1
|
Galindo MV, Perez MV, López-Ruiz R, Oliveira WDS, Godoy HT, Frenich AG, Romero-González R. Comprehensive analysis of contaminants in Brazilian infant formulas: Application of QuEChERS coupled with UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS and suspect screening-unknown analysis by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464967. [PMID: 38749275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Infant formulas (IF) can contain harmful chemical substances, such as pesticides and mycotoxins, resulting from the contamination of raw materials and inputs used in the production chain, which can cause adverse effects to infants. Therefore, the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) methodology prior ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPL-QqQ-MS/MS) analysis was applied for the determination of 23 contaminants, in 30 samples of Brazilian IF. The method was validated in terms of limit of detection (0.2 to 0.4 μg/kg), limits of quantification (1 and 10 μg/kg), and recovery (64 % to 122 %); precision values, in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD), were ≤ 20 %. Fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, and bifenthrin were the pesticides detected in the samples, but the values did not exceed the limit set by the European Union (EU), and ANVISA, and they were detected under their limits of quantification. Additionally, suspect screening and unknown analysis were conducted to tentatively identify 32 substances, including some compounds not covered in this study, such as pesticides, hormones, and veterinary drugs. Carbofuran was identified, confirmed and quantified in 10 % of the samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Vitoria Galindo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marta Vargas Perez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and AgriFood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almeria, Spain
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and AgriFood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almeria, Spain
| | | | - Helena Teixeira Godoy
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and AgriFood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almeria, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and AgriFood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almeria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cavalcanti MB, Silva IDCGD, Lamarca F, de Castro IRR. Research on commercial milk formulas for young children: A scoping review. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024:e13675. [PMID: 38956436 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A scoping review of publications about commercial milk formulas intended for or consumed by children 12-36 months (CMF 12-36) was conducted. This review aimed to comprehensively map the existing literature, identify key concepts in the field and understand its evolution through time. A total of 3329 articles were screened and 220 were included, published between 1986 and 2024. Most works were published after 2016 (70.0%) and in high-income countries (71.8%). Original studies were the vast majority (81.8%) of publications. Most publications dealt with feeding practices or analysed the composition and/or contamination of specific products (44.1% and 35.9%), but since the late 2000s, publications about marketing, policy, legislation, and consumer perception started to appear. Most published works (65.5%) did not focus exclusively on CMF 12-36 and included formulas for other demographics or other foods. About half of the works (55.5%) did not consider CMF 12-36 to be a breast milk substitute. We found 81 distinct product denominations used to refer to CMF 12-36, Growing Up Milk was the most common (25.9%). CMF industry was involved in 41.8% of all analysed works, and industry participation and funding were not always clearly informed (22.5% lacked a conflict of interest statement, and 25.5% did not present any information about funding). In the last decade, publications about CMF 12-36 have increased in volume and diversified in scope and subject matter. CMF-industry participation has always been and still is present in the field, so possible vested interests should be taken into account when appreciating the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Lamarca
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao L, Zhang Y, Chen L, Zhou Q, Zhou N, Xia X. Study of dual binding specificity of aptamer to ochratoxin A and norfloxacin and the development of fluorescent aptasensor in milk detection. Talanta 2024; 273:125935. [PMID: 38503123 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Target specificity, one of aptamer characteristics that determine recognition efficiency of biosensors, is generally considered to be an intrinsic property of aptamer. However, a high-affinity aptamer may have additional target binding specificity, little is known about the specificity of aptamer binding to multiple targets, which may result in false-positive results that hinder the accuracy of detection. Herein, an aptamer OBA3 with dual target ochratoxin A (OTA) and norfloxacin (NOR) was used as an example to explore the binding specificity mechanism and developed rapid fluorescent aptasensing methods. The nucleotide 15th T of aptamer OBA3 was demonstrated to be critical for specificity and affinity binding of target OTA via site-saturation mutagenesis. Substituting the 15th T base for C base could directly improve recognition specificity of aptamer for NOR and remove the binding affinity for OTA. The combination of π-π stacking interactions, salt bridges and hydrogen bonds between loop pocket of aptamer and quinolone skeleton, piperazinyl group may contributes to the fluoroquinolone antibiotics (NOR and difloxacin)-aptamer recognition interaction. Based on this understanding, a dual-aptamer fluorescent biosensor was fabricated for simultaneous detection of OTA and NOR, which has a linear detection range of 50-6000 nM with a detection limit of 31 nM for OTA and NOR. Combined with T15C biosensor for eliminating interference of OTA, the assay was applied to milk samples with satisfactory recovery (94.06-100.93%), which can achieve detection of OTA and NOR individually within 40 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lu Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nandi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaole Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mehta R, Wenndt AJ. Mycotoxins and bone growth: a review of the literature on associations between xenobiotic exposure and bone growth and development. