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Simultaneous determination of nine dinitroaniline herbicides in environmental samples using a validated vortex-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure coupled with GC–MS/MS. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ionic Liquid-Based Air-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Extraction and Preconcentration of Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Herbicides from Aqueous and Vegetable Samples Followed by HPLC-DAD. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Falkowska L, Reindl AR. Dietary exposure to, and internal organ transfer of, selected halogenated organic compounds in birds eating fish from the Southern Baltic. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:1029-1039. [PMID: 26121018 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1038171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a marine diet on the accumulation, magnification, maternal transfer and detoxification of chlorinated organic pollutants on the highest trophic level in the Baltic Sea. Results showed that birds eating whole herring received the highest doses of herbicides > pesticides > fungicides > polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) > polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs). The toxicity of PCDD/Fs in a penguin's 24-h alimentary exposure was estimated at 7.77 ng TEQ-WHO2005. Among pesticides, the highest concentrations--both in fish and penguin tissue--were those of the pp-DDE isomer. In terms of herbicides, simazine and terbutrine were predominant. The majority of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) underwent accumulation and magnification, and these factors were observed to increase with the birds' age. Guano was found to be an effective means of elimination for all of the studied xenobiotics. Maternal transfer of PCDD/Fs into eggs from internal tissues was most prominent for highly chlorinated dioxins and low chlorinated furans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Falkowska
- a Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection , Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
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Reindl AR, Falkowska L, Grajewska A. Chlorinated herbicides in fish, birds and mammals in the Baltic Sea. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2015; 226:276. [PMID: 26246644 PMCID: PMC4519634 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-015-2536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to determine the concentration levels, as well as accumulation and magnification coefficients, of triazine derivatives in herring gulls and Baltic grey seals 11 years after a ban on their use in the EU and eight after their exclusion in Poland. Dead birds were collected in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk in the years 2010-2012. The grey seals, on the other hand, were from before 2007, when s-triazine derivatives were still in use. Triazine herbicides (atrazine, simazine, propazine, terbutrine, prometrone, prometrine and ametrine) were found in the muscles and livers of birds and mammals and also in fish. The obtained results indicated the presence of all the assayed triazines in whole Baltic herring and their livers, while fish muscles were found to be free of prometrone and ametrine. In the muscles and liver of the grey seal, no ametrine, propazine or terbutrine were found, while prometrine was found in the liver of only one specimen. Research showed that simazine did not accumulate and magnify in marine birds and mammals. Atrazine became accumulated in the liver of birds and mammals while magnification was determined in their muscles. The accumulation of ametrine was found in the muscles of seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej R. Reindl
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Pilsudskiego 46, 81-387 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Lucyna Falkowska
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Pilsudskiego 46, 81-387 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grajewska
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Pilsudskiego 46, 81-387 Gdynia, Poland
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A novel magnetic ionic liquid modified carbon nanotube for the simultaneous determination of aryloxyphenoxy-propionate herbicides and their metabolites in water. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ren L, Jiao N. PdCl2 catalyzed efficient assembly of organic azides, CO, and alcohols under mild conditions: a direct approach to synthesize carbamates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3706-9. [PMID: 24577557 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00538d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and readily available PdCl2 catalyzed carbamate synthesis method via isocyanate generation and application in situ has been developed. This chemistry provides an efficient and practical approach to synthesize carbamates from simple organic azides, CO atmosphere and alcohols. The broad scope, mild and neutral conditions, and only N2 as the byproduct make this transformation very useful. Moreover, simple examples of modification of bioactive molecules and construction of macrocycles were achieved through this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
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Khodadoust S, Talebianpoor MS, Ghaedi M. Application of an optimized dispersive nanomaterial ultrasound-assisted microextraction method for preconcentration of carbofuran and propoxur and their determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3117-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Khodadoust
- Medicinal plants Research Center; Yasuj University of Medical Science; Yasuj Iran
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Passananti M, Lavorgna M, Iesce MR, DellaGreca M, Criscuolo E, Parrella A, Isidori M, Temussi F. Chlorpropham and phenisopham: phototransformation and ecotoxicity of carbamates in the aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:823-831. [PMID: 24166079 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00400g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a comparison of two carbamic pesticides, chlorpropham and phenisopham, was carried out in terms of both photodegradability and ecotoxicity. The photochemical behaviour of the two pesticides was investigated under environmental-like conditions (aqueous media, UVB or solar irradiation). The photochemical kinetic parameters were calculated by irradiating 5 × 10(-5) M solutions (H₂O-CH₃CN, 9 : 1 v/v) using UVB lamps. For chlorpropham and phenisopham similar half-life times (39.0 and 55.0 min) were determined. Irradiation by sunlight leads to longer degradation half-life times (about 3 months), while it is possible to observe the formation of the same photoproducts. The well-known dechlorination reaction to a hydroxyphenylcarbamate was observed for chlorpropham. Phenisopham undergoes photo-Fries reaction to give rearranged products (hydroxybenzamides) and fragmentation products (hydroxyphenylcarbamate and N-ethylaniline). Acute and chronic toxicity tests of pesticides and their photoproducts were performed on organisms from two levels of the freshwater aquatic chain, the anostraca crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus, the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The acute results showed that chlorpropham had median lethal concentrations for the crustacean T. platyurus and the rotifer B. calyciflorus of 10.16 and 35.19 mg L(-1), respectively, and phenisopham did not show any acute toxicity as the derivatives up to 10 mg L(-1). The only exception was N-ethylaniline which exhibited an acute LC₅₀ value of 0.46 mg L(-1). Phenisopham was the most toxic in the long term exposure while its five derivatives showed lower chronic potential for rotifers and algae. The same trend was observed for chlorpropham except for rotifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Passananti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
