latin America. Data were collected between June and September 1997, and ectoparasite collection was repeated with Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha in September 2000. Serum samples from nine Amazona oratrix, 10 Amazona viridigenalis, 6 Amazona autumnalis, and 25 R. pachyrhyncha chicks were screened for neutralizing antibodies to psittacid herpesvirus and avian influenza and for antibodies to paramyxovirus serotypes 1 and 3. Chicks were also examined visually for fecal parasites and ectoparasites. All serologic and fecal parasite tests were negative. Ectoparasites included ticks, Ixodidae; mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum; fleas, Psyttopsylla mexicana; lice, Paragoniocotes mexicanus, Heteromenopon sp., and Psittacobrosus sp.; and bugs, Ornithocoris sp. This study provides baseline information to guide future health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gordon Stone
- Department of Environmental and Population Health, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
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Styles DK, Tomaszewski EK, Jaeger LA, Phalen DN. Psittacid herpesviruses associated with mucosal papillomas in neotropical parrots. Virology 2004; 325:24-35. [PMID: 15231383 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal papillomas are relatively common lesions in several species of captive neotropical parrots. They cause considerable morbidity and in some cases, result in mortality. Previous efforts to identify papillomavirus DNA and proteins in these lesions have been largely unsuccessful. In contrast, increasing evidence suggests that mucosal papillomas may contain psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs). In this study, 41 papillomas from 30 neotropical parrots were examined by PCR with PsHV-specific primers. All 41 papillomas were found to contain PsHV DNA. This 100% prevalence of PsHV infection in the papilloma population was found to be significantly higher than PsHV infection prevalence observed in other surveys of captive parrots. PsHV genotypes 1, 2, and 3, but not 4 were found in these lesions. Psittacus erithacus papillomavirus DNA and finch papillomavirus DNA were not found in the papillomas. A papilloma from a hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) was found to contain cells that had immunoreactivity to antiserum made to the common antigenic region of human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 major capsid protein. However, four other mucosal papillomas were negative for this immunoreactivity, and negative control tissues from a parrot embryo showed a similar staining pattern to that seen in the cloaca papilloma of the hyacinth macaw, strongly suggesting that the staining seen in hyacinth macaw papilloma was nonspecific. Based on these findings, it was concluded that specific genotypes of PsHV play a direct role in the development of mucosal papillomas of neotropical parrots and there is no evidence to suggest the concurrent presence of a papillomavirus in these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrel K Styles
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Tomaszewski EK, Kaleta EF, Phalen DN. Molecular phylogeny of the psittacid herpesviruses causing Pacheco's disease: correlation of genotype with phenotypic expression. J Virol 2003; 77:11260-7. [PMID: 14512573 PMCID: PMC224986 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.20.11260-11267.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragments of 419 bp of the UL16 open reading frame from 73 psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs) from the United States and Europe were sequenced. All viruses caused Pacheco's disease, and serotypes of the European isolates were known. A phylogenetic tree derived from these sequences demonstrated that the PsHVs that cause Pacheco's disease comprised four major genotypes, with each genotype including between two and four variants. With the exception of two viruses, the serotypes of the virus isolates could be predicted by the genotypes. Genotypes 1 and 4 corresponded to serotype 1 isolates, genotype 2 corresponded to serotype 2 isolates, and genotype 3 corresponded to serotype 3 isolates. The single serotype 4 virus mapped to genotype 4. DNA from a virus with a unique serotype could not be amplified with primers that amplified DNA from all other PsHVs, and its classification remains unknown. Viruses representing all four genotypes were found in both the United States and Europe, and it was therefore predicted that serotypes 1, 2, and 3 were present in the United States. Serotype 4 was represented by a single European isolate that could not be genetically distinguished from serotype 1 viruses; therefore, the presence of serotype 4 in the United States could not be predicted. Viruses of genotype 4 were found to be the most commonly associated with Pacheco's disease in macaws and conures and were least likely to be isolated in chicken embryo fibroblasts in the United States. All four genotypes caused deaths in Amazon parrots, but genotype 4 was associated with Pacheco's disease only in Amazons in Europe. Genotypes 2, 3, and 4, but not 1, were found in African grey parrots. Although parrots from the Pacific distribution represent a relatively small percentage of the total number of birds with Pacheco's disease, all four genotypes were found to cause disease in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Tomaszewski
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Marschang RE, Frost JW, Gravendyck M, Kaleta EF. Comparison of 16 chelonid herpesviruses by virus neutralization tests and restriction endonuclease digestion of viral DNA. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2001; 48:393-9. [PMID: 11471850 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 16 chelonid herpesviruses that were isolated between 1992 and 1998 were compared with one another on the basis of serology and restriction enzyme digestion patterns of viral DNA. The viruses stem from tortoises of three different species in four different European countries and the United States of America. The majority of the isolates were similar to one another. One isolate, however, differed strongly from all others both serologically and in the restriction cleavage pattern of its DNA, showing that there are at least two different sero- and genotypes of herpesviruscs that infect tortoises.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Marschang
- Institut für Geflügelkrankheiten, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany.
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Tomaszewski E, Wilson VG, Wigle WL, Phalen DN. Detection and heterogeneity of herpesviruses causing Pacheco's disease in parrots. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:533-8. [PMID: 11158102 PMCID: PMC87771 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.2.533-538.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacheco's disease (PD) is a common, often fatal, disease of parrots. We cloned a virus isolate from a parrot that had characteristic lesions of PD. Three viral clones were partially sequenced, demonstrating that this virus was an alphaherpesvirus most closely related to the gallid herpesvirus 1. Five primer sets were developed from these sequences. The primer sets were used with PCR to screen tissues or tissue culture media suspected to contain viruses from 54 outbreaks of PD. The primer sets amplified DNA from all but one sample. Ten amplification patterns were detected, indicating that PD is caused by a genetically heterogeneous population of viruses. A single genetic variant (psittacid herpesvirus variant 1) amplified with all primer sets and was the most common virus variant (62.7%). A single primer set (23F) amplified DNA from all of the positive samples, suggesting that PCR could be used as a rapid postmortem assay for these viruses. PCR was found to be significantly more sensitive than tissue culture for the detection of psittacid herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tomaszewski
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467, USA
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