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae032. [PMID: 38578611 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that are known to be associated with linear growth faltering because of their impact on inflammation, intestinal damage, inhibition of protein synthesis, and micronutrient absorption. In this narrative review, we aim to extend this analysis to further explore associations between mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes including deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, and fumonisins) and long-bone growth, particularly during the saltatory periods of development. Linear growth is a direct function of skeletal development and long-bone growth. We therefore explored biological pathways and mechanisms of impact of these toxins in both animal and human studies, in addition to the epidemiology literature (post-2020). Given what is known of the effects of individual and combinations of mycotoxins based on the animal literature, we have identified a need for further research and examination of how these toxins and exposures may be studied in humans to elucidate the downstream impact on bone-related biomarkers and anthropometric indices used to identify and predict stunting in population-based studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rukshan Mehta
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng X, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Xu D, Yang H, Zhou Y. Alkaline phosphatase triggered gold nanoclusters turn-on fluorescence immunoassay for detection of Ochratoxin A. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123317. [PMID: 37688875 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a highly toxic mycotoxin which can cause a variety of diseases. Sensitive detection of OTA is significant for food safety. Herein, a feasible and sensitive immunoassay was established for OTA detection by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) triggered gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) turn-on fluorescence. The fluorescence of the AuNCs can be quenched by Cr6+ induced aggregation of AuNCs and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between AuNCs and Cr6+. Under the catalytic action of ALP-labelled IgG (IgG-ALP), the ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AA2P) was hydrolyzed to ascorbic acid (AA) for the reducing of Cr6+ to Cr3+. As a result, the degrees of AuNCs aggregation and FRET were weakened and the fluorescence of AuNCs was turned on. The amount of OTA in the sample was negatively correlated with the amount of IgG-ALP captured by anti-OTA monoclonal antibody (McAb) in the microplate. In optimal conditions, the turn-on fluorescence immunoassay had a good linear range of 6.25-100 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 0.693 ng/mL. The recoveries of OTA from corn were 95.89%-101.08% for the fluorescence immunoassay. This work provided a feasible, sensitive and good selectivity fluorescence method for OTA detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Yuanhua Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Die Xu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China; College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Determination of Aflatoxins M1, M2, B1, B2, G1, G2 and Ochratoxin A in Infant Formulas from Brazil Using a Modified QuEChERS Method and UHPLC-MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-023-02477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
|
7
|
Xiao Y, Zhang X, Ma L, Fang H, Yang H, Zhou Y. Fluorescence and absorbance dual-mode immunoassay for detecting Ochratoxin A. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 279:121440. [PMID: 35660151 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a simple dual-mode immunoassay for detecting Ochratoxin A (OTA) was developed by mixing G-quadruplex/N-methylmesoporphyrin IX (G4/NMM) and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The fluorescence of G4/NMM can be quenched by oxidized TMB (oxTMB) because the absorbance of oxTMB overlapped with the fluorescence emission of G4/NMM. In the absence of OTA, large amounts of oxTMB were formed with blue color and the fluorescence of G4/NMM was quenched. In the presence of OTA, the concentration of oxTMB was decreased, therefore the fluorescence of G4/NMM increased. The linear range of fluorescence immunoassay was 0.195-25 ng/mL, and the linear range of the absorbance immunoassay was 0.049-1.563 ng/mL. Thus, the linear range of this dual-mode immunoassay can be expanded to 0.049-25 ng/mL. Meanwhile, the new method showed good selectivity for OTA. Besides, the satisfactory recovery rates implied the new method had a potential value for practical sample detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Xingping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liyuan Ma
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Huajuan Fang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China; College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five's Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050290. [PMID: 35622537 PMCID: PMC9143641 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a salient metabolite that can be used to assess Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure in humans and animals. The carcinogenic potency of AFB1 and AFM1 was severely reported. The aims of this study were (1) to survey the contamination level of AFM1 in the most traded infant powdered formula brands (IPF) (n = 42) along with the AFB1 level in under 5's children food brands (biscuits, cornflakes, and cereals) (n = 42) and (2) to assess the estimated daily intake (EDI), the hazard quotient (HQ) and the margin of exposure (MOE) of AFM1 among infants (0-12 months) in Lebanon. All of the samples were analyzed using ELISA technique. AFB1 was below detection limit in all of the children's food brands samples. Out of 42 IPF samples 9.5% were AFM1-positive in the range of 29.54-140.16 ng/L and exceeded the maximum tolerable limit (MTL) set by the European commission (25 ng/kg). The overall average contamination level was 5.72 ± 0.014 ng/L. The EDI of AMF1 for male was in the range of 0.37-0.78 ng/kg/b.w./day and 0.40-0.87 ng/kg/b.w./day for females. Similarly, the HQ calculation resulted in an average of 3.05 for males and 3.28 for females. MOE calculations were far lower from 10,000 in both genders which indicates a high risk of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Our findings show that AFM1's EDI, HQ and MOE scored high among Lebanese infants. As infants consume more IPF relative to their body weight, the persistence of IPF with high AFM1 levels threatens their health. Thus, infant's exposure risk to AFM1 in IPF should be a continuous focus of attention.