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Yang T, Ma C, Chen H, Zhang Y, Dang X, Huang J. A molecularly imprinted organic-inorganic hybrid monolithic column for the selective extraction and HPLC determination of isoprocarb residues in rice. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:587-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hubei University; Wuhan China
| | - Chao Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hubei University; Wuhan China
| | - Huaixia Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hubei University; Wuhan China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hubei University; Wuhan China
| | - Xueping Dang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hubei University; Wuhan China
| | - Jianlin Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hubei University; Wuhan China
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Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of trace amounts of zinc in water samples. Int J Anal Chem 2013; 2013:743792. [PMID: 23737791 PMCID: PMC3666227 DOI: 10.1155/2013/743792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A selective and simple method for separation and preconcentration of zinc ions was developed by using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Parameters that have an effect on the microextraction efficiency such as volume of extraction and disperser solvent, extraction time, and adding salt were investigated. Under optimum conditions, a preconcentration factor of 250 was obtained. The limit of detection (LOD) obtained under the optimal conditions was 0.09 ng mL−1. The linearity of method was obtained in range of 0.2–50 ng mL−1 with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9974. The relative standard deviation for 10 replicate determinations at 1.0 ng mL−1 of zinc was 2.53%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of zinc in water sample.
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Sun M, Ma X, Wang J, Wang W, Wu Q, Wang C, Wang Z. Graphene grafted silica-coated Fe3O4nanocomposite as absorbent for enrichment of carbamates from cucumbers and pears prior to HPLC. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1478-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding; China
| | - Xiaoxing Ma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding; China
| | - Juntao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding; China
| | - Weina Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding; China
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding; China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding; China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding; China
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Sharma P, Kukkar M, Ganguli AK, Bhasin A, Suri CR. Plasmon enhanced fluoro-immunoassay using egg yolk antibodies for ultra-sensitive detection of herbicide diuron. Analyst 2013; 138:4312-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00505d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Smith MJ, Bucher G. Tools to study the degradation and loss of the N-phenyl carbamate chlorpropham--a comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 49:38-50. [PMID: 22982221 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpropham (CIPC) was introduced in 1951 and is a primary N-phenyl carbamate belonging to a group of pesticides known as carbamates which are estimated to account for 11% of the total insecticide sales worldwide. They were considered less toxic than organochlorines due to their easier breakdown but, subsequent concerns regarding the environmental impact and their breakdown products have shown them to be environmental toxins and toxic and/or carcinogenic for humans. CIPC is used in growing crops to control weeds and also as a sprout suppressant on crops during long-term storage and while its degradation has been studied and rates quoted these vary greatly. Here published rates of degradation by hydrolysis, biolysis, photolysis and thermal processes are reviewed as well as data on partitioning in air, water and soil. In addition the details of the experimental procedures are reviewed and compared showing how the half-lives and partitioning coefficients have been calculated leading to an understanding of how such vastly different values are achieved. The legislation regarding the use of CIPC and its maximum residue level is also discussed particularly in reference to recent European Commission (EC) legislation. In view of the fact that analytical data on the breakdown of CIPC play an important role in decision-making by regulatory agencies, the authors feel that it is time for an up-to-date review of the data available, including very recent developments in methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J Smith
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph-Black-Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Cavaliere B, Monteleone M, Naccarato A, Sindona G, Tagarelli A. A solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic approach combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for the assay of carbamate pesticides in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1257:149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Ionic liquid magnetic bar microextraction and HPLC determination of carbamate pesticides in real water samples. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Applicability of multisyringe chromatography coupled to on-line solid-phase extraction to the simultaneous determination of dicamba, 2,4-D, and atrazine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2705-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sharma P, Bhalla V, Tuteja S, Kukkar M, Suri CR. Rapid extraction and quantitative detection of the herbicide diuron in surface water by a hapten-functionalized carbon nanotubes based electrochemical analyzer. Analyst 2012; 137:2495-502. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16235k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Wu Q, Chang Q, Wu C, Rao H, Zeng X, Wang C, Wang Z. Ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction for the determination of carbamate pesticides in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1773-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography to the determination of carbamate pesticides in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 393:1755-61. [PMID: 19214486 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method has been established for the determination of four carbamate pesticides (carbofuran, carbaryl, pirimicarb, and diethofencarb) in water samples by using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. Parameters that affect the extraction efficiency, such as the kind and volume of the extraction and disperser solvent, extraction time, and salt addition, were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors were in the range between 101 and 145. The linearity of the method was obtained in the range of 5-500 ng mL(-1) with the correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.9978 to 0.9997. The method detection limits were 0.4-1.0 ng mL(-1). The relative standard deviations varied from 4.7% to 6.5% (n = 5). The relative recoveries of the four carbamates from water samples at spiking levels of 5.0 and 20.0 ng mL(-1) were 84.0-92.0% and 86.5-94.0%, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of target carbamate residues in river, rain, well, and tap water samples with satisfactory results.
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Bacigalupo MA, Meroni G. Quantitative determination of diuron in ground and surface water by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay: seasonal variations of diuron, carbofuran, and paraquat in an agricultural area. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:3823-8. [PMID: 17429981 DOI: 10.1021/jf063442o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research is to develop an ultrasensitive time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TR-FIA) for herbicide diuron in water samples. This method appears to be a promising approach, instead of conventional analytical techniques, in the screening procedure of organic pollutants because it is simple, rapid, and specific, and it does not require sample preconcentration or cleanup. Lanthanide chelate used as label allows to achieve sensitivity even 10 times higher than most of the other techniques. It has been applied to monitoring diuron contamination in specimens collected along a year in an agricultural area. The water specimens were collected monthly from lake, well, and irrigation ditch in the agricultural area south of Milan. Assay was performed using diuron-specific polyclonal antibody raised in sheep; as fluorescent marker, we used rabbit antisheep IgG conjugated with a chelating molecule complexed with Eu3+. The compound 4-(3-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-1-methyl-ureido)-butyric acid (CPD) was synthesized and conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) to prepare a solid phase. Sensitivity achieved was 20 ng L-1 below the European Community limits. Paraquat (PQ) and carbofuran (CF) presence in the same samples has been also evaluated in a similar way, using immunoassays with time-resolved revelation systems. Diuron concentration shows a peak coinciding with a peak of carbofuran during summer periods. The peak of diuron was 65 pg/mL in June and 180 pg/mL in September in ditch and lake water samples, respectively; carbofuran concentration was higher than diuron in all samples: a carbofuran peak was revealed in September and October resulting in 87 ng/mL. Herbicide paraquat was not detectable in any assayed sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Bacigalupo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Via M. Bianco 9, Milan 20131, Italy. mariangela.bacigalupo@ icrm.cnr.it
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Tran ATK, Hyne RV, Doble P. Determination of commonly used polar herbicides in agricultural drainage waters in Australia by HPLC. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:944-53. [PMID: 17184816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 10/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the application of different extraction techniques for the preconcentration of ten commonly found acidic and non-acidic polar herbicides (2,4-D, atrazine, bensulfuron-methyl, clomazone, dicamba, diuron, MCPA, metolachlor, simazine and triclopyr) in the aqueous environment. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with dichloromethane, solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis HLB cartridges or SBD-XC Empore disks were compared for extraction efficiency of these herbicides in different matrices, especially water samples from contaminated agricultural drainage water containing high concentrations of particulate matter. Herbicides were separated and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet detector. SPE using SDB-XC Empore disks was applied to determine target herbicides in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (NSW, Australia) during a two-week survey from October 2005 to November 2005. The daily aqueous concentrations of herbicides from 24-h composite samples detected at two sites increased after run-off from a storm event and were in the range of: 0.1-17.8 microg l(-1), < 0.1-0.9 microg l(-1) and 0.2-17.8 microg l(-1) at site 1; < 0.1-3.5 microg l(-1), < 0.1-0.2 microg l(-1) and < 0.2-3.2 microg l(-1) at site 2 for simazine, atrazine and diuron, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T K Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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Dardenne F, Smolders R, De Coen W, Blust R. Prokaryotic gene profiling assays to detect sediment toxicity: evaluating the ecotoxicological relevance of a cell-based assay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:1790-6. [PMID: 17396675 DOI: 10.1021/es062162m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite their complexity, ecotoxicological measurements using higher level responses remain a major tool in the assessment of ecosystem integrity. Nevertheless, the past decade saw an increasing number of cell based testing systems have found widespread application in ecotoxicology. One such test is bacterial bioreporters carrying a stress sensitive promoter fused to an easily detectable reporter gene. In the presence of a specific toxic stress,the expression cassette is switched on and the reporter gene is produced. This study evaluated the use of 14 different Escherichia coli bioreporter strains sensitive to different types of toxicity in the assessment of the ecological status of a small river basin in Flanders, Belgium. The river is fed at two geographically separate locations by two distinct and well-described effluents, one from a household sewage treatment facility and one from the discharge of the wastewater treatment facility of a large chemical plant. The results of the bacterial gene profiling assay were related to active biomonitoring results obtained through higher-level responses of caged Dreissena polymorpha, Chironomus riparius, and Cyprinus carpio deployed at the locations sampled for the bacterial assay. The results of the gene induction assay and the active biomonitoring data correlated well and corresponded to the flow dilution data, which is used here as a surrogate forthe chemical pollution gradient present in the river basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dardenne
- Department of Biology, Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171/U7, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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