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
The Investigation of Mycotoxins and Enterobacteriaceae of Cereal-Based Baby Foods Marketed in Turkey. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123040. [PMID: 34945590 PMCID: PMC8700846 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a total of 85 cereal-based baby foods with or without milk (four different brands; A, B, C, and D) collected from Ankara local markets, Turkey were analyzed for mycotoxins, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), and Enterobacteriaceae contamination. Baby foods were analyzed for 12 toxicological important mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2; fumonisin B1 and B2; ochratoxin A; sterigmatocystin (STE); deoxynivalenol (DON); zearalenone (ZON); and T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin by LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. In addition to these mycotoxins, the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was investigated in baby foods containing milk. The classical culture method was used for microbiological analysis. Consequently, at least one mycotoxin was detected in 69.41% of the total samples. The most frequently detected mycotoxins were STE (34.12%) and HT-2 (34.12%). However, AFM1 was not detected in any of the baby foods containing milk. Also, TAMB and Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 30.59% and 10.59% of samples, respectively. As a result, it was determined that the mycotoxin levels in the analyzed samples were in accordance with the mycotoxin levels specified in the Turkish Food Codex.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang S, Luo Y, Mu L, Yang Y, Yang Y. Risk screening of mycotoxins and their derivatives in dairy products using a stable isotope dilution assay and LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:782-792. [PMID: 33275836 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method coupled with a stable isotope dilution assay was established for the simultaneous detection of 17 mycotoxins and their derivatives (aflatoxins B1 , B2 , G1 , G2 , M1 , and M2 ; fumonisins B1 and B2 ; ochratoxin A; zearalenone; zearalanone; α-zearalanol; α-zearalenol; T-2 toxin; deoxynivalenol; deepoxy-deoxynivalenol; and sterigmatocystin) in milk and dairy products. The mycotoxins were extracted with acidified acetonitrile and the lipids were removed using a Captiva EMR-lipid column. The average recoveries of the target compounds from samples spiked at three different concentrations were 67-102%, and the relative standard deviations of the peak areas were less than 10%. Limits of quantification (S/N = 10) of 0.004-1.25 μg/kg were achieved, which are significantly lower than the maximum levels allowed in various countries and regions for each regulated mycotoxin. Milk and yogurt products from local markets and e-commercial platforms were analyzed using the optimized method. The screening showed that aflatoxin M1 , deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B1 and B2 , and zearalenone could be found in milk and yogurt products, especially those products also containing grains or jujube ingredients, indicating that there is a risk of mycotoxins in dairy products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- China Oil & Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yunjing Luo
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Mu
- China Oil & Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Youyou Yang
- China Oil & Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety, Beijing, P. R. China.,Institute of Animal Science of CAAS, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongtan Yang
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Mendonça Pereira BF, de Almeida CC, Leandro KC, da Costa MP, Conte-Junior CA, Spisso BF. Occurrence, sources, and pathways of chemical contaminants in infant formulas. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1378-1396. [PMID: 33337090 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Infant formulas are manufactured products to meet specific nutritional requirements for infants. However, infant formulas can contain harmful substances, such as chemical contaminants and residues, normally due to possible contamination of the raw material or from the production chain. Some studies have demonstrated that veterinary drugs, pesticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals, packaging materials, within other chemicals are found in infant formulas from different sources of contamination. It is known that some of these substances can be hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, immunotoxic, contributing to antibiotic resistance, among other detrimental consequences for consumers' health. The purpose of this review is to assess the scientific evidence concerning the occurrence, sources, and pathways of contamination, as well as the detrimental impacts on infant health due to the possible presence of chemical contaminants and residues in infant formulas. Moreover, strategies to reduce the risk of contamination of infant formulas are presented to ensure the highest standards of quality of infant formulas. The entire infant formula manufacturing process should be monitored and controlled to minimize the risk of contamination during processing, storage, and distribution, besides ensuring the use of raw materials with as low as acceptable levels of harmful substances in order to assure that the final product shall comply with the maximum levels and maximum residue limits, when established, for residues and contaminants in the final product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristine Couto de Almeida
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Katia Christina Leandro
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marion Pereira da Costa
- Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Inspeção e Tecnologia de Leite e Derivados, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardete Ferraz Spisso
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|